专题01.第一章 名词（初升高衔接）-（教师版+学生版）-人教版高中英语

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回顾一：名词的分类
名词可分为可数名词(Cuntable Nuns)和不可数名词(Uncuntable Nuns)。不可数名词一般指物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词等，通常没有复数形式，其前面不用冠词a/an或者数词修饰，但可以用sme,any,a lt f,a little等修饰。可数名词是指能以数目计算的名词，包括单数和复数形式。
1.-What wuld yu like t eat?
-Sme ,please.
A.breadB.cakeC.cffeeD.tea
2.-There are many abut this farm.
Yes,lts f are planted n it
A.pht;ptatB.phts;ptatC.phts;ptatesD.pht;ptates
3.There are many websites n the Internet and there a lt f useful n the websites.
A.are;infrmatinsB.are;infrmatinC.is;infrmatinD.is;infrmatin
回顾二：可数名词的单数和复数
可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式，有些词的单复数形式相同。单数变复数有规则和不规则两种变化。
4.Many families in China have tw .
A.byB.girlC.childrenD.child
回顾三：名词作定语
当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，一般情况下，变复数时只把后一个名词变成复数。
如：an apple tree,five apple trees;a girl friend,tw girl friends.
5.-What kind f ndles wuld yu like?
-I'd like sme ndles.
A.carrtsB.beefC.ptatesD.vegetables
回顾四：名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。它有两种形式，一种是名词词尾加构成（此时的名词多为表示有生命的名词，读音和名词变为复数时是一样的)，一种是f+名词构成（此时的名词多为表示无生命的名词）。
6.-Are yu sure this is a pht ，the famus cmedy actress?
-It surprised yu,didn't it?But she was nce really thin.
A.Jia LingB.Jia Ling'sC.f Jia LingD.f Jia Ling's
随堂练习
1.(2021枣庄台儿庄一模,55)He hpes t set up a “metal art” theme park t shw peple the imprtance f envirnmental (prtect).
2.(2021淄博沂源一模,60)One f the (climber) was Daniel, an 8-year-ld by.
3.(2021济宁金乡一模,四,12)There will be a talk abut the s (安全)educatin in ur schl hall this afternn.
4.(2021泰安岱岳二模,57)One c ag, the CPC(中国共产党) was funded in Shanghai.
5.(2020枣庄一模,三,3)After a jurney f fur (day), the yung man finally brught the water t him.
6.(2019济宁汶上一模,四,4)If yu want t knw mre i abut Shakespeare, yu can search the Internet by Baidu.
高中知识衔接
高中阶段，在名词方面，还会加强对单复数、所有格的考查，所学内容更深；同时，更注重名词在语境中所表达的含义。题型多为单项填空和语法填空题，个别地区的短文改错题和完形填空题也会对名词进行考查。
知识一：名词单复数
1.有主体的复合名词将主体词变为复数；没有主体词的复合名词在词尾加-。
点拨
(1)passer-by的复数形式为passers-by(过路人)。
she-maker的复数形式为she-makers(鞋匠)。
mther-in-law的复数形式为mthers-in-law(岳母，婆婆)。
(2)g-between的复数形式为g-betweens(中间人)。
grwn-up的复数形式为grwn-ups(成年人)。
frget-me-nt的复数形式为frget-me-nts(勿忘我)。
2.不可数名词一般不分单数和复数，也不能和a,an直接连用。若要表示数量，需要加适当的单位名词或名词词组。
(1)表不定数量时，一般用much,(a)little,a lt f/lts f,sme,any等词修饰。如：
much mney,a little bread,a lt f ice cream,sme juice。
表确定数量时，一般用“数词/冠词+量词+f+不可数名词”。变复数时可以把前面的量词变成复数。如：
a bttle f milk,a glass f water,a can f beer,a piece f paper,tw bttles f milk,tw piecesf paper,tw glasses f water
(2)有些物质名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所变化。如：
clth布一clthes衣服snw雪一一snws积雪
game游戏一一games运动会sand沙子一sands沙滩，沙漠
paper纸一papers报纸，文件，论文wd木头wds森林
range橘汁an range橘子irn铁一一irns脚链，手铐
drink饮料，酒一drinks(几杯)酒 cffee咖啡一一cffees(几杯)咖啡
一般根据上下文来决定其意义。如：
He ate a chicken.他吃了一只鸡。
I dn't like chicken.我不喜欢鸡肉。
A glass is made f glass.玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的。
物质名词在表示不同类别时，可用复数。如：
tea茶一一teas各种茶fruit水果一fruits各种水果
fd食物—-fds各种食物 fish鱼-fishes各种鱼
(3)有些抽象名词变为复数时，词义也有所不同，可以用复数来表示具体的事物。如：
custm风俗一一custms海关manner方式一一manners礼貌
interest兴趣一—interests利益spirit精神一spirits情绪
gd好处，益处一一gds货物difficult困难一一difficulties难做的事
(4)有些抽象名词表示“某种”或“一次”等具体的意思时，可以和不定冠词连用。如：
His mther received a gd educatin.他母亲受过良好的教育。
We will build a great new Anhui.我们要建设一个强大的新安徽。
专有名词一般只用单数形式，但有时也用复数。如：
the Smiths史密斯全家人，史密斯夫妇
There are five Wangs in ur class.我们班有五个姓王的。
经典例题
1.The plice investigated thse abut the accident.
A.stander-byB.stander-bysC.standers-byD.standers-bys
【引申】My sister has tw .
A.tth-brushesB.tth-brushC.teeth-brushesD.teeth-brush
2.Our schl has fifty-six teachers.
A.wmanB.wmenC.wman'sD.wmen's
【引申】
There was a vlleyball match yesterday between the and .
A.man teachers;by students B.men teachers;bys students
C.man teachers;bys studentsD.men teachers;by students
知识二：名词所有格
1.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格
(1)单数名词及不以-s结尾的复数名词后应加-s;以-s结尾的复数名词加“，”；复合名词的所有格和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加-'s。如：
my mther's bag我妈妈的包the children's Palace少年宫
the birds' nests鸟巢the teachers’ desks讲台
the brther-in-law's bike姐夫的自行车a day r tw's stay一两天的逗留
(2)表示两者或两者以上共同的所有关系，仅在最后一个名词词尾加-'s。表示两者或两者以上各自的所有关系，每个名词词尾均需加-'s。如：
Lily and Lucy's mther莉莉和露西的妈妈（两个人共同的妈妈）Lily's and Lucy's bags莉莉和露西的书包（两个人各有各的书包）
(3)表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐厅等，其所有格后的名词可以省略。如：
at my uncle's在我叔叔家at Bill's在比尔家
at the dentist's在牙医诊所the hairdresser's美发店
(4)名词后有同位语的所有格，把-'s加在同位语后。如：
my yunger brther.,Jhn's bike我弟弟约翰的自行车(5)如果名词后面有一个较长定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可以用f所有格形式。如：
They have the supprt f the peple f the develping cuntries.他们得到发展中国家人民的支持。
拓展
无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词，一般均可用介词f短语来表示所有关系。表示无生命东西的名词所有格，一般与f构成短语，表示前者属于后者。如：
a fine daughter f the Party党的好女儿
2.表示无生命的名词的所有关系，通常用“f+名词”的形式，但是，有些表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些习惯用语中的名词，也可在词尾加-'表示所属关系。如：
tday's newspaper今天的报纸 ten minutes' break十分钟的课间休息
the Party's call党的号召 Shanghai's industry上海的工业
China's ppulatin中国的人口at a stne's thrw近在咫尺
at an arm's length在伸手可及的地方
3.名词的双重所有格
由名词后加-s和f结构所有格形式构成的“f+n.'s”的结构叫双重所有格。当被修饰的名词前有a(n),tw,several,sme,any,n,what,which,every,such,this,that,these,thse等词修饰时，通常用这种双重所有格。如：
a friend f Jhn's约翰的一个朋友sme bks f my father's我父亲的一些书
That great idea f David's brught us a lt f truble.戴维的那个好主意给我们带来了很多麻烦。
易错点
如果双重所有格中f前面的名词是prtrait,picture,printing,statue,phtgraph等时，是指有关的人所收藏的肖像或照片等，而不是他本人的肖像或照片。如：
This is a prtrait f Mr.White's. 这是怀特先生的一幅画像。（本句指怀特先生所收藏的一幅画像）
This is a prtrait f Mr.White.这是怀特先生的一幅画像。（本句指画中人物是怀特先生）经典例题
1.This is bedrm.It's tidy and nice.
A.Lily's and Lucy'sB.Lily and Lucy'sC.Lily's and LucyD.Lily and Lucy
【引申】Mike and Jhn's .
A.father is a teacherB.fathers are teachers
C.father are teachersD.fathers are teacher
2.There is sme gd news in newspaper.
A.tdayB.tday'sC.tdays'D.tdays
3.The is just arund the crner and yu wn't miss it.
A.bicycle's shpB.bicycle shpC.bicycles shpD.bicycles' shp
知识三：名词的具体含义
以前每年的高考中，都会出现关于名词的考试试题。具体内容都为要求考生从四个选项中选出最符合题意的选项，这样，考生就必须掌握每个名词的具体含义。如：有时会把affair(n.事情；事件；事务)与business,matter,thing,accident,event等意思相近的词放在一起，让考生从选项里面进行选择，有时则意思完全不相近，只是考查学生是否掌握了每个名词的具体含义。
经典例题
He was brn in Germany,but he has made China his
A.familyB.addressC.huseD.hme
【引申】
-Are yu ging ut with Jade tnight?
-That's my . Mind yur wn!
A.fferB.businessC.questinD.chance
知识四：集合名词
英语中的集合名词是高考经常考查的一个考点，它主要涉及集合名词的可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。
1.常见情况
(1)形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数
这类集合名词包括family(家庭)，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众)等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。比较并体会：
This class cnsists f 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English nw这个班的学生在读英语。
(2)形式为单数，但意义永远为复数
这类集合名词包括cattle(牛；牲畜)，peple(人)，plice(警察)等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与a(n)连用，但可与the连用（表示总括意义和特指)。如：
Many cattle were killed fr this.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
(3)形式为复数，意义也为复数
这类集合名词包括gds(货物)，clthes(衣服)等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式（当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)，但通常不与数词连用。如：
Such clthes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵。
(4)形式为单数，意义也为单数
这类集合名词包括baggage/luggage(行李)，clthing(衣服)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机器)，petry(诗)，scenery(风景)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等，其用法特点为：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词（当然更不能用数词），没有复数形式。如：
The hspital has n decent equipment.这家医院没有像样的设备。
注意：machinery,petry,jewelry,scenery等相应的个体可数名词是machine,pem,jewel,scene等。如：
a pem/a piece f petry一首诗
many machines/much machinery/many pieces f machinery许多机器
2.常考的集合名词
(1)hair(头发；毛发)指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词（不可数）；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词（可数）。如：
My hair has grwn very lng.我的头发已长得很长了。
The plice fund tw hairs there.警察在那儿找到了两根头发。
(2)mankind(人类)是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词。如：
This is an inventin that benefits mankind.这是一项造福人类的发明。
Mankind has its wn prblems.人类有自己的问题。
(3)fruit(水果)作为集合名词，它通常是不可数的。如：
He is grwing fruit in the cuntry.他在乡下种水果。
但是，当表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即：a fruit指一种水果，fruits指多种水果。比较：
Sme fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。
The ptat is a vegetable,nt a fruit.土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。
经典例题
That team seldm ,because the team always d best in the cmpetitin.
A.lse;theirB.lse;itsC.lses;themD.lses;it
【引申】
The team having a meeting.
A.isB.areC.amD.be
思考总结
名词是高考中的必考项，在完形填空、语法填空以及短文改错中总是反复考查。根据近年高考试题分析，可知名词的考查呈现的趋势有：
趋势一：根据语境对于名词的辨析
单纯地掌握词汇已经不能满足高中学习的需要了，高中阶段更强调语篇和文本阅读的重要性。在文本阅读的测试中，根据语境对于名词进行辨析是对学生更深入的要求。
趋势二：加强对熟词生义的考查
除了基本含义，名词常有引申义。初中阶段重视学生对于名词基本含义的掌握，而到了高中阶段，引申义成了重要的考查方向。学生需要勤查字典，掌握名词的多项用法。
随堂练习
一．名词的基本用法
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.If yu want t see hw life was back in the ld days, China still has many beautiful water (twn) t visit.
2.They are always gathering in their winter fd in the middle f summer and they are making (preparatin)fr the lng cld winter.
3.Nw, nearly 500 acres f sand is being turned int farms prducing crn, (tmat) and sunflwers.
4.Calligraphy has influenced the wrld widely and has even been intrduced t many neighbring (cuntry).
5.A few dllars can help t fill a (child)hungry stmach.
Ⅱ.单句改错
6. He usually ges t see his parents n Saturday’s evening.
7.Sme f us als made a public speech t tell peple sme knwledges abut prtecting the envirnment.
二，名词构词法
1.The Zhngshan team cmpleted tasks including installatin f and tests fr LiDAR, drilling f ice bedrck, atmspheric sunding (bserve), surveys f birds and aerial explratin carried ut by the fixed-wing aircraft.
2.Yu may nt knw the name Jhn Stith Pembertn, but yu must knw the name f his (invent):Cca-Cla.
3.I was traveling in a small place in New Yrk. That place had n taxi fr a shrt (distant).
4.Once the brush mvement hesitates, a black mark is created, s speed, (strng) and agility (敏捷) is the essence f fine artwrk.
5.Apart frm defense, ther purpses f the Great Wall have included brder cntrl, the (encurage) f trade and the cntrl f immigratin.
6.In 1962, Rachel Carsn’s best-selling bk “Silent Spring” created an (aware) f the dangerus effects f pesticides(农药).
7.Senir experts frm UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect ecsystem, and creative (cmbine) f nature and humanism.
三
1.(2018天津,6)The (pssible) that there is life n ther planets in the universe has always inspired scientists t explre the uter space.
2.(2018江苏,32)Try t understand what’s actually happening instead f acting n the (assume) yu’ve made.
3.(2017江苏,34)The disappearance f dinsaurs is nt necessarily caused by astrnmical incidents. But alternative (explain) are hard t find.
4.(2016浙江,4 )It is imprtant t pay yur (electric)bill n time, as late payments may affect yur credit.
5.(2016江苏,24)—Can yu tell us yur recipe fr (happy) and a lng life?
—Living every day t the full, definitely.
6.(2015江苏,32)Sme schls will have t make (adjust) in agreement with the natinal sccer refrm.
7.(2015江苏,35)—G and say srry t yur mm,Dave.
—I’d like t,but I’m afraid she wn’t be happy with my (aplgize).
8.(2015浙江,15)One f the mst effective ways t reduce (stressful)is t talk abut feelings with smene yu trust.
9.(2015安徽,30)There is n need t tell me yur answer nw.Give it sme (think)and then let me knw.
三
1.(2020届安徽六安一中月考一,66)Thugh alne, yu can enjy yur travel in (silent) while thinking quietly.
2.(2020届贵州贵阳8月摸底,67)Human fd is very bad fr the babns’ (tth)because it has a lt f sugar.
3.(2020届河南天一大联考阶段检测Ⅰ,67)That writing system was f great (imprtant) in uniting the Chinese peple and culture.
4.(2020届江西临川二中月考一,65)Due t the (arrive) f mre Chinese, mre shps and businesses grew up.
5.(2020届黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中9月月考,45)These grapes bring wealth as well as their delicius (sweet) t the lcals.
6.(2019河北保定摸底考试,70)Bringing tgether Western Medicine and TCM, rather than being in (cmpete), is where the ptential fr great effects lies.
7.(2019海南儋州一次统测,64)By the time f his (die), he was the best-selling Chinese authr, and ver 100 millin cpies f his wrks have been sld in the wrld.
8.(2019河南洛阳期中考试,64)S far mdern (platfrm) have taken the place f traditinal fcuses with a wider range f creative enterprises frm smart infrastructure cnstructin t design and rbts.
9.(2018浙江温州普通高中高考适应性测试,62)He decided t put his plan int (act)—building a garden.
10.(2018江西红色七校一联,64)T the citizens in Hangzhu, the best part f it is that it will give us the chance t watch wrld-class matches and (cmpete)clse t hme.
四
1.(2020届安徽“江淮十校”联考一)My mther has brught me several bag f beef jerky.
2.(2020届福建永安一中、漳平一中联考一)I’d appreciate yu if yu culd take my applicatin int cnsideratin.
3.(2020届甘肃天水一中月考一)It can be a great fun and I bet there will be a lt f cmmunicatin ging n amng students.
4.(2020届贵州贵阳8月摸底)Every autumn we have a reading festival where drama perfrmances are shwn and distinguished writer are invited.
5.(2020届河南顶级名校期初摸底)I was glad that when I spke a little English in Britain, all thse wh cmmunicated with yu were able t understand me.
6.(2020届山西太原五中9月阶段性考试)15% f them think it can help sme students stp fcusing n shwing ff his clthes.
7.(2020届河南许昌高中月考一)At first we made an prmise that as grwn-ups we shuld have a sense f duty fr ur sciety frm nw n.
8.(2019福建泉港一中、南安国光中学期中联考)Undubtedly, he’s ne f the mst ppular teacher in ur schl.
9.(2019湖北孝感一中、应城一中等五校期中联考)Once yu have fund such true friends, d treasure him.
10.(2019湖北宜昌示范性高中协作体期中)Encuraged by her,I vercame my fear and finally made successful attempt.
11.(2019福建长汀一中等六校联考)On the ne hand, smart phnes can distract students’ attentins.
12.(2019安徽皖南八校联考一)I wuld never ask much frm my parents because I knew it was nt easy fr him t make a living.
13.(2018河南豫南九校联考二)At same time, I will ask my friends and parents t help me.
14.(2018四川双流中学月考)As yu travel, yu will see beautiful sceneries and yu can meet and make friends with peple f different clrs and races.
15.(2018吉林百校联盟联考)I managed t calm them dwn and said we shuld all put us in thers’ shes.
16.(2018湖南永州一模)They take the attitude that large crwds f turist t the z will give rise t traffic jams.
五
In China, the histry f peple planting and using bamb can date back t as far as 7,000 years. As early as the Shang dynasty, bamb was being used in ancient 1 (peple)daily lives. 2 was used fr fd, clthing, husing, transprtatin, musical 3 (instrument)and even weapns.
The 4 (apply) f bamb in science and technlgy is thrilling. In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the lcal peple in building the Dujiang Weirs, the first irrigatin netwrk in the wrld, in which bamb played 5 imprtant rle. The wrld’s ldest water pipe was als made f bamb. During 6 Han dynasty, the peple in Sichuan successfully sank a 100-metre-deep well with thick bamb rpes. This technlgy did nt spread t Eurpe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technlgy that the Americans drilled 7 first il well in Pennsylvania in 1859.
In Chinese culture, bamb is well-knwn as ne f the “fur 8 (gentleman)” in plants. T many distinguished 9 (man), bamb is a symbl f gdness and hnesty. It is always clsely related t peple f psitive spirits. Bamb culture cntributes t encuraging peple t hld n when facing tugh 10 (situatin).
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