专题 14 阅读理解说明文（教师版+学生版）--（2015-2024）高考真题英语分项汇编（全国通用）

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Passage 1
【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
4. What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.B. It's taught by mther cats.
C. It's hard t interpret.D. It's getting luder with age.
5. Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A. By listening fr sunds.B. By tuching familiar bjects.
C. By checking n smells.D. By cmmunicating with ther cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perfrm apprpriately.B. Mve faster.C. Act strangely.D. D better.
7. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy

Passage 2
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32. What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
33. What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
34. What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A. Review data frm certain areas.B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.

Passage 3
【2024全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train desn’t accept passengers—it accepts nly the sick. The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins.
“Peple started queuing t make an appintment early in the mrning,” says Emile Ducke, a German phtgrapher wh traveled with the staff f the Saint Lukas fr a tw-week trip in Nvember thrugh the vast regins(区域)f Krasnyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr’s appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk.
The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
8. Hw is the Saint Lukas different frm ther trains?
A. It runs acrss cuntries.B. It reserves seats fr the senirs.
C. It functins as a hspital.D. It travels alng a river.
9. What can we infer frm paragraph 3 abut Krasnyarsk?
A. It is heavily ppulated.B. It ffers training fr dctrs.
C. It is a mdern city.D. It needs medical aid.
10. Hw lng can the Saint Lukas wrk with ne supply?
A. Abut a year.B. Abut ten mnths.
C. Abut tw mnths.D. Abut tw weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.

Passage 4
【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
8. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
9. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
10. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
11. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.

Passage 4
【2024浙江1月卷】On September 7, 1991, the cstliest hailstrm (雹暴) in Canadian histry hit Calgary’s suthern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes. But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.
Nrman Stienwand, wh farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings n this issue fr years “Basically, the prvincial gvernment is letting the insurance cmpanies prtect the Calgary-Edmntn urban area frm hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drught risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail prject is managed by Terry Krauss, a clud physicist wh wrks fr Weather Mdificatin Inc. f Farg, Nrth Dakta. “We affect nly a very small percentage f the ttal misture in the air, s we cannt be cusing drught.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the misture dwnwind by creating wetter grund.”
One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”
Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.
8. What des the prject aim t d?
A. Cnserve misture in the sil.B. Prevent the frmatin f hailstnes.
C. Frecast disastrus hailstrms.D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Wh are ppsed t the prject?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.B. Managers f insurance cmpanies.
C. Prvincial gvernment fficials.D. Residents f Calgary and Edmntn
10. Why des Dr. Dswell mentin the trnades he saw in 1999?
A. T cmpare different kinds f seeding methds.
B. T illustrate the develpment f big hailstrms.
C. T indicate a pssible danger f clud seeding.
D. T shw the link between strms and misture.
11. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have prved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The dubt abut clud seeding has disappeared.
D. Clud-seeding cmpanies will cntinue t exist.

Passage 5
【2024北京卷】Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
Passage 6
【2024浙江1月卷】The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed n a table. Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat. Then they were left alne in the rm. Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnect in between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin. But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin. Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr, s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin. But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin. Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
12. What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examinatin alne.B. Shw respect fr the researchers.
C. Share their treats with thers.D. Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
13. Accrding t paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B. the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C. the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D. the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
14. What des the authr suggest readers d?
A. Absrb new infrmatin readily.B. Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C. Use diverse infrmatin surces.D. Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
15. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Eat Less, Read MreB. The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C. The Later, the BetterD. The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
2023年
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
8. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
10. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
11. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
14. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
12. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
13. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
14. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
15. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
8. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
9. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
11. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t de-list grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,” says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
32. Hw d Americans lk at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in peple.
B. They shuld be kept in natinal parks.
C. They are f high scientific value.
D. They are a symbl f American culture.
33. What has helped the increase f the grizzly ppulatin?
A The Eurpean settlers’ behavir.
B. The expansin f bears’ range.
C. The prtectin by law since 1975.
D. The supprt f Native Americans.
34. What has stpped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm de-listing grizzlies?
A. The ppsitin f cnservatin grups.
B. The successful cmeback f grizzlies.
C. The vice f the bilgists.
D. The lcal farmers’ advcates.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
Passage 7
【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers.One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28. The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A. draw a cmparisn
B. intrduce a tpic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a prblem
29. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been frgtten.
B. Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D. Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30. What des the authr intend t tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B. Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C. Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D. Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
Passage 8
【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like mst great questins this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A. supprtiveB. puzzledC. uncncernedD. dubtful
32. What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Shcked.B. Prtected.C. Attracted.D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. ALife hlds the key t human future.B. ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C. AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D. AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
Passage 9
【2023年浙江1月卷】Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32．What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A．The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B．The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C．The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D．The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33．What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A．Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B．Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C．Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D．Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34．What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A．T cnserve pllinatrs.B．T restrict slar develpment.
C．T diversify the ecnmy.D．T ensure the supply f energy.
35．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB．Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD．Slar Farms: A New Develpment

Passage 10
2022年阅读理解说明文
Passage 1
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
5. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
6. What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
7. What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.
Passage 2
C
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
8. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
9. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.D. She has develped a strng persnality.
10. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
11. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
Passage 3
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
12. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
13. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
15. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
Passage 4
【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne. "
8. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Incnsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A. Where a driver came frm. B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer-

Passage 5
【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效)acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
8. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
9. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
10. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C. T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
11. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
Passage 6
D
【2022年全国乙卷】The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）. It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
13. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
14. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
15. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
Passage 7
【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效)acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
8. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
9. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
10. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C. T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
11. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
Passage 8
D
【2022年全国乙卷】The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）. It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
13. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
14. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
15. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
Passage 9
【2022年全国甲卷】Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
4. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
5. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
6. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
7. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
Passage 10
C
【2022年全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
8. Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
9. What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?
A. Lvely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discunt fare.D. A friend’s invitatin.
10. What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?
A. It culd be a hme fr her.B. It shuld be easily accessible.
C. It shuld be well preserved.D. It needs t be fully intrduced.
11 What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
Passage 11
【2022年北京卷】“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
Passage 12
【2022年浙江卷6月】All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物种). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
4. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
5. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
6. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
Passage 13
C
【2022年浙江卷6月】Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinistB. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
Passage 14
【2022年浙江卷1月】 The United States rse t glbal pwer n the strength f its technlgy, and the lifebld that technlgy has lng been electricity. By prviding lng-distance cmmunicatin and energy, electricity created the mdem wrld. Yet prperly understd, the age f electricity is merely the secnd stage in the age f steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins.*' writes Maury Klein in his bk The Pwer Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Mdem America. Klein, a nted histrian f technlgy, spins a narrative s lively that at times it reads like a nvel.
The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the wrld*'. Klein writes, "America did nt invent the steam engine, but nce they grasped its passwrds they put it t mre uses than anyne else."
Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity. Mrse invented a cde fr sending messages ver an electrmagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a vice. Edisn perfected an incandescent bulls that brught electric light int the American hme.
Mst imprtantly, Edisn realized that success depended n mass electrificatin, which he shwed in New Yrk City. With help frm Tesla, Westinghuse's firm develped a system using alternating current, which sn became the majr frms f pwer delivery.
T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a lng narrative int an interesting ne.
What is Klein's understanding f the age f electricity?
It is clsely linked t the steam age.
It began earlier than prper thught.
It is a little-studied perid f histry.
It will cme t an end sner r later.
What can be inferred abut Ned?
B. He wrte many increasing stries,
D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
A. He was brn in New Yrk City.
C. He created an electricity cmpany.
What is the text?
A. A bigraphy.
B. A bk review.
C. A shrt stry.
D. A science reprt.
Passage 15
C
【2022年浙江卷1月】 The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there ?s a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list. New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because ifs pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular （'ll、血管 ）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia. ”
Fr the study, 191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted t
measure their peak （最大值的） cardivascular capacity. The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level, r 120 watts r higher. A ttal f 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; and 59 wmen were in the lw fitness categry, defined as a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less, r having their exercise tests stpped because f high bld pressure, chest pain r ther cardivascular prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades. During that time, 44 f the wmen develped dementia. Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia, cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever, this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant. " She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied, all f whm were frm Sweden, s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
What is n the ever-grwing list mentined in the first paragraph?
Psitive effects f ding exercises.
Exercises suitable fr the middle-aged.
Experimental studies n diseases.
Advantages f sprty wman ver man
Why did the researchers ask the wman t d bicycle exercise?
T predict their maximum heart rate.
T assess their cardivascular capacity
T change their habits f wrking ut
T detect their ptential health prblems
What d we knw abut Dr Hrder's study?
It aimed t find a cure fr dementia.
Data cllectin was a lengthy prcess.
Sme participants withdrew frm it.
The results were far frm satisfactry.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
Biking Imprves Wmen*s Cardivascular Fitness
Passage 16
【2022年浙江卷6月】All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物种). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
4. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
5. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
6. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
Passage 17
C
【2022年浙江卷6月】Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinistB. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
Passage 18
【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that ur brain alne is respnsible f human cgnitin(认知)? What abut ur bdy? Is it pssible fr thught and behavir t riginate frm smewhere ther than ur brain? Psychlgists wh study Embdied Cgnitin(EC) ask similar questins. The EC thery suggests ur bdy is als respnsible fr thinking r prblem-slving. Mre precisely, the mind shapes the bdy and the bdy shapes the mind in equal measure.
If yu think abut it fr a mment, it makes ttal sense. When yu smell smething gd r hear amusing sunds, certain emtins are awakened. Think abut hw newbrns use their senses t understand the wrld arund them. They dn’t have emtins s much as needs—they dn’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need fd. Even unbrn babies can feel their mthers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real wrld，they cry when they’re cld and then get hugged. That way, they start t as-sciate being warm with being lved.
Understandably, therists have been arguing fr years and still disagree n whether the brain is the nerve centre that perates the rest f the bdy. Older Western philsphers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC therises that the brain and bdy are wrking tgether as an rganic supercmputer, prcessing everything and frming yur reactins.
Further studies have backed up the mind-bdy interactin. In ne ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked t judge peple after being handed a ht r a cld drink. They all made warm evaluatins when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than clness. And it wrks the ther way t; in anther study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in r “rejected” frm a grup task. Thse wh were included felt physically warmer.
Fr further prf, we can lk at the metaphrs(比喻说法) that we use withut even thinking. A kind and sympathetic persn is frequently referred t as ne with a sft heart and smene wh is very strng and calm in difficult situatins is ften described as slid as a rck. And this kind f metaphrical use is cmmn acrss languages.
Nw that yu have the knwledge f mind-bdy interactin, why nt use it? If yu’re having a bad day,a warm cup f tea will give yu a flash f pleasure. If yu knw yu’re physically cld, warm up befre making any interpersnal decisins.
46. Accrding t the authr, the significance f the EC thery lies in ________.
A. facilitating ur understanding f the rigin f psychlgy
B. revealing the majr rle f the mind in human cgnitin
C. ffering a clearer picture f the shape f human brain
D. bringing us clser t the truth in human cgnitin
47. Where des the new brns’ understanding f their surrundings start frm?
A. Their persnal lks.
B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emtins.
D. Their physical feelings.
48. The experiments mentined in Paragraph 4 further prve________.
A. envirnment impacts hw we judge thers
B. hw bdy temperature is related t health
C. the mind and the bdy influence each ther
D. hw humans interact with their surrundings
49. What des the authr intend t prve by citing the metaphrs in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphrs.
B. Human senses have effects n thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emtins are ften cmpared t natural materials.
50. What is the authr’s purpse in writing the last paragraph?
A. T share with the reader ways t release their emtins.
B. T guide the reader nt the path t career success.
C. T encurage the reader t put EC int practice.
D. T deepen the reader’s understanding f EC.
2021年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry ( 迁徙的) waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934 better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
28. What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?
A. Lss f wetlands.B. Ppularity f water sprts.
C. Pllutin f rivers.D. Arrival f ther wild animals.
29. What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire.B. Exprt.
C. Destry.D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gne dwn.B. The migratry birds have flwn away.
C. The hunters have stpped hunting.D. The gvernment has cllected mney.
31. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp StryB. The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits f Saving WaterfwlD. The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
Passage2
D
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.

Passage3
【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (标签) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.
C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
15. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
Passage4
【2021年全国甲卷】Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head f rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: “Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day.”
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which f the fllwing best describes the breeding prgramme?
A. Cstly.B. Cntrversial.C. Ambitius.D. Successful.
5. What des Paul Beer say abut the new-brn rhin?
A. She lves staying with her mther.B. She dislikes utdr activities.
C. She is in gd cnditinD. She is sensitive t heat.
6. What similar experience d Sli and Kisima have?
A. They had their first brn in January.B. They enjyed explring new places
C. They lived with their grandmthers.D. They were brught t the reserve yung
7. What can be inferred abut Prn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B. It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C. It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D. Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
Passage5
【2021年全国乙卷】Yu’ve heard that plastic is plluting the ceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpcalypse,” a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168,000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源）f plastic pllutin, but they’ve recently cme under fire because mst peple dn’t need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that’s part f Vn Wng’s artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad’s wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic,” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they’d been dumped（倾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
28. What are Vn Wng’s artwrks intended fr?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C. Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.D. Reducing garbage n the beach.
29. Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. T shw the difficulty f their recycling.
B. T explain why they are useful.
C. T vice his views n mdern art.
D. T find a substitute fr them.
30. What effect wuld “Trucklad f Plastic” have n viewers?
A. Calming.B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.
31 Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Artists’ Opinins n Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C. Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D. Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
Passage6
【2021年全国乙卷】During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干扰）in his pen ffice, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street — s I can fcus”. His cmment struck me as strange. After all, cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup — thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp — significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise — nt t lud and nt ttal silence — may actually imprve ne’s creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f “distracted fcus” appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can’t stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers’ cnversatins while we’re trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
32. Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?
A. It helps him cncentrate.B. It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C. It has a pleasant atmsphere.D. It encurages face-t-face interactins.
33. Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?
A. Ttal silence.B. 50 decibelsC. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?
A. Persnal privacy unprtected.B. Limited wrking space.
C. Restrictins n grup discussin.D. Cnstant interruptins.
35. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He’s a news reprter.
B. He’s an ffice manager.
C. He’s a prfessinal designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
Passage7
【2021年北京卷】Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Scientific.B. Credible.
C. Original.D. Relevant.
29. As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A. wrriedB. puzzled
C. surprisedD. scared
30. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B. The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C. The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D. The glbal cllapse is well underway.

Passage8
【2021年浙江卷6月】If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images(图像)f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face n images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth," said study authr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans. "T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins," and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study fcused n whether dgs can_________.
A. distinguish shapesB. make sense f human faces
C. feel happy r angryD. cmmunicate with each ther
9. What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B. Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C. Pictures used in the tw stages were different
D. The dgs were phtgraphed befre the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. A suggestin fr future studies.B. A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C. A majr limitatin f the studyD. An explanatin f the research methd.
Passage9
【2021年浙江卷1月】 At the start f the 20th century, an American engineer named Jhn Elfreth Watkins made predictins abut life tday. His predictins abut slwing ppulatin grwth, mbile phnes and increasing height were clse t the mark. But he was wrng in ne predictin: that everybdy wuld walk 10 miles a day.
Tday, in Australia, mst children n average fall 2, 000 steps shrt f the physical activity they need t avid being verweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent f children walked t schl, while in 2010, it was as lw as 15 per cent.
The decline is nt because we have all becme lazy. Families are pressed fr time, many with bth parents wrking t pay fr their huse, ften wrking hurs nt f their chsing, living in car-dependent neighbrhds with limited public transprt.
The ther side f the cin is equally a deprivatin: fr health and well-being, as well as lst pprtunities（机会）fr children t get t knw their lcal surrundings. And fr parents there are lst pprtunities t walk and talk with their yung schlar abut their day.
Mst parents will have eagerly asked their child abut their day, nly t meet with a “gd”, quickly fllwed by "I'm hungry". This is als my experience as a mther. But smewhere ver the daily walk mre abut my sn's day cmes ut. I hear him making sense f friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental pprtunity t hear mre.
Many primary schls supprt walking schl-bus rutes（路线）, with days f regular, parent-accmpanied walks. Ding just ne f these a few times a week is better than nthing. It can be tugh t begin and takes a little planning-running shes by the frnt dr, lunches made the night befre, umbrellas n rainy days and hats n ht nes-but it's certainly wrth trying.
4．Why des the authr mentin Watkins' predictins in the first paragraph?
A．T make cmparisns.B．T intrduce the tpic.
C．T supprt her argument.D．T prvide examples.
5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness.B．Health prblems.
C．Lack f time.D．Security cncerns.
6．Why des the authr find walking with her sn wrthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after wrk.B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her sn's study.D．She can knw her sn better.
Passage10
【2021年浙江卷1月】 Researchers say they have translated the meaning f gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use t cmmunicate. They say wild chimps cmmunicate 19 specific messages t ne anther with a "vcabulary" f 66 gestures. The scientists discvered this by fllwing and filming grups f chimps in Uganda, and examining mre than 5,000 incidents f these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hbaiter, wh led the research, said that this was the nly frm f intentinal cmmunicatin t be recrded in the animal kingdm. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system f cmmunicatin where they deliberately sent a message t anther grup member.
"That's what's s amazing abut chimp gestures," she said. "They're the nly thing that lks like human language in that respect. ”
Althugh previus research has shwn that apes and mnkeys can understand cmplex infrmatin frm anther animal's call, the animals d nt appear t use their vices intentinally t cmmunicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hbaiter said.
Chimps will check t see if they have the attentin f the animal with which they wish t cmmunicate. In ne case, a mther presents her ft t her crying baby, signaling:" Climb n me. " The yungster immediately jumps n t its mthers back and they travel ff tgether. "The big message frm this study is that there is anther species (物种) ut there. that is meaningful in its cmmunicatin, s that's nt unique t humans," said Dr Hbaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evlutinary bilgist frm the University f Manchester, said the study was praisewrthy in seeking t enrich ur knwledge f the evlutin f human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappinting".
"The vagueness f the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little t cmmunicate, r we are still missing a lt f the infrmatin cntained in their gestures and actins," she said. "Mrever, the meanings seem t nt g beynd what ther animal cnvey with nn-verbal cmmunicatin. S, it seems the gulf remains. "
7．What d chimps and humans have in cmmn accrding t Dr Hbaiter?
A．Memrizing specific wrds.B．Understanding cmplex infrmatin.
C．Using vices t cmmunicate.D．Cmmunicating messages n purpse.
8．What did Dr Shultz think f the study?
A．It was well designed but prly cnducted.
B．It was a gd try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methds deserved praise.
9．What des the underlined wrd "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference.B．Cnflict.C．Balance.D．Cnnectin.
10．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviur study achieved a breakthrugh
B．Chimpanzees develped specific cmmunicatin skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdm
D．Chimpanzee language: cmmunicatin gestures translated
Passage11
【2021年天津卷第二次】In the fictinal wrlds f film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as s advanced that it is indistinguishable frm humans. But what if we're actually getting clser t a wrld where Al is capable f thinking and feeling?
Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd. They lk clse t a human, but nt quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are mdeled n actual human features. Speech recgnitin enables them t understand what a persn is saying, and natural language prcessing is used t wrk ut a respnse. Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital peple".
Shiwali Mhan, an Al scientist at the Pal Research Center, is skeptical f these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design. Designing fr human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then cntinues, “If smething lks like a human, we have high expectatins f them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)knw hw ther humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行业）. "Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Sme ther cmpanies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling rganizatins and individuals t create digital humans themselves using free-access platfrms they prvide. "The biggest mtivatin fr such platfrms is t ppularize Al," Dube says.
Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed. "As we develp mre advanced Al technlgy, we wuld then have t use new ways f cmmunicating with that technlgy,she says. "'Hpefully, all f that is designed t supprt humans in their gals."
46. Accrding t Para. 2, in what respect（s） d UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A. In the way they mve arund.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In bservatin and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressins.
47. Sul Machines’digital brain is a technlgical breakthrugh because it .
A. leams t make prper emtinal respnses
B. tends t imitate human beings' tne vividly
C. recgnizes the speech sunds it receives
D. prcesses the natural language it hears
48. In Mhan's pinin, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
B Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Prblem-slving ability.
49. What makes many sectrs emply digital humans?
A. The fear f falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency t prmte e-cmmerce.
C. The wish t spread digital technlgy.
D. The need t upgrade the health care system.
50. What des Mhan think f the future f digital beings?
A. It's well planned.
B. It is prmising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It's quite hpeless.
Passage12
D
【2021年天津卷第二次】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be "the easy subject" at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn't just want material things anymre, they want t experience life一the arts are a perfect crssver （交迭）between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple's wellbeing. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fbr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fbr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fbr art is a part f what makes us human.
51. Art prducts differ frm mst ther cmmercial prducts because .
A. mst peple purchase them fr cllectin
B. they are mre expensive and less accessible
C. they have bth cmmercial and cultural values
D. their prices may climb up as time passes
52. By sharing their arts experiences, cmmunity members can .
A. keep the cmmunity safe frm illnesses
B. develp a strnger tie between them
C. learn t appreciate their wn wrks f art
D. ffer hnurable slutins t their prblems
53. What can we learn abut peple wh are invlved in artistic activities?
A. They enjy better living cnditins.
B. They like t cmpare themselves with thers.
C. They are particularly gd at bth music and art.
D. They tend t be healthier physically and mentally.
54. Hw des kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It prmtes their academic perfrmance and emtinal grwth.
B. It gives them mre cnfidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps t make respnsible peple ut f them.
55. What is the best title fr this passage?
A. Hw Art Cures Our Hearts
B. Art: A Blessing t Humankind
C. Hw Art Benefits Cmmunities
D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
Passage13
【2021年天津卷第一次】 A trial prject by the Mntreal Children's Hspital suggested that the use f medical hypnsis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The prject als resulted in a reductin in the amunt f medicines used t perfrm medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) prcedures.
“During the examinatin children dn't mve. It wrks perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Jhanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technlgist at the hspital.
The prject was inspired by a French team frm Ruen University Hspital Centre where examinatins are dne under hypnsis instead f general anesthesia(麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technlgist-als a hypntist — was invited t train a few members in the medical-imaging department f the children's hspital. In all, 80 examinatins were cnducted fr the prject between January and September, 2019, fcusing n the imaging prcedures that wuld cause anxiety.
Hypnsis is nt a state f sleep: It is rather a mdified(改变的)state f cnsciusness. The technlgist will guide the patient t this mdified state—an imaginary wrld that will disassciate itself mre and mre frm the prcedure that fllws.
“The technlgist must build up a stry with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the pwer t chse what he wants t talk abut. D yu play sprts? D yu like ging t the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss thrughut the prcedure."
Everything that happens next during the prcedure must be related t this stry — an injectin （注射）becmes the bite f an insect; the heat n the skin becmes the sensatin f the sun and a machine that rings becmes a plice car passing nearby.
“The imprtant thing is that the technlgist assciates what is happening utside the patient's bdy with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity n the part f the technlgist, imaginatin, a lt f patience and kindness."
The prcedure appealed t the staff a lt when it was intrduced in January. It spread like wildfire that smene frm France was here t train the technlgists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line f staff at her dr wanting t take the training.
45．One f the results prduced by the trial prject is ________ .
A．a better understanding f children
B．less use f certain medicines
C．new medical-imaging technlgy
D．an imprved reputatin f the hspital
46．The French technlgist came t the children's hspital t ________.
A．assist in treating a patient
B．carry ut hypnsis training
C．start up a new department
D．learn abut the prcedure
47．Accrding t Paragraph 5, hypnsis wrks by ________.
A．creating a perfect wrld fr patients
B．frcing patients int a state f deep sleep
C．putting patients int an uncnscius state
D．leading patients' cnsciusness away frm reality
48．What can we learn abut the stry used in the prcedure?
A．It shuld keep pace with the prcedure.
B．It reflects the patient's creativity.
C．It is selected by the technlgist.
D．It tells what dctrs are ding t the patient.
49．The prcedure was received amng the staff with ________.
A．uncertainty
B．enthusiasm
C．wrry
D．criticism
50．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．An easy way t cmmunicate with patients.
B．The standard methd f cnducting hypnsis.
C．An intrductin f medical-imaging technlgy.
D．The use f hypnsis in medical-imaging prcedures.

2020年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2020年新课标Ⅰ】 Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity - but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually .The first, which I take t reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble (随笔) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtazar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifs, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24. Why des the authr like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.
B. It’s a windw t a whle new wrld.
C. It’s a substitute fr drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding f neself.
25. What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief accunt f a trip.
B. It’s abut Hemingway’s life as a yung man.
C. It’s a recrd f a histric event.
D. It’s abut Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What des the underlined wrd ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt
B. Reward.
C. Allwance.
D. Face value.
27. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He lves petry.
B. He’s an editr.
C. He’s very ambitius.
D. He teaches reading.
Passage2
【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
28. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
Passage3
D
【2020年新课标Ⅰ】 The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
Passage4
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】 Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
24. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence.B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
25. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin.D. Child-parent relatinship.
26. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgistD. A teaching prgram.
Passage5
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装)enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have(shwcased)nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种).It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mdel Paige Mrgan says，”T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-1 think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She trying t cme up with a lable t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
28. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.
B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.
D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
29. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abuf wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A. It’s frmal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditinal.
Passage6
【2020年新课标Ⅲ】We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they’ve als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land,” said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. “We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders,” Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin,” said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.D. Significance f fd selectin.
33. Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
34. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.D. They lived n bth land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD. The Wrld’s Best Divers

Passage7
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷（山东卷）】Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
13. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
15. On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C. Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
Passage8
【2020年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷（海南卷）】Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals. Can yu believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazn may have mre species f ants than the whle f Britain! Abut 480 varieties f trees may be fund in just ne hectare f rainfrest.
Rainfrests are the lungs f the planet-string vast quantities f carbn dixide and prducing a significant amunt f the wrld's xygen. Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy（树冠层）f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.
Amazingly, the trees grw in such a way that their leaves and branches, althugh clse tgether, never actually tuch thse f anther tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. T survive in the frest, animals must climb, jump r fly acrss the gaps. The grund flr f the frest is nt all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn int fd fr the trees and ther frest life.
They are nt called rainfrests fr nthing! Rainfrests can generate 75%f their wn rain. At least 80 inches f rain a year is nrmal-and in sme areas there may be as much as 430 inches f rain annually. This is real rain-yur umbrella may prtect yu in a shwer, but it wn't keep yu dry if there is a full rainstrm. In just tw hurs, streams can rise ten t twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）f large rainfrests cntributes t the frmatin f raincluds that may travel t ther cuntries in need f rain.
12. What can we learn abut rainfrests frm the first paragraph?
A. They prduce xygen.B. They cver a vast area.
C. They are well managed.D. They are rich in wildlife.
13. Which f the fllwing cntributes mst t the survival f rainfrests?
A. Heavy rainsB. Big trees.
C. Small plants.D. Frest animals.
14. Why d the leaves and branches f different trees avid tuching each ther?
A. Fr mre sunlight.B. Fr mre grwing space.
C. Fr self-prtectin.D. Fr the detectin f insects.
15. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Life-Giving RainfrestsB. The Law f the Jungle
C. Animals in the AmaznD. Weather in Rainfrests
Passage9
【2020年北京卷】Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
34. With a mnitr n her cllar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pllutant readingsB. recrd pllutant levels
C. prcess cllected dataD. reduce air pllutin
35. What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A. High places are free f air pllutin.
B. Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C. Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D. Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
36. What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A. T warn f a health risk.B. T find ut pllutin surces.
C. T test his new mnitr.D. T prve Baggy's abilities.
37. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A. Mdest.B. Generus.C. Creative.D. Outging.
Passage10
【2020年浙江卷1月】Milwaukee, Wiscnsin, is rad testing a new way t keep winter rads ice-free – by spreading n them cheese brine, the salty liquid used t make sft cheese, like mzzarella.
Wiscnsin, als called "America's Dairyland," is famus fr its cheese. The state prduced 2.8 billin punds f cheese last year! a result, there was a lt f leftver cheese brine. Dispsing f(处置)the brine can be expensive. S what shuld cheese makers d with the waste?
Nrmally, twns use rck salt t de-ice streets. The salt lwers waters' freezing pint, causing ice t melt(融化). But using cheese brine culd help bth cheese prducers and cities save mney, while keeping rads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rck salt, helps lwer water's freezing pint.
In additin t saving mney, cheese brine culd als be a mre envirnment-friendly ptin. Many peple suspect that all the rck salt used every winter is harming the envirnment.
Rck salt is made f sdium chlride, the sane cn-pund (化合物)in rdinary table salt. Sunds harmless, right? But while yu prbably add nly a small amunt f salt t yur fd, rad crews spread abut 20 millin tns f salt n U.S. Rads every year!
The chemical washes ff rads and ges int the grund. There it can pllute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away sil. By spreading cheese brine n streets befre adding a layer f rck salt, Milwaukee may be able t cut its rck salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a dwnside t – a shell similar t that f bad milk. "I dn't really mind it," Emil Nrby tld Mdern Farmer magazine. He wrks fr ne f Wiscnsin's cunty highway cmmissins and came up with the idea f using cheese brine. "Our rads smell like Wiscnsin!" he said.
24. Why can cheese brine help keep winter rads ice-free?
A. It is sft.B. It cntains salt.C. It is warm.D. It has milk in it.
25. What is a benefit f using cheese urine n rads?
A. Imprving air quality.B. Increasing sales f rck salt.
C. Reducing water pllutin.D. Saving the cheese industry.
26. Milwaukee's new way t de-ice streets may be an example f_______________.
A. barking up the wrng treeB. putting the cart befre the hrse
C. rbbing Peter t pay PaulD. killing tw birds with ne stne
Passage11
C
【2020年浙江卷1月】Tday's wrld is nt an easy adjustment fr yung adults. Key skill set fr success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.
BYU prfessrs Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after fllwing 325 American families ver several years. And ver time，the persistence gained thrugh fathers led t higher achievement in schl.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique rle f fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research als helps t prve that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key t a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need t practice an "authritative" parenting style. Authritative parenting is nt authritarian:rigid，demanding r cntrlling. Rather，an authritative parenting style includes sme f the fllwing characteristics:children feel warmth and lve frm their father；respnsibility and the reasns behind rules are stressed children are given an apprpriate level f autnmy(自主权).
In the study，abut 52 percent f the dads exhibited abve-average levels f authritative parenting. A key finding is that ver time，children raised by an authritative father were significantly mre likely t develp persistence，which leads t better utcmes in schl.
This particular study examined 11 t 14-year-lds living in tw-parent hmes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a rle in teaching the benefits f persistence，which is an avenue f future research.
27. What is special abut the BYU prfessrs' study?
A. It centered n fathers' rle in parenting.
B. It was based n a number f large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds f parenting styles.
D. It aimed t imprve kids' achievement in schl.
28. What wuld an authritative father d when raising his children?
A. Ignre their demands.B. Make decisins fr them.
C. Cntrl their behavirs.D. Explain the rules t them.
29. Which grup can be a fcus f future studies accrding t the researchers?
A. Single parents.
B. Children aged frm 11 t 14.
C. Authritarian fathers.
D. Mthers in tw-parent hmes.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Three Characteristics f Authritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills fr Yung Adults t Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend t Learn Determinatin frm Father.
D. Family Relatinship Influences Schl Perfrmance.
Passage12
【2020年江苏卷】 Smetimes it’s hard t let g. Fr many British peple, that can apply t institutins and bjects that represent their cuntry’s past-age-ld castles, splendid hmes… and red phne bxes.
Beaten first by the march f technlgy and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phne bxes representative f an age are nw making smething f a cmeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared n city streets and village greens husing tiny cafes, cellphne repair shps r even defibrillatr machines (除颤器).
The riginal irn bxes with the rund rfs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Sctt, the architect f the Battersea Pwer Statin in Lndn. After becming an imprtant part f many British streets, the phne bxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise f the mbile phne sending mst f them away t the junkyards.
Abut that time, Tny Inglis’ engineering and transprt cmpany gt the jb t remve phne bxes frm the streets and sell them ut. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds f them himself, with the idea f repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls t preserve the bxes and had seen hw sme f them were listed as histric buildings.
As Inglis and, later ther businessmen, gt t wrk, repurpsed phne bxes began reappearing in cities and villages as peple fund new uses fr them. Tday, they are nce again a familiar sight, playing rles that are ften just as imprtant fr the cmmunity as their riginal purpse.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively lng time t arrive, the phne bxes have taken n a lifesaving rle. Lcal rganizatins can adpt them fr l pund, and install defibrillatrs t help in emergencies.
Others als lked at the phne bxes and saw business pprtunities. LveFne, a cmpany that advcates repairing cellphnes rather than abandning them, pened a mini wrkshp in a Lndn phne bx in 2016.
The tiny shps made ecnmic sense, accrding t Rbert Kerr, a funder f LveFne. He said that ne f the bxes generated arund $13,500 in revenue a mnth and cst nly abut $400 t rent.
Inglis said phne bxes called t mind an age when things were built t last. I “like what they are t peple, and I enjy bringing things back,” he said.
58. The phne bxes are making a cmeback ______.
A. t frm a beautiful sight f the city
B. t imprve telecmmunicatins services
C. t remind peple f a histrical perid
D. t meet the requirement f green ecnmy
59. Why did the phne bxes begin t g ut f service in the 1980s?
A. They were nt well-designed.B. They prvided bad services.
C. They had t shrt a histry.D. They lst t new technlgies.
60. The phne bxes are becming ppular mainly because f ______.
A. their new appearance and lwer pricesB. the push f the lcal rganizatins
C. their changed rles and functinsD. the big funding f the businessmen
Passage13
C
【2020年江苏卷】 Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have lng knwn that meal timing affects perfrmance. Hwever, far less has been knwn abut hw meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
T find ut, British scientists cnducted a study. They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metablic (新陈代谢的) rates and tk samples (样品) f their bld and fat tissue.
Then, n tw separate mrning visits t the scientists’ lab, each man walked fr an hur at an average speed that, in thery shuld allw his bdy t rely mainly n fat fr fuel. Befre ne f these wrkuts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised n a cmpletely empty stmach after a lng vernight fast (禁食). On the ther ccasin, they ate a rich mrning meal abut tw hurs befre they started walking.
Just befre and an hur after each wrkut, the scientists tk additinal samples f the men’s bld and fat tissue.
Then they cmpared the samples. There were cnsiderable differences. Mst bviusly, the men displayed lwer bld sugar levels at the start f their wrkuts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries (卡路里), n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the mst significant, the researchers fund. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending n whether smene had eaten r nt befre walking. Many f these genes prduce prteins (蛋白质) that can imprve bld sugar regulatin and insulin (胰岛素) levels thrughut the bdy and s are assciated with imprved metablic health. These genes were much mre active when the men had fasted befre exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.
61. The underlined expressin “stmach it” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means “______”.
A. digest the meal easilyB. manage withut breakfast
C. decide wisely what t eatD. eat whatever is ffered
62. Why were the 10 peple chsen fr the experiment?
A. Their lifestyles were typical f rdinary peple.
B. Their lack f exercise led t verweight.
C. They culd walk at an average speed.
D. They had slw metablic rates.
63. What happened t thse wh ate breakfast befre exercise?
A. They successfully lst weight.B. They cnsumed a bit mre calries.
C. They burned mre fat n average.D. They displayed higher insulin levels.
64. What culd be learned frm the research?
A. A wrkut after breakfast imprves gene perfrmances.
B. T much wrkut ften slws metablic rates.
C. Lifestyle is nt as imprtant as mrning exercise.
D. Physical exercise befre breakfast is better fr health.
2019年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2019年全国卷 Ⅰ】As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
28. Why d the researchers develp the smart keybard?
A. T reduce pressure n keys.B. T imprve accuracy in typing
C. T replace the passwrd system.D. T cut the cst f e-space prtectin.
29. What makes the inventin f the smart keybard pssible？
A. Cmputers are much easier t perate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C. Typing patterns vary frm persn t persn.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What d the researchers expect f the smart keybard？all 1 sisgitiec ll.
A. It'll be envirnment-friendly.B. It'll reach cnsumers sn.
C. It'll be made f plastics.D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text mst likely frm?
A. A diary.B. A guidebkC. A nvel.D. A magazine.
Passage 2
【2019年全国卷 Ⅰ】During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(从事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
Passage 3
【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e-bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like mre Americans, she’s nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half(53 percent)have breakfast alne and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating tgether anymre，74 percent，accrding t statistics frm the reprt.
“I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne，but tgether，yu knw？”Bechtel said，lking up frm her bk. Bechtel，wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach，has lunch with cwrkers smetimes，but like many f us，t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling energized. “Tday，I just wanted sme time t myself，”she said.
Just tw seats ver，Andrew Mazleny，a lcal videgrapher，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin(交流). “I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week,” he said. “It's a chance fr self-reflectin, Yu return t wrk recharged and with a plan.”
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt awkward abut asking fr a table fr ne，but thse days are ver. Nw，we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. “It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre al the advances in technlgy,” said Laurie Demerit， whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 abut?
A. Fd varietyB. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.
29. Why des Bechtel prefer t g ut fr lunch?
A. T meet with her cwrkers.
B. T catch up with her wrk.
C. T have sme time n her wn.
D. T cllect data fr her reprt.
30. What d we knw abut Mazleny?
A. He makes vides fr the bar.
B. He’s fnd f the fd at the bar.
C. He interviews custmers at the bar.
D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The trend f having meals alne.
B. The imprtance f self-reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.
D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
Passage 4
【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Bacteria are an annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms(微生物) frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week. Hw is NASA vercming this very tiny big prblem? It’s turning t a bunch f high schl kids. But nt just any kids. It depending n NASA HUNCH high schl class, like the ne science teachers Gene Grdn and Dnna Himmelberg lead at Fairprt High Schl in Fairprt, New Yrk.
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Fr the past tw years, Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity, and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解决方案). “We dn’t give the students any breaks. They have t d it just like NASA engineers,” says Flrence Gld, a prject manager.
“There are n tests,” Grdn says. “There is n graded hmewrk. There almst are n grades, ther than‘Are yu wrking twards yur gal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f year, present it t NASA.’ Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review, and…it’s nt a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”
Grdn says the HUNCH prgram has an impact(影响) n cllege admissins and practical life skills. “These kids are s absrbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dn’t teach.” And that annying bacteria? Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem, readying a wrkable slutin t test in space.
32. What d we knw abut the bacteria in the Internatinal Space Statin?
A. They are hard t get rid f.B. They lead t air pllutin.
C. They appear different frms.D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A. T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.B. T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C. T allw students t experience zer gravity.D. T link space technlgy with schl educatin
34. What d the NASA engineers d fr the students in the prgram?
A. Check their prduct.B. Guide prject designs
C. Adjust wrk schedules.D. Grade their hmewrk.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. NASA: The Hme f Astrnauts.
B. Space: The Final Hmewrk Frntier.
C. Nature: An Outdr Classrm.
D. HUNCH:A Cllege Admissin Refrm.
Passage 5
【2019年全国卷III】Fr Western designers, China and its rich culture have lng been an inspiratin fr Western creative.
"It's n secret that China has always been a surce(来源)f inspiratin fr designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative fficer at A+E Netwrks, a glbal media cmpany and hme t sme f the biggest fashin(时尚)shws.
Earlier this year, the China Thrugh A Lking Glass exhibitin in New Yrk exhibited 140 pieces f China-inspired fashinable clthing alngside Chinese wrks f art, with the aim f explring the influence f Chinese aesthetics(美学)n Western fashin and hw China has fueled the fashinable imaginatin fr centuries. The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impssible t verlk," says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement. "Of curse, nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China-sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Galian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs-and beating them hands dwn in design and sales," adds Hil.
Fr Hill, it is impssible nt t talk abut China as the leading player when discussing fashin. "The mst famus designers are Chinese, s are the mdels, and s are the cnsumers," she says. "China is n lnger just anther market; in many senses it has becme the market. If yu talk abut fashin tday, yu are talking abut China-its influences, its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn abut the exhibitin in New Yrk?
A. It prmted the sales f artwrks.B. It attracted a large number f visitrs.
C. It shwed ancient Chinese clthes.D. It aimed t intrduce Chinese mdels.
25. What des Hill say abut Chinese wmen?
A. They are setting the fashin.B. They start many fashin campaigns.
C. They admire super mdels.D. They d business all ver the wrld.
26. What d the underlined wrds "taking n" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning frmB. lking dwn nC. wrking withD. cmpeting against
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Yung Mdels Selling Dreams t the Wrld
B. A Chinese Art Exhibitin Held in New Yrk
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling Internatinal Fashin Trends
Passage 6
【2019年全国卷III】Befre the 1830smst newspapers were sld thrugh annual subscriptins in America, usually $8 t $10 a year. Tday $8 r $10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time these amunts were frbidding t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the "penny paper"-a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible(but nt easy)t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830,but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer's ffice t purchase a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpies was seldm a penny-usually tw r three cents was charged-and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr "the man n the street" did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.
28. Which f the fllwing best describes newspapers in America befre the 1830s?
A. Academic.B. Unattractive.C. Inexpensive.D. Cnfidential.
29. What did street sales mean t newspapers?
A. They wuld be priced higher.B. They wuld disappear frm cities.
C. They culd have mre readers.D. They culd regain public trust.
30. Wh were the newspapers f the new trend targeted at?
A. Lcal pliticians.B. Cmmn peple.
C. Yung publishers.D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say abut the birth f the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult prcess.B. It was a temprary success.
C. It was a rbbery f the pr.D. It was a disaster fr printers.
Passage 7
【2019年全国卷III】Mnkeys seem t have a way with numbers.
A team f researchers trained three Rhesus mnkeys t assciate 26 clearly different symbls cnsisting f numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drps f water r juice as a reward. The researchers then tested hw the mnkeys cmbined—r added—the symbls t get the reward.
Here's hw Harvard Medical Schl scientist Margaret Livingstne, wh led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the mnkeys were prvided with tuch screens. On ne part f the screen, a symbl wuld appear, and n the ther side tw symbls inside a circle were shwn. Fr example, the number 7 wuld flash n ne side f the screen and the ther end wuld have 9 and 8. If the mnkeys tuched the left side f the screen they wuld be rewarded with seven drps f water r juice; if they went fr the circle, they wuld be rewarded with the sum f the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds f tests, the researchers nted that the mnkeys wuld g fr the higher values mre than half the time, indicating that they were perfrming a calculatin, nt just memrizing the value f each cmbinatin.
When the team examined the results f the experiment mre clsely, they nticed that the mnkeys tended t underestimate(低估)a sum cmpared with a single symbl when the tw were clse in value—smetimes chsing, fr example, a 13 ver the sum f 8 and 6. The underestimatin was systematic: When adding tw numbers, the mnkeys always paid attentin t the larger f the tw, and then added nly a fractin(小部分)f the smaller number t it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstne says. “But in this experiment what they're ding is paying mre attentin t the big number than the little ne.”
32. What did the researchers d t the mnkeys befre testing them?
A. They fed them.B. They named them.
C. They trained them.D. They measured them.
33. Hw did the mnkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle.B. By tuching a screen.
C. By watching vides.D. By mixing tw drinks.
34. What did Livingstne's team find abut the mnkeys?
A. They culd perfrm basic additin.B. They culd understand simple wrds.
C. They culd memrize numbers easily.D. They culd hld their attentin fr lng.
35. In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment.B. Health.C. Educatin.D. Science.
Passage 8
【2019年浙江卷6月】Califrnia has lst half its big trees since the 1930s, accrding t a study t be published Tuesday and climate change seems t be a majr factr(因素).
The number f trees larger than tw feet acrss has declined by 50 percent n mre than 46, 000 square miles f Califrnia frests, the new study finds. N area was spared r unaffected, frm the fggy nrthern cast t the Sierra Nevada Muntains t the San Gabriels abve Ls Angeles. In the Sierra high cuntry, the number f big trees has fallen by mre than 55 percent; in parts f suthern Califrnia the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factrs cntributed t the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an eclgist wh was the lead authr f the study. Wdcutters targeted big trees. Husing develpment pushed int the wds. Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces(资源).
But in cmparing a study f Califrnia frests dne in the 1920s and 1930s with anther ne between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his clleagues dcumented a widespread death f big trees that was evident even in wildlands prtected frm wdcutting r develpment.
The lss f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shrtage. The researchers figured ut water stress with a cmputer mdel that calculated hw much water trees were getting in cmparisn with hw much they needed, taking int accunt such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness f sil, and the timing f snwmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees t lse mre water t the air, and earlier snwmelt, which reduces the water supply available t trees during the dry seasn.
27. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The seriusness f big-tree lss in Califrnia.
B. The increasing variety f Califrnia big trees.
C. The distributin f big trees in Califrnia frests.
D. The influence f farming n big trees in Califrnia.
28. Which f the fllwing is well-intentined but may be bad fr big trees?
A. Eclgical studies f frests.
B. Banning wdcutting.
C. Limiting husing develpment.
D. Fire cntrl measures.
29. What is a majr cause f the water shrtage accrding t Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snwmelt.B. A lnger dry seasn.
C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness f the air.
30. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Califrnia's Frests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gne?
B. Cutting f Big Trees t Be Prhibited in Califrnia Sn
C. Why Are the Big Trees Imprtant t Califrnia Frests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grw Mre Big Trees in Califrnia
Passage 9
【2019年北京卷】The prblem f rbcalls has gtten s bad that many peple nw refuse t pick up calls frm numbers they dn't knw. By next year，half f the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls，apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately，it's t little，t late. By the time these “slutins"(解决方案)becme widely available，scammers will have mved nt cleverer means. In the near future，it's nt just ging t be the number yu see n yur screen that will be in dubt. Sn yu will als questin whether the vice yu're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number f pwerful vice manipulatin ( 处理 ) and autmatin technlgies that are abut t becme widely available fr anyne t use .At this year's I/O Cnference ,a cmpany shwed a new vice technlgy able t prduce such a cnvincing human –sunding vice that it was able t speak t a receptinist and bk a reservatin withut detectin.
These develpments are likely t make ur current prblems with rbcalls much wrse. The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin A decade f data breaches(数据侵入)f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther 's name ，and far mre. Armed with this knwledge. they're able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means. fr example，that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller 's，ricking yu int "cnfirming " yur address，mther's name，and card number. Scammers fllw mney，s cmpanies will be the wrst hit. A lt f business is still dne ver the phne，and much f it is based n trust and existing relatinships. Vice manipulatin technlgies may weaken that gradually.
We need t deal with the insecure nature f ur telecm netwrks. Phne carriers and cnsumers need t wrk tgether t find ways f determining and cmmunicating what is real. That might mean either develping a unifrm way t mark vides and images, shwing when and wh they were made by. r abandning phne calls altgether and mving twards data-based cmmunicatins—using apps like Face Time r WhatsApp, which can be tied t yur identity.
Credibility is hard t earn but easy t lse, and the prblem is nly ging t harder frm here n ut.
38. Hw des the authr feel abut the slutins t prblem f rbecalls?
A. Panicked.B. Cnfused.C. Embarrassed.D. Disappinted.
39. taking advantage f the new technlgies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims preciselyB. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidlyD. spread infrmatin widely
40. What des the passage imply?
A. Hnesty is the best plicy.
B. Technlgies can be duble-edited.
C. There are mre slutins than prblems.
D. Credibility hlds the key t develpment.
41. Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Where the Prblem f Rbcalls Is Rted
B. Wh Is t Blame fr the Prblem f Rbealls
C. Why Rbcalls Are Abut t Get Mre Dangerus
D. Hw Rbcalls Are Affecting the Wrld f Technlgy
Passage 10
【2019年北京卷】By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas，while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean's appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface，where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
42. What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A. The varius patterns at the cean surface.
B. The cause f the changes in cean clur.
C. The way light reflects ff marine rganisms.
D. The effrts t fuel the grwth f phytplanktn.
43. What des the underlined wrd“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnticeable
44. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Phytplanktn play a declining rle in the marine ecsystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's mdel aims t prject phytplanktn changes
C. Phytplanktn have been used t cntrl glbal climate
D. Oceans with mre phytplanktn may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpse f the passage？
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn

Passage 11
【2019年江苏卷】In the 1960s，while studying the vlcanic histry f Yellwstne Natinal Park，Bb Christiansen became puzzled abut smething that，ddly，had nt trubled anyne befre:he culdn't find the park's vlcan. It had been knwn fr a lng time that Yellwstne was vlcanic in nature — that's what accunted fr all its ht springs and ther steamy features. But Christiansen culdn't find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.
Mst f us，when we talk abut vlcanes，think f the classic cne(圆锥体)shapes f a Fuji r Kilimanjar，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can frm remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised t see smke rising frm a small part f his land. In ne week he was the cnfused wner f a cne five hundred feet high. Within tw years it had tpped ut at almst furteen hundred feet and was mre than half a mile acrss. Altgether there are sme ten thusand f these vlcanes n Earth，all but a few hundred f them extinct. There is，hwever，a secnd les knwn type f vlcan that desn't invlve muntain building. These are vlcanes s explsive that they burst pen in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hle，the caldera. Yellwstne bviusly was f this secnd type，but Christiansen culdn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs' centers. As sn as Christiansen saw the phts，he realized why he had failed t spt the caldera; almst the whle park-2.2 millin acres—was caldera. The explsin had left a hle mre than frty miles acrss—much t huge t be seen frm anywhere at grund level. At sme time in the past Yellwstne must have blwn up with a vilence far beynd the scale f anything knwn t humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellwstne？
A. Its cmplicated gegraphical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence n turism.
C. The mysterius histry f the park.
D. The exact lcatin f the vlcan.
59. What des the secnd-paragraph mainly talk abut？
A. The shapes f vlcanes.
B. The impacts f vlcanes.
C. The activities f vlcanes.
D. The heights f vlcanes.
60. What des the underlined wrd "blw-up" in the last paragraph mst prbably mean？
A. Ht-air balln.B. Digital camera.
C. Big phtgraph.D. Bird's view.
Passage 12
【2018年浙江卷11月】The mst welcme sight n a cld, wet winter night in Lndn is the familiar shape f a Lndn taxi cab appraching with its yellw “fr hire” sign shining brightly. That shws it is ready t pick yu up. Travelling by taxi in Lndn is nt just a way f ging frm ne place t anther. It is an experience t be enjyed and remembered.
The main reasn fr this is the drivers, wh are called "cabbies." Many f them are true Cckneys. This means they were brn in the heart f Lndn and speak their wn special dialect(方言) f English. All f them knw every street and famus building in the city, and all f them lve t talk. A simple twenty-minute Jurney acrss twn can becme very interesting. Yu may have a discussin abut the gvernment and its leaders r a friendly talk abut the driver’s Aunty Nellie! One thing is fr sure, it will never be bring. Cabbies knw all the latest news abut film stars, the Ryal Family, gvernment leaders, and ppular singers r actrs and actresses.
They als knw the best places t eat, shp and relax. And they can take yu straight t any large htel, department stre, theatre r museum. They knw the shrtest way pssible withut even lking at a map, because everyne wh wants t becme a taxi driver must pass a very difficult examinatin in rder t get a license t drive a taxi. The exam is called “The Knwledge.” It is a written test, and in it drivers are asked the shrtest way frm ne place t anther. They must take int accunt the time f day—in rush hur, a lnger rute(路线) may be quicker—and describe the best way. Mrever they must never frget the ne-way streets!
21．Frm what can we tell that smene is a Cckney?
A．Their interest.B．Their manners.C．Their speech.D．Their appearance.
22．What des the authr suggest by mentining "Aunty Nellie" in paragraph 2?
A．Passengers are full f curisity.
B．Cabbies’ tpics are wide-ranging.
C．Aunty Nellie is ppular in Lndn.
D．Lndners are friendly t each ther.
23．What is the purpse f "The Knwledge"?
A．T qualify ne t drive a taxi.B．T assess ne’s driving skills.
C．T test drivers’ ability t write.D．T check taxi drivers memry.
Passage 13
【2018年浙江卷11月】This mnth millins f American kids can frget abut classrm bells and set ff fr grandparents’ hmes, sleep-away camps and life guard stands. But summer vacatin hasn’t always been a birth right f U.S. schl children. Befre the Civil War, schls perated n ne f tw calendars(日历), neither f which included a summer vacatin. Rural(农村的) schling was divided int summer and winter terms, leaving kids free t help with the farm wrk in the spring planting and fall harvest seasns. Urban students, meanwhile, regularly had as many as 48 weeks f study a year, with ne break per quarter.
In the 1840s, hwever, educatinal refrmers like Hrace Mann mved t cmbine the tw calendars ut f cncern that rural schling was nt enugh and that verusing f yung minds culd lead t nervus disrders. Summer appeared as the bvius time fr a break：it ffered a rest fr teachers, fit in the farming calendar and reduced dctrs’ cncern that packing students int ht classrms wuld prmte the spread f disease.
But peple’s pinin abut the mdern U.S. schl year, which averages 180 days, is still divided. Sme experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which tk hld in the early 20th century, is ne f the reasns math skills and graduatin rates f U.S. high schlers ranked well belw average in tw internatinal educatin reprts published in 2007. Others insist that with children under increasing pressure t devte their dwntime t internships(实习) r study, there’s still rm fr an institutin that prtects the lazy days f childhd.
24．What did the rural schl calendar befre the Civil War allw children t d?
A．Enjy a summer vacatin.
B．Take a break each quarter.
C．Have 48 weeks f study a year.
D．Assist their parents with farm wrk.
25．What did the educatinal refrmers d in the 1840s?
A．They intrduced summer vacatin.
B．They shrtened rural schl terms.
C．They prmted the study f farming.
D．They advcated higher pay fr teachers.
26．Why are sme peple unhappy abut the mdern U.S. schl year?
A．It pushes the teachers t hard.B．It reduces the quality f educatin.
C．It ignres science instructin.D．It includes n time fr internships.

Passage 14
【2019年天津卷】Hw des an ecsystem（生态系统）wrk？What makes the ppulatins f different species the way they are？Why are there s many flies and s few wlves？T find an answer，scientists have built mathematical mdels f fd webs，nting wh eats whm and hw much each ne eats.
With such mdels，scientists have fund ut sme key principles perating in fd webs. Mst fd webs，fr instance，cnsist f many weak links rather than a few strng nes. When a predatr（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers f a single prey（猎物），the tw species are strngly linked；when a predatr lives n varius species，they are weakly linked. Fd webs may be dminated by many weak links because that arrangement is mre stable ver the lng term. If a predatr can eat several species，it can survive the extinctin（灭绝）f ne f them. And if a predatr can mve n t anther species that is easier t find when a prey species becmes rare，the switch allws the riginal prey t recver. The weak links may thus keep species frm driving ne anther t extinctin.
Mathematical mdels have als revealed that fd webs may be unstable，where small changes f tp predatrs can lead t big effects thrughut entire ecsystems. In the 1960s，scientists prpsed that predatrs at the tp f a fd web had a surprising amunt f cntrl ver the size f ppulatins f ther species---including species they did nt directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have prved the idea f tp-dwn cntrl by tp predatrs t be true. In the cean，we fished fr tp predatrs such as cd n an industrial scale，while n land，we killed ff large predatrs such as wlves. These actins have greatly affected the eclgical balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based n mathematical mdels. Ideally，the system wuld tell us when t adapt human activities that are pushing an ecsystem tward a breakdwn r wuld even allw us t pull an ecsystem back frm the brderline. Preventin is key，scientists says because nce ecsystems pass their tipping pint（临界点），it is remarkably difficult fr them t return.
46. What have scientists discvered with the help f mathematical mdels f fd webs？
A. The living habits f species in fd webs.
B. The rules gverning fd webs f the ecsystems.
C. The appraches t studying the species in the ecsystems.
D. The differences between weak and strng links in fd webs.
47. A strng link is fund between tw species when a predatr______
A. has a wide fd chice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks t ne prey species
D. can quickly mve t anther place
48. What will happen if the ppulatins f tp predatrs in a fd web greatly decline？
A. The prey species they directly attack will die ut.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn int tp predatrs.
C. The living envirnment f ther species will remain unchanged.
D. The ppulatins f ther species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What cnclusin can be drawn frm the examples in Paragraph 4？
A. Uncntrlled human activities greatly upset ecsystems.
B. Rapid ecnmic develpment threatens animal habitats.
C. Species f cmmercial value dminate ther species.
D. Industrial activities help keep fd webs stable.
50. Hw des an early-warning system help us maintain the eclgical balance？
A. By getting illegal practices under cntrl.
B. By stpping us frm killing large predatrs.
C. By bringing the brken-dwn ecsystems back t nrmal.
D. By signaling the urgent need fr taking preventive actin.

2018年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle – shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay £5 fr a prtin (一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves.”
The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning.D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less

Passage 2
【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (tw r three) r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
28. What can we infer abut languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They develped very fast.B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.D. They were clsely cnnected.
29. Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Cmplex.B. Advanced.
C. Pwerful.D. Mdern.
30. Hw many languages are spken by less than 6,000 peple at present?
A. Abut 6,800.B. Abut 3,400.
C. Abut 2,400.D. Abut 1,200.
31. What is the main idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peple’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
Passage 3
【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】We may think we’re a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (装置) well after they g ut f style. That’s bad news fr the envirnment – and ur wallets – as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life – frm when its minerals are mined t when we stp using the device. This methd prvided a readut fr hw hme energy use has evlved since the early 1990s. Devices were gruped by generatin. Desktp cmputers, basic mbile phnes, and bx-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived n the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phnes, and LCD TVs entered hmes in 2002, befre tablets and e-readers shwed up in 2007.
As we accumulated mre devices, hwever, we didn’t thrw ut ur ld nes. “The living-rm televisin is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ rm, and suddenly ne day, yu have a TV in every rm f the huse,” said ne researcher. The average number f electrnic devices rse frm fur per husehld in 1992 t 13 in 2007. We’re nt just keeping these ld devices – we cntinue t use them. Accrding t the analysis f Babbitt’s team, ld desktp mnitrs and bx TVs with cathde ray tubes are the wrst devices with their energy cnsumptin and cntributin t greenhuse gas emissins (排放) mre than dubling during the 1992 t 2007 windw.
S what’s the slutin (解决方案)? The team’s data nly went up t 2007, but the researchers als explred what wuld happen if cnsumers replaced ld prducts with new electrnics that serve mre than ne functin, such as a tablet fr wrd prcessing and TV viewing. They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.
32. What des the authr think f new devices?
A. They are envirnment-friendly.B. They are n better than the ld.
C. They cst mre t use at hme.D. They g ut f style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team cnduct the research?
A. T reduce the cst f minerals.
B. T test the life cycle f a prduct.
C. T update cnsumers n new technlgy.
D. T find ut electricity cnsumptin f the devices.
34. Which f the fllwing uses the least energy?
A. The bx-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktp cmputer.
35. What des the text suggest peple d abut ld electrnic devices?
A. Stp using them.B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.
Passage 4
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】Many f us lve July because it’s the mnth when nature’s berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
When cmbined with berries f slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the
If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
24. What des the authr seem t like abut cherries?
A. They cntain prtein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antixidants.
25. Why is fresh lemn juice used in freezing bananas?
A. T make them smell better. B. T keep their clur.
C. T speed up their ripening. D. T imprve their nutritin.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A cntainer. D. A machine.
27. Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A. A bilgy textbk. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brchure. Passage 5
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】Teens and yunger children are reading a lt less fr fun, accrding t a Cmmn Sense Media reprt published Mnday.
While the decline ver the past decade is steep fr teen readers, sme data in the reprt shws that reading remains a big part f many children’s lives, and indicates hw parents might help encurage mre reading.
Accrding t the reprt’s key findings, “the prprtin (比例) wh say they ‘hardly ever’ read fr fun has gne frm 8 percent f 13-year-lds and 9 percent f 17-year-lds in 1984 t 22 percent and 27 percent respectively tday.”
The reprt data shws that pleasure reading levels fr yunger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amunt f time spent in reading each sessin has declined, frm clser t an hur r mre t clser t a half hur per sessin.
When it cmes t technlgy and reading, the reprt des little t cunsel(建议) parents lking fr data abut the effect f e-readers and tablets n reading. It des pint ut that many parents still limit electrnic reading, mainly due t cncerns abut increased screen time.
The mst hpeful data shared in the reprt shws clear evidence f parents serving as examples and imprtant guides fr their kids when it cmes t reading. Data shws that kids and teens wh d read frequently, cmpared t infrequent readers, have mre bks in the hme, mre bks purchased fr them, parents wh read mre ften, and parents wh set aside time fr them t read.
As the end f schl appraches, and schl vacatin reading lists lm(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance t step in and make their wn summer reading list and plan a family trip t the library r bkstre.
28. What is the Cmmn Sense Media reprt prbably abut?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality f children’s bks.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relatinships.
29. Where can yu find the data that best supprts "children are reading a lt less fr fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why d many parents limit electrnic reading?
A. E-bks are f pr quality.
B. It culd be a waste f time.
C. It may harm children’s health.
D. E-readers are expensive.
31. Hw shuld parents encurage their children t read mre?
A. Act as rle mdels fr them.
B. Ask then t write bk reprts.
C. Set up reading grups fr them.
D. Talk with their reading class teachers. Passage 6
【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers t New Yrk City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small ppulatin.
C. Its gegraphical psitin.
D. Its favurable climate.
25. What d we knw abut thse wh first dug fr gld in Dawsn?
A. Tw-thirds f them stayed there.
B. One ut f five peple gt rich.
C. Almst everyne gave up.
D. Half f them died.
26. What was the main reasn fr many peple t leave Dawsn?
A. They fund the city t crwded.
B. They wanted t try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable t stand the winter.
D. They were shrt f fd.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
Passage 7
【2018年浙江卷6月】Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收银台) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（质疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage 8
【2018年浙江卷6月】As cultural symbls g, the American car is quite yung. The Mdel T Frd was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ag, with the first rlling ff the assembly line（装配线）n September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were prduced the next mnth. But eventually Henry Frd wuld build fifteen millin f them.
Mdern America was brn n the rad, behind a wheel. The car shaped sme f the mst lasting aspects f American culture: the radside diner, the billbard, the mtel, even the hamburger. Fr mst f the last century, the car represented what it meant t be American—ging frward at high speed t find new wrlds. The rad nvel, the rad mvie, these are the mst typical American ideas, brn f abundant petrl, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public wrks prject in histry.
In 1928 Herbert Hver imagined an America with “a chicken in every pt and a car in every garage.” Since then, this sciety has mved nward, never lking back, as the car transfrmed America frm a farm-based sciety int an industrial pwer.
The cars that drve the American Dream have helped t create a glbal eclgical disaster. In America the demand fr il has grwn by 22 percent since 1990.
The prblems f excessive（过度的）energy cnsumptin, climate change and ppulatin grwth have been described in a bk by the American writer Thmas L. Friedman. He fears the wrst, but hpes fr the best.
Friedman pints ut that the green ecnmy（经济）is a chance t keep American strength. “The ability t design, build and exprt green technlgies fr prducing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant fd is ging t be the currency f pwer in the new century.”
28. Why is hamburger mentined in paragraph 2?
A. T explain Americans’ lve fr travelling by car.
B. T shw the influence f cars n American culture.
C. T stress the ppularity f fast fd with Americans.
D. T praise the effectiveness f America’s rad system.
29. What has the use f cars in America led t?
A. Decline f ecnmy. B. Envirnmental prblems.
C. A shrtage f il supply. D. A farm-based sciety.
30. What is Friedman’s attitude twards America’s future?
A. Ambiguus. B. Dubtful. C. Hpeful. D. Tlerant.
Passage 9
【2018年北京卷】 Find Yur Adventure at the Space and Aviatin(航空) Center
If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. The Center ffers prgrams designed t challenge and inspire with hands-n tasks and lts f fun.
Mre than 750,000 have graduated frm SAC, with many seeking emplyment in engineering, aviatin, educatin, medicine and a wide variety f ther prfessins. They cme t camp, wanting t knw what it is like t be an astrnaut r a pilt, and they leave with real-wrld applicatins fr what they’re studying in the classrm.
Fr the trainees, the prgrams als ffer a great way t earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. The Aviatin Challenge prgram gives trainees the chance t earn their Aviatin badge. They learn the principles f flight and test their perating skills in the cckpit(驾驶舱) f a variety f flight simulatrs. Trainees als get a gd start n their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn abut water- and land-survival thrugh designed tasks and their search and rescue f ＂dwned＂ pilt.
With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task. zxx. k
All this fun is available fr ages 9 t 18. Families can enjy the experience tgether, t, with Family Camp prgrams fr families with children as yung as 7.
Stay an hur r stay a week — there is smething here fr everyne!
Fr mre details, please visit us nline at www. ursac. cm.
40. Why d peple cme t SAC?
A. T experience adventures.
B. T lk fr jbs in aviatin.
C. T get a degree in engineering.
D. T learn mre abut medicine.
41. T earn a Space Explratin badge, a trainee needs t .
A. fly t space
B. get an Aviatin badge first
C. study the principles f flight
D. build and fire mdel rckets
42. What is the mst imprtant fr trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills. Passage 10
【2018年北京卷】 Plastic-Eating Wrms
Humans prduce mre than 300 millin tns f plastic every year. Almst half f that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up t 12 millin tns pllute the ceans. S far there is n effective way t get rid f it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stmachs f sme hungry wrms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently fund that the wrms f the greater wax mth can break dwn plyethylene, which accunts fr 40% f plastics. The team left 100 wax wrms n a cmmercial plyethylene shpping bag fr 12 hurs, and the wrms cnsumed and brke dwn abut 92 milligrams, r almst 3% f it. T cnfirm that the wrms’ chewing alne was nt respnsible fr the plyethylene breakdwn, the researchers made sme wrms int paste(糊状物) and applied it t plastic films. 14 hurs later the films had lst 13% f their mass — apparently brken dwn by enzymes (酶) frm the wrms’ stmachs. Their findings were published in Current Bilgy in 2017.
Federica Bertcchini, c-authr f the study, says the wrms’ ability t break dwn their everyday fd — beeswax — als allws them t break dwn plastic. ＂Wax is a cmplex mixture, but the basic bnd in plyethylene, the carbn-carbn bnd, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax wrm evlved a methd r system t break this bnd. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a micrbilgist at the University f Tennessee, wh was nt invlved in the study, says it is nt surprising that such wrms can break dwn plyethylene. But cmpared with previus studies, she finds the speed f breaking dwn in this ne exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be t identify the cause f the breakdwn. Is it an enzyme prduced by the wrm itself r by its gut micrbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertcchini agrees and hpes her team’s findings might ne day help emply the enzyme t break dwn plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic.＂
43. What can we learn abut the wrms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday fd.
B. They are newly evlved creatures.
C. They can cnsume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. Accrding t Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step f the study is t .
A. identify ther means f the breakdwn
B. find ut the surce f the enzyme
C. cnfirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdwn speed
45. It can be inferred frm the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help t raise wrms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used t clean the ceans
D. be prduced in factries in future
46. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain a study methd n wrms.
B. T intrduce the diet f a special wrm.
C. T present a way t break dwn plastics.
D. T prpse new means t keep ec-balance.
Passage 11
【2018年江苏卷】If yu want t disturb the car industry, yu'd better have a few billin dllars: Mm-and-pp carmakers are unlikely t beat the biggest car cmpanies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best f the majr players. By cnnecting directly with custmers, and by respnding quickly t changes in the markets as well as in the ecsystems(生态系统), small farmers can keep ne step ahead f the big guys. As the c-funder f the Natinal Yung Farmers Calitin (NYFC, 美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a frnt-rw seat t the innvatins amng small farmers that are transfrming the industry.
Fr example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tl develped just a cuple f years ag by a yung farmer, Jnathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small lan frm a lcal Slw Mney grup. It enables small-scale farmers t harvest 175 punds f green vegetables per hur—a huge imprvement ver harvesting just a few dzen punds by hand—suddenly making it pssible fr the little guys t cmpete with large farms f Califrnia. Befre the tl came ut, small farmers culdn't tuch the price per pund ffered by Califrnia farms. But nw, with the cmbinatin f a better price pint and a generally fresher prduct, they can stay in business.
The sustainable success f small farmers, thugh, wn't happen withut fundamental changes t the industry. One crucial factr is secure access t land. Cmpetitin frm investrs, develpers, and established large farmers makes wning ne's wn land unattainable fr many new farmers.
Frm 2004 t 2013, agricultural land values dubled, and they cntinue t rise in many regins.
Anther challenge fr mre than a millin f the mst qualified farm wrkers and managers is a nn-existent path t citizenship — the greatest barrier t building a farm f their wn. With farmers ver the age f 65 utnumbering(多于）farmers yunger than 35 by six t ne, and with tw-thirds f the natin's farmland in need f a new farmer, we must clear the path fr talented peple willing t grw the natin's fd.
There are slutins that culd light a path tward a mre sustainable and fair farm ecnmy, but farmers can't clumsily put them tgether befre us. We at the NYFC need brad supprt as we urge Cngress t increase farmland cnservatin, as we push fr immigratin refrm, and as we seek plicies that will ensure the success f a diverse and ambitius next generatin f farms frm all backgrunds. With a new farm bill t be debated in Cngress, cnsumers must take a stand with yung farmers.
61. The authr mentins car industry at the beginning f the passage t intrduce .
A. the prgress made in car industry
B. a special feature f agriculture
C. a trend f develpment in agriculture
D. the imprtance f investing in car industry
62. What des the authr want t illustrate with the example in paragraph 2?
A. Lans t small lcal farmers are necessary.
B. Technlgy is vital fr agricultural develpment.
C. Cmpetitin between small and big farms is fierce
D. Small farmers may gain sme advantages ver big nes.
63. What is the difficulty fr thse new famers?
A. T gain mre financial aid.
B. T hire gd farm managers.
C. T have farms f their wn.
D. T win ld farmers’ supprt.
64. What shuld farmers d fr a mre sustainable and fair farm ecnmy?
A. Seek supprt beynd NYFC.
B. Expand farmland cnservatin.
C. Becme members f NYFC.
D. Invest mre t imprve technlgy.
Passage 12
【2018年天津卷】There’s a new frntier in 3D printing that’s beginning t cme int fcus: fd. Recent develpment has made pssible machines that print, ck, and serve fds n a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stpping there.
Fd prductin
With a 3D printer, a ck can print cmplicated chclate sculptures and beautiful pieces fr decratin n a wedding cake. Nt everybdy can d that — it takes years f experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Fdini t “re-create frms and pieces” f fd that are “exactly the same,” freeing cks t cmplete ther tasks. In anther restaurant, all f the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm t table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The glbal ppulatin is expected t grw t 9.6 billin by 2050, and sme analysts estimate that fd prductin will need t be raised by 50 percent t maintain current levels. Sustainability is becming a necessity. 3D fd printing culd prbably cntribute t the slutin. Sme experts believe printers culd use hydrcllids (水解胶体) frm plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass t replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissins. Grcery stres f the future might stck "fd" that lasts years n end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transprtatin and strage requirements.
Nutritin
Future 3D fd printers culd make prcessed fd healthier. Hd Lipsn, a prfessr at Clumbia University, said, “Fd printing culd allw cnsumers t print fd with custmized nutritinal cntent, like vitamins. S instead f eating a piece f yesterday’s bread frm the supermarket, yu’d eat smething baked just fr yu n demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D fd printing, the industry has many challenges t vercme. Currently, mst ingredients must be changed t a paste(糊状物) befre a printer can use them, and the printing prcess is quite time-cnsuming, because ingredients interact with each ther in very cmplex ways. On tp f that, mst f the 3D fd printers nw are restricted t dry ingredients, because meat and milk prducts may easily g bad. Sme experts are skeptical abut 3D fd printers, believing they are better suited fr fast fd restaurants than hmes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit des 3D printing bring t fd prductin?
A. It helps cks t create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effrt in cking.
C. It imprves the cking cnditins.
D. It cntributes t restaurant decratins.
47. What can we learn abut 3D fd printing frm Paragraphs 3?
A. It slves fd shrtages easily.
B. It quickens the transprtatin f fd.
C. It needs n space fr the strage f fd.
D. It uses renewable materials as surces f fd.
48. Accrding t Paragraph 4, 3D-printed fd ________.
A. is mre available t cnsumers
B. can meet individual nutritinal needs
C. is mre tasty than fd in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutritin in raw materials
49. What is the main factr that prevents 3D fd printing frm spreading widely?
A. The printing prcess is cmplicated.
B. 3D fd printers are t expensive.
C. Fd materials have t be dry.
D. Sme experts dubt 3D fd printing.
50. What culd be the best title f the passage?
A. 3D Fd Printing: Delicius New Technlgy
B. A New Way t Imprve 3D Fd Printing
C. The Challenges fr 3D Fd Prductin
D. 3D Fd Printing: Frm Farm t Table
2017年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2017年新课标Ⅰ卷】A build-it-yurself slar still（蒸馏器） is ne f the best ways t btain drinking water in areas where the liquid is nt readily available. Develped by tw dctrs in the U.S. Department f Agriculture, it’s an excellent water cllectr. Unfrtunately, yu must carry the necessary equipment with yu, since it’s all but impssible t find natural substitutes. The nly cmpnents required, thugh, are a 5＇5＇ sheet f clear r slightly milky plastic, six feet f plastic tube, and a cntainer — perhaps just a drinking cup — t catch the water. These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.
T cnstruct a wrking still, use a sharp stick r rck t dig a hle fur feet acrss and three feet deep. Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the water catcher’s prductivity. Place yur cup in the deepest part f the hle. Then lay the tube in place s that ne end rests all the way in the cup and the rest f the line runs up — and ut — the side f the hle.
Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck. The plastic shuld nw frm a cne(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The lw pint f the sheet must be centered directly ver, and n mre than three inches abve, the cup.
The slar still wrks by creating a greenhuse under the plastic. Grund water evaprates(蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup. When the cntainer is full, yu can suck the refreshment ut thrugh the tube, and wn’t have t break dwn the still every time yu need a drink.
32. What d we knw abut the slar still equipment frm the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s cmplex. D. It’s prtable.
33. What des the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hle. D. The cup.
34. What is the last step f cnstructing a wrking slar still?
A. Dig a hle f a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center dwn. D. Cver the hle with the plastic sheet.
35. When a slar still wrks, drps f water cme int the cup frm .
A. the plastic tube B. utside the hle
C. the pen air D. beneath the sheet
Passage 2
【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transitin — has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
Arund 100 peple have already put dwn a $10,000 depsit t get a Transitin when they g n sale, and thse numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia intrduces the Transitin t the public later this week at the New Yrk Aut Shw. But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $279,000. And it wn’t help if yu’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventrs have been trying t make flying cars since the 1930s, accrding t Rbert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has cme clser than anyne t making the flying car a reality. The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly. The Transitin is nw ging thrugh crash tests t make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraft, which are lwer than thse fr pilts f larger planes. Terrafugia says an wner wuld need t pass a test and cmplete 20 hurs f flying time t be able t fly the Transitin, a requirement pilts wuld find relatively easy t meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin.
B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars.
D. The designers f the Transitin.
29. Why is the Transitin unlikely t shw up in t many driveways?
A. It causes traffic jams.
B. It is difficult t perate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns t much fuel.
30. What is the gvernment’s attitude t the develpment f the flying car?
A. Cautius.B. Favrable.
C. Ambiguus.D. Disapprving.
31. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Flying Car at Aut ShwB. The Transitin’s First Flight
C. Pilts’ Dream Cming TrueD. Flying Car Clser t Reality
Passage 3
【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbrs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs. The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t "verhear" the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises.B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly.D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34. Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disastersB. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinallyD. help their neighbrs when necessary
35. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.B. Peple have strnger senses than befre.
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems.D. Peple in Darwin’s time were mre imaginative.
Passage 4
【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy. B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin. D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive. C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
Passage 5
【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】The Intelligent Transprt team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car int a mbile labratry named ＂DriveLAB＂ in rder t understand the challenges faced by lder drivers and t discver where the key stress pints are.
Research shws that giving up driving is ne f the key reasns fr a fall in health and well-being amng lder peple, leading t them becming mre islated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Prfessr Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are develping in-vehicle technlgies fr lder drivers which they hpe culd help them t cntinue driving int later life.
These include custm-made navigatin(导航) tls, night visin systems and intelligent speed adaptatins. Phil Blythe explains: ＂Fr many lder peple, particularly thse living alne r in the cuntry, driving is imprtant fr preserving their independence, giving them the freedm t get ut and abut withut having t rely n thers.＂
＂But we all have t accept that as we get lder ur reactins slw dwn and this ften results in peple aviding any ptentially challenging driving cnditins and lsing cnfidence in their driving skills. The result is that peple stp driving befre they really need t.＂
Dr Amy Gu, the leading researcher n the lder driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us t understand what the key pints and difficulties are fr lder drivers and hw we might use technlgy t address these prblems.
＂Fr example, mst f us wuld expect lder drivers always g slwer than everyne else but surprisingly, we fund that in 30mph znes they struggled t keep at a cnstant speed and s were mre likely t break the speed limit and be at risk f getting fined. We’re lking at the benefits f systems which cntrl their speed as a way f preventing that.
＂We hpe that ur wrk will help with technlgical slutins(解决方案) t ensure that lder drivers stay safer behind the wheel.＂
32. What is the purpse f the DriveLAB?
A. T explre new means f transprt.
B. T design new types f cars.
C. T find ut lder driver’s prblems.
D. T teach peple traffic rules.
33. Why is driving imprtant fr lder peple accrding t Phil Blythe?
A. It keeps them independent.
B. It helps them save time.
C. It builds up their strength.
D. It cures their mental illnesses.
34. What d researchers hpe t d fr lder drivers?
A. Imprve their driving skills.
B. Develp driver-assist technlgies.
C. Prvide tips n repairing their cars.
D. Organize regular physical checkups.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. A new Mdel Electric Car
B. A Slutin t Traffic Prblems
C. Driving Services fr Elders
D. Keeping Older Drivers n the Rad
Passage 6
【2017年北京卷】Inspiring yung minds!
TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the wrld f children’s publishing, bringing a unique cmbinatin f challenging ideas and gd fun t yung fans every mnth.
What’s inside?
Every mnth the magazine intrduces a
fresh new tpic with articles, experiments
and creative things t make — the magazine
als explres philsphy and wellbeing t make sure yung readers have a balanced take n life.
What is s special abut TOKNOW magazine?
Well, it has n ads r prmtins inside—
instead it is jam-packed with serius ideas.
TOKNOW makes cmplex ideas attractive and
accessible t children, wh can becme invlved in advanced cncepts and even philsphy（哲学）—and they will sn discver that TOKNOW feels mre like a club than just a magazine.
Sunds t gd t be true?
Take a lk nline—evidence shws that thusands f teachers and parents knw a gd thing when they see it and recmmend TOKNOW t their friends.
Happy Birthday All Year!
What culd be mre fun than a gift that keeps cming thrugh the letterbx every mnth? The first magazine with yur gift message will arrive in time fr the special day.
SUBSCRIBE NOW
□Annual Subscriptin
Eurpe £55 Rest f Wrld £65
□Annual Subscriptin with Gift Pack
Includes a Mammth Map, a Passprt Puzzle Bklet, and Subscriptin
Eurpe £60 Rest f Wrld £70
Refund Plicy—the subscriptin can be cancelled within 28 days and yu can get yur mney back.
59. Why is TOKNOW a special magazine?
A. It entertains yung parents.
B. It prvides serius advertisements.
C. It publishes ppular science fictins.
D. It cmbines fun with cmplex cncepts.
60. What des TOKNOW ffer its readers?
A. Online curses.
B. Articles n new tpics.
C. Lectures n a balanced life.
D. Reprts n scientific discveries.
61. Hw much shuld yu pay if yu make a 12-muth subscriptin t TOKNOW with gift pack frm China?
A. £55. B. £60. C. £65. D. £70.
62. Subscribers f TOKNOW wuld get .
A. free birthday presents
B. full refund within 28 days
C. membership f the TOKNOW club
D. chances t meet the experts in persn
Passage 7
【2017年北京卷】Measles(麻疹), which nce killed 450 children each year and disabled even mre, was nearly wiped ut in the United States 14 years ag by the universal use f the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a cmeback, caused by a grwing anti-vaccine mvement and misinfrmatin that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reprted in the USA, cmpared with 189 fr all f last year.
The numbers might sund small, but they are the leading edge f a dangerus trend. When vaccinatin rates are very high, as they still are in the natin as a whle, everyne is prtected. This is called ＂herd immunity＂, which prtects the peple wh get hurt easily, including thse wh can’t be vaccinated fr medical reasns, babies t yung t get vaccinated and peple n whm the vaccine desn’t wrk.
But herd immunity wrks nly when nearly the whle herd jins in. When sme refuse vaccinatin and seek a free ride, immunity breaks dwn and everyne is in even bigger danger.
That’s exactly what is happening in small neighbrhds arund the cuntry frm Orange Cunty, Califrnia, where 22 measles cases were reprted this mnth, t Brklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-ld caused an utbreak last year.
The resistance t vaccine has cntinued fr decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Thse wh refuse t take that risk selfishly make thers suffer.
Making things wrse are state laws that make it t easy t pt ut(决定不参加) f what are suppsed t be required vaccines fr all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allw parents t get an exemptin（豁免）, smetimes just by signing a paper saying they persnally bject t a vaccine.
Nw, several states are mving t tighten laws by adding new regulatins fr pting ut. But n ne des enugh t limit exemptins.
Parents ught t be able t pt ut nly fr limited medical r religius reasns. But persnal pinins? Nt gd enugh. Everyne enjys the life-saving benefits vaccines prvide, but they’ll exist nly as lng as everyne shares in the risks.
63. The first tw paragraphs suggest that ____________.
A. a small number f measles cases can start a dangerus trend
B. the utbreak f measles attracts the public attentin
C. anti-vaccine mvement has its medical reasns
D. infrmatin abut measles spreads quickly
64. Herd immunity wrks well when ____________.
A. exemptins are allwed
B. several vaccines are used tgether
C. the whle neighbrhd is invlved in
D. new regulatins are added t the state laws
65. What is the main reasn fr the cmeback f measles?
A. The veruse f vaccine.
B. The lack f medical care.
C. The features f measles itself.
D. The vaccine pt-uts f sme peple.
66. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T intrduce the idea f exemptin.
B. T discuss methds t cure measles.
C. T stress the imprtance f vaccinatin.
D. T appeal fr equal rights in medical treatment.
Passage 8
【2017年江苏卷】Befre birth, babies can tell the difference between lud sunds and vices. They can even distinguish their mther’s vice frm that f a female stranger. But when it cmes t embrynic learning(胎教),birds culd rule the rst. As recently reprted in The Auk: Ornithlgical Advances, sme mther birds may teach their yung t sing even befre they hatch(孵化). New-brn chicks can then imitate their mm’s call within a few days f entering the wrld.
This educatinal methd was first bserved in 2012 by Snia Kleindrfer, a bilgist at Flinders University in Suth Australia, and her clleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were fund t repeat ne sund ver and ver again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers — a sund that served as their regular "feed me!" call.
T find ut if the special quality was mre widespread in birds, the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird. First they cllected sund data frm 67 nests in fur sites in Queensland befre and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the rder and number f ntes. A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns ut that baby red-backed fairy wrens als emerge chirping like their mms. And the mre frequently mthers had called t their eggs, the mre similar were the babies’ begging calls. In additin, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd.
This bservatin hints that effective embrynic learning culd signal neurlgical(神经系统的) strengths f children t parents. An evlutinary inference can then be drawn. "As a parent, d yu invest in quality children, r d yu invest in children that are in need?"Kleindrfer asks. "Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality."
58. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means " ".
A.be the wrstB.be the best
C.be just as badD.be just as gd
59. What are Kleindrfer’s findings based n?
A. Similarities between the calls f mms and chicks.
B. The bservatin f fairy wrens acrss Australia.
C. The data cllected frm Queensland’s lcals.
D. Cntrlled experiments n wrens and ther birds.
60. Embrynic learning helps mther birds t identify the baby birds which .
A. can receive quality signalsB. are in need f training
C. fit the envirnment betterD. make the ludest call
Passage 9
【2017年江苏卷】A new cmmdity brings abut a highly prfitable, fast-grwing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断) regulatrs t step in t check thse wh cntrl its flw. A century ag, the resurce in questin was il. Nw similar cncerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the il f the digital age. The mst valuable firms are Ggle, Amazn, Facebk and Micrsft. All lk unstppable.
Such situatins have led t calls fr the tech giants t be brken up. But size alne is nt a crime. The giants’ success has benefited cnsumers. Few want t live withut search engines r a quick delivery. Far frm charging cnsumers high prices, many f these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing ver yet mre data). And the appearance f new-brn giants suggests that newcmers can make waves, t.
But there is cause fr cncern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far mre valuable, changing the nature f data and cmpetitin. Ggle initially used the data cllected frm users t target advertising better. But recently it has discvered that data can be turned int new services: translatin and visual recgnitin, t be sld t ther cmpanies. Internet cmpanies’ cntrl f data gives them enrmus pwer. S they have a "Gd’s eye view" f activities in their wn markets and beynd.
This nature f data makes the antitrust measures f the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Ggle int five small nes wuld nt stp remaking themselves: in time, ne f them wuld becme great again. A rethink is required — and as a new apprach starts t becme apparent, tw ideas stand ut.
The first is that antitrust authrities need t mve frm the industrial age int the 21st century. When cnsidering a merger(兼并), fr example, they have traditinally used size t determine when t step in. They nw need t take int accunt the extent f firms’ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact f deals. The purchase price culd als be a signal that an established cmpany is buying a new-brn threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-brn cmpany has n revenue t speak f, the regulatrs shuld raise red flags.
The secnd principle is t lsen the cntrl that prviders f n-line services have ver data and give mre t thse wh supply them. Cmpanies culd be frced t reveal t cnsumers what infrmatin they hld and hw much mney they make frm it. Gvernments culd rder the sharing f certain kinds f data, with users’ cnsent.
Restarting antitrust fr the infrmatin age will nt be easy. But if gvernments dn’t want a data ecnmy cntrlled by a few giants, they must act sn.
61. Why is there a call t break up giants?
A. They have cntrlled the data market.
B. They cllect enrmus private data.
C. They n lnger prvide free services.
D. They dismissed sme new-brn giants.
62. What des the technlgical innvatin in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A. Data giants’ technlgy is very expensive.
B. Ggle’s idea is ppular amng data firms.
C. Data can strengthen giants’ cntrlling psitin.
D. Data can be turned int new services r prducts.
63. By paying attentin t firms’ data assets, antitrust regulatrs culd .
A. kill a new threatB. avid the size trap
C. favur bigger firmsD. charge higher prices
64. What is the purpse f lsening the giants’ cntrl f data?
A. Big cmpanies culd relieve data security pressure.
B. Gvernments culd relieve their financial pressure.
C. Cnsumers culd better prtect their privacy.
D. Small cmpanies culd get mre pprtunities.
Passage 10
【2017年天津卷】 Suppse yu’re in a rush, feeling tired, nt paying attentin t yur screen, and yu send an email that culd get yu in truble.
Realisatin will prbably set in secnds after yu’ve clicked “send”. Yu freeze in hrrr and burn with shame.
What t d? Here are fur cmmn email accidents, and hw t recver.
Clicking “send” t sn
Dn’t waste yur time trying t find ut if the receiver has read it yet. Write anther email as swiftly as yu can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the crrect versin and the previus versin shuld be ignred.
Writing the wrng time
The sner yu ntice, the better. Respnd quickly and briefly, aplgising fr yur mistake. Keep the tne measured: dn’t handle it t lightly, as peple can be ffended, especially if yur errr suggests a misunderstanding f their culture(i.e. incrrect rdering f Chinese names).
Clicking “reply all” unintentinally
Yu accidentally reveal(透露)t the entire cmpany what menu chices yu wuld prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, r what hliday yu’d like t take. In this instance, the best slutin is t send a quick, light-hearted aplgy t explain yur awkwardness. But it can quickly rise t smething wrse, when everyne starts hitting “reply all” t jin in a lng and unpleasant cnversatin. In this instance, step away frm yur keybard t allw everyne t calm dwn.
Sending an ffensive message t its subject
The mst awkward email mistake is usually cmmitted in anger. Yu write an unkind message abut smene, intending t send it t a friend, but accidentally send it t the persn yu’re discussing. In that case, ask t speak in persn as sn as pssible and say srry. Explain yur frustratins calmly and sensibly — see it as an pprtunity t clear up any difficulties yu may have with this persn.
36. After realising an email accident, yu are likely t feel ____________.
A. curius B. tired C. awful D. funny
37. If yu have written the wrng name in an email, it is best t ____________.
A. aplgise in a serius manner
B. tell the receiver t ignre the errr
C. learn t write the name crrectly
D. send a shrt ntice t everyne
38. What shuld yu d when an unpleasant cnversatin is started by yur “reply all” email?
A. Try ffering ther chices.
B. Avid further invlvement.
C. Meet ther staff members.
D. Make a light-hearted aplgy.
39. Hw shuld yu deal with the prblem caused by an ffensive email?
A. By prmising nt t ffend the receiver again.
B. By seeking supprt frm the receiver’s friends.
C. By asking the receiver t cntrl his anger.
D. By talking t the receiver face t face.
40. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Defining email errrs.
B. Reducing email mistakes.
C. Handling email accidents.
D. Imprving email writing.

2016年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third-generatin native f Brwnsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned t mve away. Even when her daughter and sn asked her t mve t San Antni t help with their children, she plitely refused. Only after a year f friendly discussin did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was fur years ag. Tday all three generatins regard the mve as a success, giving them a clser relatinship than they wuld have had in separate cities.
N statistics shw the number f grandparents like Garza wh are mving clser t adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is grwing. Even President Obama’s mther-in-law, Marian Rbinsn, has agreed t leave Chicag and mve int the White Huse t help care fr her granddaughters. Accrding t a study by grandparents. Cm, 83 percent f the peple said Mrs. Rbinsn’s decisin will influence grandparents in the American family. Tw-thirds believe mre families will fllw the example f Obama’s family.
＂In the 1960s we were all a little wild and culdn’t get away frm hme far enugh fr fast enugh t prve we culd d it n ur wn,＂says Christine Crsby, publisher f Grand , a magazine fr grandparents.＂We nw realize hw imprtant family is and hw imprtant it is＂t be near them, especially when yu’re raising children.＂
Mving is nt fr everyne. Almst every grandparent wants t be with his r her grandchildren and is willing t make sacrifices, but smetimes it is wiser t say n and visit frequently instead. Having yur grandchildren far away is hard, especially knwing yur adult child is struggling, but giving up the life yu knw may be harder.
25. Why was Garza’s mve a success?
A. It strengthened her family ties. B. It imprved her living cnditins.
C. It enabled her t make mre friends.D. It helped her knw mre new places.
26. What was the reactin f the public t Mrs. Rbinsn’s decisin?
A. 17% expressed their supprt fr it.B. Few peple respnded sympathetically.
C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.D. The majrity thught it was a trend.
27. What did Crsby say abut peple in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure f themselves.B. They were eager t raise mre children.
C. They wanted t live away frm their parents.D. They had little respect fr their grandparents.
28. What des the authr suggest the grandparents d in the last paragraph?
A. Make decisins in the best interests f their wn.B. Ask their children t pay mre visits t them.
C. Sacrifice fr their struggling children.D. Get t knw themselves better.
Passage 2
【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】
The meaning f silence varies amng cultural grups. Silences may be thughtful, r they may be empty when a persn has nthing t say. A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,r wrry. Silence may be viewed by sme cultural grups as extremely uncmfrtable; therefre attempts may be made t fill every gap(间隙) with cnversatin. Persns in ther cultural grups value silence and view it as necessary fr understanding a persn’s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part f cmmunicating amng peple, just as sme traditinal Chinese and Thai persns d. Therefre, when a persn frm ne f these cultures is speaking and
suddenly stps, what may be implied(暗示) is that the persn wants the listener t cnsider what has been said befre cntinuing. In these cultures, silence is a call fr reflectin.
Other cultures may use silence in ther ways, particularly when dealing with cnflicts amng peple r in relatinships f peple with different amunts f pwer. Fr example, Russian, French, and Spanish persns may use silence t shw agreement between parties abut the tpic under discussin. Hwever, Mexicans may use silence when instructins are given by a persn in authrity rather than be rude t that persn by arguing with him r her. In still anther use, persns in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign f respect, particularly t an elder r a persn in authrity.
Nurses and ther care-givers need t be aware f the pssible meanings f silence when they cme acrss the persnal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses shuld recgnize their wn persnal and cultural cnstructin f silence s that a patient’s silence is nt interrupted t early r allwed t g n unnecessarily. A nurse wh understands the healing(治愈) value f silence can use this understanding t assist in the care f patients frm their wn and frm ther cultures.
What des the authr say abut silence in cnversatins?
It implies anger.
It prmtes friendship.
It is culture-specific.
It is cntent-based.
Which f the fllwing peple might regard silence as a call fr careful thught?
The Chinese.
The French.
The Mexicans.
The Russians.
What des the authr advise nurses t d abut silence?
Let it cntinue as the patient pleases.
Break it while treating patients.
Evaluate its harm t patients.
Make use f its healing effects.
What may be the best title fr the text?
A. Sund and Silence
B. What It Means t Be Silent
C. Silence t Native Americans
D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gld
Passage 3
【2016年新课标Ⅱ卷】Reading can be a scial activity. Think f the peple wh belng t bk grups. They chse bks t read and then meet t discuss them. Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup.
Members g n the site and register the bks they wn and wuld like t share. BkCrssing prvides an identificatin number t stick inside the bk. Then the persn leaves it in a public place, hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it.
Bruce Pedersn, the managing directr f BkCrssing, says, "The tw things that change yur life are the peple yu meet and bks yu read. BkCrssing cmbines bth."
Members leave bks n park benches and buses, in train statins and cffee shps. Whever finds their bk will g t the site and recrd where they fund it.
Peple wh find a bk can als leave a jurnal entry describing what they thught f it.E-mails are then sent t the BkCrssers t keep them updated abut where their bks have been fund. Bruce Pedersn says the idea is fr peple nt t be selfish by keeping a bk t gather dust n a shelf at hme.
BkCrssing is part f a trend amng peple wh want t get back t the "real" and nt the virtual(虚拟). The site nw has mre than ne millin members in mre than ne hundred thirty-five cuntries.
9. Why des the authr mentin bk grups in the first paragraph?
A. T explain what they are.
B. T intrduce BkCrssing.
C. T stress the imprtance f reading.
D. T encurage readers t share their ideas.
10. What des the underlined wrd "it" in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The bk.B. An adventure.
C. A public place.D. The identificatin number.
11. What will a BkCrsser d with a bk after reading it?
A. Meet ther readers t discuss it.B. Keep it safe in his bkcase.
C. Pass it n t anther reader.D. Mail it back t its wner.
12. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tur
B. Electrnic Bks: A New Trend
C. A Bk Grup Brings Traditin Back
D.A Website Links Peple thrugh Bks
Passage 4
【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】If yu are a fruit grwer — r wuld like t becme ne — take advantage f Apple Day t see what’ arund. It’ called Apple Day but in practice it’ mre like Apple Mnth. The Day itself is n Octber 21, but since it has caught n, events nw spread ut ver mst f Octber arund Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a gd chance t see, and ften taste, a wide variety f apples. T peple wh are used t the limited chice f apples such as Glden Delicius and Ryal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye pener t see the range f classical apples still in existence, such as Deci which was grwn by the Rmans. Althugh it desn’t taste f anything special, it’s still wrth a try, as is the knbbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’ Head which is mre f a curisity than anything else.
There are als varieties develped t suit specific lcal cnditins. One f the very best varieties fr eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but yu’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect sil t grw it, s it’ a pipe dream fr mst apple lvers wh fall fr it.
At the events, yu can meet expert grwers and discuss which nes will best suit yur cnditins, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered fr with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all srts f places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and cmmercial rchards(果园). If yu want t have a real rchard experience, try visiting the Natinal Fruit Cllectin at Brgdale, near Faversham in Kent.
28. What can peple d at the apple events?
A. Attend experts’ lectures.
B. Visit fruit-lving families.
C. Plant fruit trees in an rchard.
D. Taste many kinds f apples.
29. What can we learn abut Deci?
A. It is a new variety.
B. It has a strange lk.
C. It is rarely seen nw.
D. It has a special taste.
30. What des the underlined phrase ＂a pipe dream＂ in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. A practical idea. B. A vain hpe.
C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.
31. What is the authr’ purpse in writing the text?
A. T shw hw t grw apples.
B. T intrduce an apple festival.
C. T help peple select apples.
D. T prmte apple research.

Passage 5
【2016年浙江卷】A scientist wrking at her lab bench and a six-mnth-ld baby playing with his fd might seem t have little in cmmn. After all, the scientist is engaged in serius research t uncver the very nature f the physical wrld,and the baby is, well, just Perhaps, but sme develpmental psychlgists (心理学家)have argued that this "play" is mre like a scientific investigatin than ne might think.
Take a clser lk at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bwl f rice is pushed ver the table edge, it falls t the grund — and, in the prcess, it brings ut imprtant evidence abut hw physical bjects interact(相互作用):bwls f rice d nt flat in mid-air, but require supprt t remain stable. It is likely that babies are nt brn knwing this basic fact f the universe; nr are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may frm an understanding f bject supprt thrugh repeated experiments and then build n this knwledge t learn even mre abut hw bjects interact. Thugh their ranges and tls differ, the baby’s investigatin and the scientist’s experiment appear t share the same aim (t learn abut the natural wrld), verall apprach (gathering direct evidence frm the wrld), and lgic (are my bservatins what I expected?).
Sme psychlgists suggest that yung children learn abut mre than just the physical wrld in this way — that they investigate human psychlgy and the rules f language using similar means. Fr example, it may nly be thrugh repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally verturning a thery, that a baby will cme t accept the idea that ther peple can have different views and desires frm what he r she has, fr example, unlike the child, Mmmy actually desn’t like Dve chclate.
Viewing childhd develpment as a scientific investigatin thrws light n hw children learn, but it als ffers an inspiring lk at science and scientists. Why d yung children and scientists seem t be s much alike? Psychlgists have suggested that science as an effrt — the desire t explre, explain, and understand ur wrld — is simply smething that cmes frm ur babyhd. Perhaps evlutin(进化) prvided human babies with curisity and a natural drive t explain their wrlds, and adult scientists simply make use f the same drive that served them as children. The same cgnitive(认知的) systems that make yung children feel gd abut figuring smething ut may have been adpted by adult scientists. As sme psychlgists put it, "It is nt that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children."
50.Accrding t sme develpmental psychlgists, .
A. a baby’s play is nthing mre than a game
B. scientific research int babies’ games is pssible
C. the nature f babies’ play has been thrughly investigated
D. a baby’s play is smehw similar t a scientist’s experiment
51.We learn frm Paragraph 2 that .
A. scientists and babies seem t bserve the wrld differently
B. scientists and babies ften interact with each ther
C. babies are brn with the knwledge f bject supprt
D. babies seem t cllect evidence just as scientists d
52.Children may learn the rules f language by .
A. explring the physical wrldB. investigating human psychlgy
C. repeating their wn experimentsD. bserving their parents’ behavirs
53.What is the main idea f the last paragraph?
A. The wrld may be mre clearly explained thrugh children’s play.
B. Studying babies’ play may lead t a better understanding f science.
C. Children may have greater ability t figure ut things than scientists.
D. One’s drive fr scientific research may becme strnger as he grws.
54.What is the authr’s tne when he discusses the cnnectin between scientists’ research and babies’ play?
A. Cnvincing.B. Cnfused.C. Cnfident.D. Cautius.
Passage 6
【2016年北京卷】Califrnia Cndr’s Shcking Recvery
Califrnia cndrs are Nrth America’s largest birds, with wind-length f up t 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead pisning(铅中毒) nearly drve them t dying ut. Nw, electric shck training and medical treatment are helping t rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few cndrs were taken frm the wild t be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintrductins t the wild, and there are nw mre than 150 flying ver Califrnia and nearby Arizna, Utah and Baja in Mexic.
Electrical lines have been killing them ff. ＂As they g in t rest fr the night, they just dn’t see the pwer lines,＂ says Bruce Rideut f San Dieg Z. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrcutin(电死) if they tuch tw lines at nce.
S scientists have cme up with a shcking idea. Tall ples, placed in large training areas, teach the birds t stay clear f electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shck. Befre the training was intrduced, 66% f set-freed birds died f electrcutin. This has nw drpped t 18%.
Lead pisnus has prved mre difficult t deal with. When cndrs eat dead bdies f ther animals cntaining lead, they absrb large quantities f lead. This affects their nervus systems and ability t prduce baby birds, and can lead t kidney(肾) failures and death. S cndrs with high levels f lead are sent t Ls Angeles Z, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that remves lead frm the bld ver several days. This wrk is starting t pay ff. The annual death rate fr adult cndrs has drpped frm 38% in 2000 t 5.4% in 2011.
Rideut’s team thinks that the Califrnia cndrs’ average survival time in the wild is nw just under eight years. ＂Althugh these measures are nt effective frever, they are vital fr nw,＂ he says. ＂They are truly gd birds that are wrth every effrt we put int recvering them. ＂
63. Califrnia cndrs attract researchers’ interest because they _________.
A. are active at night
B. had t be bred in the wild
C. are fund nly in Califrnia
D. almst died ut in the 1980s
64. Researchers have fund electrical lines are _________.
A. blcking cndrs’ jurney hme
B. big killers f Califrnia cndrs
C. rest places fr cndrs at night
D. used t keep cndrs away
65. Accrding t Paragraph 5, lead pisning _________.
A. makes cndrs t nervus t fly
B. has little effect n cndrs’ kidneys
C. can hardly be gtten rid f frm cndrs’ bld
D. makes it difficult fr cndrs t prduce baby birds
66. This passage shws that _________.
A. the average survival time f cndrs is satisfactry
B. Rideut’s research interest lies in electric engineering
C. the effrts t prtect cndrs have brught gd results
D. researchers have fund the final answers t the prblem
Passage 7
【2016年江苏卷】Chimps (黑猩猩) will cperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties t prtect their territry. But beynd the minimum requirements as scial beings, they have little instinct (本能) t help ne anther. Chimps in the wild seek fd fr themselves. Even chimp mthers regularly decline t share fd with their children, wh are able frm a yung age t gather their wn fd.
In the labratry, chimps dn’t naturally share fd either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in ne plate f fd fr himself r, with n greater effrt, a plate that als prvides fd fr a neighbr in the next cage, he will pull at randm — he just desn’t care whether his neighbr gets fed r nt. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, n the ther hand, are naturally cperative. Frm the earliest ages, they desire t help thers, t share infrmatin and t participate in achieving cmmn gals. The psychlgist Michael Tmasell has studied this cperativeness in a series f experiments with very yung children. He finds that if babies aged 18 mnths see an unrelated adult with hands full trying t pen a dr, almst all will immediately try t help.
There are several reasns t believe that the urges t help, infrm and share are nt taught, but naturally pssessed in yung children. One is that these instincts appear at a very yung age befre mst parents have started t train their children t behave scially. Anther is that the helping behavirs are nt imprved if the children are rewarded. A third reasn is that scial intelligence develps in children befre their general cgnitive (认知的) skills, at least when cmpared with chimps. In tests cnducted by Tmasell, the human children did n better than the chimps n the physical wrld tests but were cnsiderably better at understanding the scial wrld.
The cre f what children’s minds have and chimps’ dn’t is what Tmasell calls shared intentinality. Part f this ability is that they can infer what thers knw r are thinking. But beynd that, even very yung children want t be part f a shared purpse. They actively seek t be part f a "we", a grup that intends t wrk tward a shared gal.
58.What can we learn frm the experiment with chimps?
A. Chimps seldm care abut thers’ interests.
B. Chimps tend t prvide fd fr their children.
C. Chimps like t take in their neighbrs’ fd.
D. Chimps naturally share fd with each ther.
59.Michael Tmasell’s tests n yung children indicate that they _______.
A. have the instinct t help thersB. knw hw t ffer help t adults
C. knw the wrld better than chimpsD. trust adults with their hands full
60.The passage is mainly abut _________.
A. the helping behavirs f yung children
B. ways t train children’s shared intentinality
C. cperatin as a distinctive human nature
D. the develpment f intelligence in children
Passage 8
【2016年江苏卷】El Niñ, a Spanish term fr "the Christ child," was named by Suth American fishermen wh nticed that the glbal weather pattern, which happens every tw t seven years, reduced the amunt f fishes caught arund Christmas. El Niñ sees warm water, cllected ver several years in the western Pacific, flw back eastwards when winds that nrmally blw westwards weaken, r smetimes the ther way rund.
The weather effects, bth gd and bad, are felt in many places. Rich cuntries gain mre frm pwerful Niñs, n balance, than they lse. A study fund that a strng Niñ in 1997-98 helped America’s ecnmy grw by $15 billin, partly because f better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained frm extra rain. The ttal rise in agricultural incmes in rich cuntries is greater than the fall in pr nes.
But in Indnesia extremely dry frests are in flames. A multi-year drught (干旱) in suth-east Brazil is becming wrse. Thugh heavy rains brught abut by El Niñ may relieve the drught in Califrnia, they are likely t cause surface flding and ther disasters.
The mst recent pwerful Niñ, in 1997-98, killed arund 21,000 peple and caused damage wrth $36 billin arund the glbe. But such Niñs cme with mnths f warning, and s much is knwn abut hw they happen that gvernments can prepare. Accrding t the Overseas Develpment Institute (ODI), hwever, just 12% f disaster-relief funding in the past tw decades has gne n reducing risks in advance, rather than recvery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dllar spent n risk-reductin saves at least tw n recnstructin.
Simple imprvements t infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread f disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is fllwed by an utbreak f the disease f bad stmach. Strnger bridges mean villages are less likely t be left withut fd and medicine after flds. Accrding t a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and c-authrs, civil cnflict is related t El Niñ’s harmful effects — and the prer the cuntry, the strnger the link. Thugh the relatinship may nt be causal, helping divided cmmunities t prepare fr disasters wuld at least reduce the risk that thse disasters are fllwed by killing and wunding peple. Since the prest are least likely t make up fr their lsses frm disasters linked t El Niñ, reducing their lsses needs t be the pririty.
61.What can we learn abut El Niñ in Paragraph 1?
A. It is named after a Suth American fisherman.
B. It takes place almst every year all ver the wrld.
C. It frces fishermen t stp catching fish arund Christmas.
D. It sees the changes f water flw directin in the cean.
62.What may El Niñs bring abut t the cuntries affected?
A. Agricultural harvests in rich cuntries fall.
B. Drughts becme mre harmful than flds.
C. Rich cuntries’ gains are greater than their lsses.
D. Pr cuntries suffer less frm drughts ecnmically.
63.The data prvided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that .
A. mre investment shuld g t risk reductin
B. gvernments f pr cuntries need mre aid
C. victims f El Niñ deserve mre cmpensatin
D. recvery and recnstructin shuld cme first
64.What is the authr’s purpse in writing the passage?
A. T intrduce El Niñ and its rigin.
B. T explain the cnsequences f El Niñ.
C. T shw ways f fighting against El Niñ.
D. T urge peple t prepare fr El Niñ.
Passage 9
【2016年上海卷】Enugh ＂meaningless drivel＂. That’s the message frm a grup f members f the UK gvernment wh have been examining hw scial media firms like LinkedIn gather and use scial media data.
The Huse f Cmmns Science and Technlgy Cmmittee’s reprt, released last week, has blamed firms fr making peple sign up t lng incmprehensible legal cntracts and calls fr an internatinal standard r kitemark (认证标记) t identify sites that have clear terms and cnditins.
＂The term and cnditins statement that we all carelessly agree t is meaningless drivel t anyne,＂ says Andrew Miller, the chair f the cmmittee. Instead, he says, firms shuld prvide a plain-English versin f their terms. The simplified versin wuld be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflectin f the riginal.
It is nt yet clear wh wuld administer the scheme, but the UK gvernment is lking at intrducing it n a vluntary basis. ＂we need t think thrugh hw we make that wrk in practice,＂ says Miller.
Wuld we pay any mre attentin t a kitemark? ＂I think if yu went and did the survey, peple wuld like t think they wuld,＂ says Nigel Shadblt at the University f Suthamptn, UK, wh studies pen data. ＂We d knw peple wrry a lt abut the inapprpriate use f their infrmatin.＂ But what wuld happen in practice is anther matter, he says.
Other rganisatins such as banks ask custmers t sign lng cntracts they may nt read r understand, but Miller believes scial media requires special attentin because it is s new. ＂We still dn’t knw hw significant the lng-term impact is ging t be f unwise things that kids put n scial media that cme back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.
Shadblt, wh gave evidence t the cmmittee, says the prblem is that we dn’t knw hw cmpanies will use ur data because their business mdels and uses f data are still evlving. Large cllectins f persnal infrmatin have becme valuable nly recently, he says.
The shck and anger when a scial media firm des smething with data that peple dn’t expect, even if users have apparently permissin, shw that the current situatin isn’t wrking. If prperly administered, a kitemark n terms and cnditins culd help peple knw what exactly they are signing up t. Althugh they wuld still have t actually read them.
73. What des the phrase ＂ meaningless drivel＂ in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer t?
A. Legal cntracts that scial media firms make peple sign up t.
B. Warnings frm the UK gvernment against unsafe websites.
C. Guidelines n hw t use scial media websites prperly.
D. Insignificant data cllected by scial media firms.
74. It can be inferred frm the passage that Nigel Shadblt dubts whether _______.
A. scial media firms wuld cnduct a survey n the kitemark scheme
B. peple wuld pay as much attentin t a kitemark as they think
C. a kitemark scheme wuld be wrkable n a natinwide scale
D. the kitemark wuld help cmpanies develp their business mdels
75. Andrew Miller thinks scial media needs mre attentin than banks mainly because _______.
A. their users cnsist largely f kids under 20 years ld
B. the language in their cntracts is usually harder t understand
C. the infrmatin they cllected culd becme mre valuable in future
D. it remains unknwn hw users’ data will be taken advantage f
76. The writer advises users f scial media t _______.
A. think carefully befre psting anything nt such websites
B. read the terms and cnditins even if there is a kitemark
C. take n further actin if they can find a kitemark
D. avid prviding t much persnal infrmatin
77. Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
A. Say n t scial media?
B. New security rules in peratin?
C. Accept withut reading?
D. Administratin matters!
Passage 10
【2016年四川卷】In the depths f the French Guianese rainfrest, there still remain unusual grups f indigenus (土著的) peple. Surprisingly, these peple live largely by their wn laws and their wn scial custms. And yet, peple in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a clny (殖民地) f the French Republic since 1946. In thery, they shuld live by the French law. Hwever, their remte lcatins mean that the French law is ften ignred r unknwn, thus making them int an interesting area f "lawlessness" in the wrld.
The lives f these peple have finally been recrded thanks t the effrts f a Frenchman frm Paris called Gin. Gin spent five mnths in early 2015 explring the mst remte crners f this area, which sits n the edge f the Amazn rainfrest, with half its ppulatin f nly 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.
"I have a special lve fr the French Guianese peple. I have wrked there n and ff fr almst ten years," says Gin. "I’ve been able t keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allwed t gain access t their living envirnment. I dn’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area f freedm."
"I wanted t shw the audience a phtgraphic recrd tuching upn the uncivilized life," cntinues Gin. "I prefer t wrk in black and white, which allws me t shw different specific wrlds mre clearly."
His black-and-white pictures present a wrld almst lst in time. These pictures shw peple seemingly pushed int a wrld that they were unprepared fr. These lcal citizens nw have t balance their traditinal self-supprting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle ffered by the mdern French Republic, which brings with it nt nly necessary state welfare, but als alchlism, betrayal and even suicide.
28.Why des the authr feel surprised abut the indigenus peple in French Guiana?
A. They seldm fllw the French law.
B. They ften ignre the Guianese law.
C. They are separated frm the mdern wrld.
D. They are bth Guianese and French citizens.
29.Gin intrduces the special wrld f the indigenus Guianese as________.
A. a tur guideB. a gegrapherC. a film directrD. a phtgrapher
30.What is Gin’s attitude twards the lives f the indigenus Guianese?
A. Cautius.B. Dubtful.C. Uninterested.D. Appreciative.
31.What des the underlined wrd "it" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. The mdern French lifestyle.B. The self-supprting hunting.
C. The uncivilized wrld.D. The French Republic.
Passage 11
【2016年四川卷】A warm drink f milk befre bed has lng been the best chice fr thse wanting a gd night’s sleep. But nw a study has fund it really des help peple nd ff — if it is milked frm a cw at night.
Researchers have discvered that "night milk" cntains mre melatnin (褪黑激素),which has been prven t help peple feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers frm Seul, Suth Krea, invlved mice being fed with dried milk pwder made frm cws milked bth during the day and at night.
Thse given night milk, which cntained 10 times the amunt f melatnin, were less active and less anxius than thse fed with the milk cllected during daytime, accrding t the study published in The Jurnal f Medicinal Fd.
Night milk quickened the start f sleep and caused the mice t sleep lnger.
While the effect f cws milk harvested at different time has nt been tested n humans up t nw, taking melatnin drugs has been suggested t thse wh are struggling t fall asleep at night.
Previus studies have als indicated that milk can be excellent fr helping sleep because f the calcium cntent, which helps peple t relax.
Milk is als sugar-free and additive-free with nutritinists recmmending skimmed milk as the best chice befre bed as it is the least fattening. The mre fat yu take in befre bedtime, the greater burden yu will put n yur bdy at night.
1.Accrding t the text, the mice fed with daytime milk .
A. started sleep mre easilyB. were mre anxius
C. were less activeD. wke up later
2.Which f the fllwing is true f melatnin accrding t the text?
A. It’s been tested n mice fr ten times.
B. It can make peple mre energetic.
C. It exists in milk in great amunt.
D. It’s used in sleeping drugs.
3.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Night Milk and SleepB. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment n MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health
4.Hw des the authr supprt the theme f the text?
A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments.
C. By explaining statistical data.D. By prviding research results.

Passage 12
【2016年天津卷】 When Jhn was grwing up, ther kids felt srry fr him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying ut the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when Jhn reached adulthd, he was better ff than his childhd playmates. He had mre jb satisfactin, a better marriage and was healthier. Mst f all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings f a 40-year study that fllwed the lives f 456 teenage bys frm Bstn. The study shwed that thse wh had wrked as bys enjyed happier and mre prductive lives than thse wh had nt. “Bys wh wrked in the hme r cmmunity gained cmpetence (能力) and came t feel they were wrthwhile members f sciety,” said Gerge Vaillant, the psychlgist (心理学家) wh made the discvery. “And because they felt gd abut themselves, thers felt gd abut them.”
Vaillant’s study fllwed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers cmpared the men’s mental-health scres with their byhd-activity scres. Pints were awarded fr part-time jbs, husewrk, effrt in schl, and ability t deal with prblems.
The link between what the men had dne as bys and hw they turned ut as adults was surprisingly sharp. Thse wh had dne the mst byhd activities were twice as likely t have warm relatins with a wide variety f peple, five times as likely t be well paid and 16 times less likely t have been unemplyed. The researchers als fund that IQ and family scial and ecnmic class made n real difference in hw the bys turned ut.
Wrking — at any age — is imprtant. Childhd activities help a child develp respnsibility, independence, cnfidence and cmpetence — the underpinnings (基础) f emtinal health. They als help him understand that peple must cperate and wrk tward cmmn gals. The mst cmpetent adults are thse wh knw hw t d this. Yet wrk isn’t everything. As Tlsty nce said, “One can live magnificently in this wrld if ne knws hw t wrk and hw t lve, t wrk fr the persn ne lves and t lve ne’s wrk.”
46. What d we knw abut Jhn?
A. He enjyed his career and marriage.B. He had few childhd playmates.
C. He received little lve frm his family.D. He was envied by thers in his childhd.
47. Vaillant’s wrds in Paragraph 2 serve as _____________.
A. a descriptin f persnal values and scial values
B. an analysis f hw wrk was related t cmpetence
C. an example fr parents’ expectatins f their children
D. an explanatin why sme bys grew int happy men
48. Vaillant’s team btained their findings by _____________.
A. recrding the bys’ effrt in schlB. evaluating the men’s mental health
C. cmparing different sets f scresD. measuring the men’s prblem slving ability
49. What des the underlined wrd “sharp” prbably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick t react.B. Having a thin edge.
C. Clear and definite.D. sudden and rapid.
50. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Cmpetent adults knw mre abut lve than wrk.
B. Emtinal health is essential t a wnderful adult life.
C. Lve brings mre jy t peple than wrk des.
D. Independence is the key t ne’s success.

2015年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】Salvadr Dali (1904—1989)was ne f the mst ppular f mdern artists. The Pmpidu Centre in Paris is shwing its respect and admiratin fr the artist and his pwerful persnality with an exhibitin bringing tgether ver 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and mre. Amng the wrks and masterwrks n exhibitin the visitr will find the best pieces, mst imprtantly The Persistence f Memry. There is als L’ Enigme sans Fin frm 1938, wrks n paper, bjects, and prjects fr stage and screen and selected parts frm televisin prgrammes reflecting the artist’s shwman qualities.
The visitr will enter the Wrld f Dali thrugh an egg and is met with the beginning, the wrld f birth. The exhibitin fllws a path f time and subject with the visitr exiting thrugh the brain.
The exhibitin shws hw Dali draws the viewer between tw infinities(无限), "Frm the infinity small t the infinity large, cntractin and expansin cming in and ut f fcus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the shwy Barque f ld painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras," explains the Pmpidu Centre.
The fine selectin f the majr wrks was dne in clse cllabratin(合作)with the Muse Nacinal Reina Sfia in Madrid, Spain, and with cntributins frm ther institutins like the Salvadr Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Flrida.
28. Which f the fllwing best describes Dali accrding t Paragraph 1?
A. Optimistic. B. Prductive. C. Generus. D. Traditinal.
29. What is Dali’s The Persistence f Memry cnsidered t be?
A. One f his masterwrks. B. A successful screen adaptatin.
C. An artistic creatin fr the stage. D. One f the best TV prgrammes.
30. Hw are the exhibits arranged at the Wrld f Dali?
A. By ppularity. B. By imprtance.
C. By size and shape. D. By time and subject.
31. What des the wrd "cntributins" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Artwrks. B. Prjects. C. Dnatins. D. Dcuments.
Passage 2
【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】Cnflict is n the menu tnight at the café La Chpe. This evening, as n every Thursday night, psychlgist Maud Lehanne is leading tw f France’s favrite pastimes, cffee drinking and the ＂talking cure＂. Here they are learning t get in tuch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The custmers—sme thirty Parisians wh pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per sessin—care quick t intellectualize (高谈阔论), slw t pen up and cnnect. ＂Yu are frbidden t say ‘ne feels’ r ‘peple think’＂Lehanne tld them. ＂Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.＂
A café sciety where n intellectualizing is allwed? It culdn’t seem mre un-French. But Lehanne’s psychlgy café is abut mre than knwing neself: It’s trying t help the city’s trubled neighbrhd cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim t changes in the French lifestyle—lnger wrking hurs, a fast fd bm and a yunger generatin’s desire t spend mre time at hme. Dzens f new theme cafes appear t change the situatin. Cafes fcused arund psychlgy, histry, and engineering are catching n, filling tables well int the evening.
The city’s ＂psychlgy cafes＂, which ffer great cmfrt, are amng the mst ppular places. Middle-aged hmemakers, retirees, and the unemplyed cme t such cafes t talk abut lve, anger, and dreams with a psychlgist. And they cme t Lehanne’s grup just t learn t say what they feel.＂There’s a strng need in Paris fr cmmunicatin,＂says Maurice Frisch, a café La Chpe regular wh wrks as a religius instructr in a nearby church.＂Peple have few real friends. And they need t pen up＂. Lehanne says she’d like t see psychlgy cafes all ver
France.＂If peple had nrmal lives, these cafes wuldn’t exist,＂she says.＂If life weren’t a battle, peple wuldn’t need a special place just t speak.＂But then, it wuldn’t be France.
32. What are peple encuraged t d at the cafe La Chpe?
A. Learn a new subject. B. Keep in tuch with friends.
C. Shw ff their knwledge. D. Express their true feelings.
33. Hw are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A. They are less frequently visited. B. They stay pen fr lnger hurs.
C. They have bigger night crwds. D. They start t serve fast fd.
34. What are theme cafes expected t d?
A. Create mre jbs. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Save the cafe business. D. Serve the neighbrhd.
35. Why are psychlgy cafes becming ppular in Paris?
A. They bring peple true friendship. B. They give peple spiritual supprt.
C. They help peple realize their dreams. D. They ffer a platfrm fr business links.
Passage 3
【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Yur huse may have an effect n yur figure. Experts say the way yu design yur hme culd play a rle in whether yu pack n the punds r keep them ff. yu can make yur envirnment wrk fr yu instead f against yu. Here are sme ways t turn yur hme int part f yur diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark envirnments are mre likely t encurage vereating, fr peple are ften less self-cnscius(难为情) when they’re in prly lit places – and s mre likely t eat lts f fd. If yur hme desn’t have enugh windw light, get mre lamps and fld the place with brightness.
Mind the clrs. Research suggests warm clrs fuel ur appetites. In ne study, peple wh ate meals in a blue rm cnsumed 33 percent less than thse in a yellw r red rm. Warm clrs like yellw make fd appear mre appetizing, while cld clrs make us less hungry. S when it’s time t repaint, g blue.
Dn’t frget the clck – r the radi. Peple wh eat slwly tend t cnsume abut 70 fewer calries(卡路里) per meal than thse wh rush thrugh their meals. Begin keeping track f the time, and try t make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while yu’re at it, actually sit dwn t eat. If yu need sme help slwing dwn, turning n relaxing music. It makes yu less likely t rush thrugh a meal.
Dwnsize the dishes. Big serving bwls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat abut 22 percent mre when using a 12-inch plate instead f a 10-inch plate. When we chse a large spn ver a smaller ne, ttal intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pur abut 30 percent mre liquid int a shrt, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.
25. The text is especially helpful fr thse wh care abut ____.
their hme cmfrts
their bdy shape
huse buying
healthy diets
26. A hme envirnment in blue can help peple ____.
digest fd better
reduce fd intake
burn mre calries
regain their appetites
27. What are peple advised t d at mealtimes?
Eat quickly.
Play fast music
Use smaller spns
Turn dwn the lights
28. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
Is Yur Huse Making Yu Fat?
Ways f Serving Dinner
Effects f Self-Cnsciusness
Is Yur Hme Envirnment Relaxing?
Passage 4
【2015年浙江卷】Graphs can be a very useful tl fr cnveying infrmatin, especially numbers, percentages, and ther data. A graph gives the reader a picture t interpret. That can be a lt mre efficient than pages and pages explaining the data.
Graphs can seem frightening, but reading a graph is a lt like reading a stry. The graph has a title, a main idea, and supprting details .Yu can use yur active reading skills t analyze and understand graphs just like any ther text.
Mst graphs have a few basic parts: a captin r intrductin paragraph, a title, a legend r key, and labeled axes. An active reader lks at each part f the graph befre trying t interpret the data. Captins will usually tell yu where the data came frm (fr example, a scientific study f 400 African elephants frm 1980 t 2005). Captins usually summarize the authr's main pint as well. The title is very imprtant. It tells yu the main idea f the graph by stating what kind f infrmatin is being shwn. A legend, als called a key, is a guide t the symbls and clrs used in the graph. Many graphs, including bar graphs and line graphs, have tw axes that frm a crner. Usually these axes are the left side and the bttm f the graph .Each axis will always have a label. The label tells yu what each axis measures.
Bar Graphs
A bar graph has tw axes and uses bars t shw amunts. In Graph 1, we see that the x-axis shws grades that students earned, and the y-axis shws hw many students earned each grade .Yu can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar fr A stretches up t 6 n the vertical measurement. There is a lt f infrmatin we can get frm a simple graph like this(See Graph 1).
Line Graphs
A line graph lks similar t a bar graph, but instead f bars, it plts pints and cnnects them with a line .It has the same parts as a bar graph — tw labeled axes — and can be read the same way. T read a line graph, it's imprtant t fcus n the pints f intersectin rather than the line segments between the pints, This type f graph is mst
cmmnly used t shw hw smething changes ver time.
Here is a graph that charts hw far a bird flies during the first five days f its spring migratin (See Graph 2).
The unit f measurement fr the x-axis is days. The unit f measurement fr the y-axis is kilmeters. Thus we can see that ,n the first day, the pipit flew 20 kilmeters. The line segment ges up between Day 1 and Day 2,which means that the bird flew farther n Day 2.If the line segment angled dawn, as between Day 4 and Day 5,it wuld mean that the bird flew fewer kilmeters than the day befre. This line graph is a quick, visual way t tell the reader abut the bird's migratin.
Pie Graphs
A typical pie graph lks like a circular pie. The circle is divided int sectins, and each sectin represents a fractin f the data. The graph is cmmnly used t shw percentages; the whle pie represents l00 percent, s each piece is a fractin f the whle.
A pie graph might include a legend，r it might use icns r labels within each slice. This pie graph shws n mnth's expense (See Graph 3 ).
Fd $ 25
Mvies $ 12
Clthing $ 36
Savings $ 20
Bks $ 7
46. When used in a graph，a legend is_____
A. a guide t the symbls and clrs B. an intrductin paragraph
C. the main idea D. the data
47. What is the ttal number f students wh earned a C r better ?
A .4. B.6. C.10. D.20 .
48. The bird cvered the lngest distance n _____
A. Day 1 B. Day 2 C. Day 3 D. Day 4
49. Which f the fllwing cst Amy mst ?
A. Fd. B. Bks C. Mvies D. Clthing.
Passage 5
【2015年重庆卷】In ancient Egypt, a shpkeeper discvered that he culd attract custmers t his shp simply by making changes t its envirnment. Mdern businesses have been fllwing his lead, with mre tactics（策略）.
One tactic invlves where t display the gds. Fr example, stres place fruits and vegetables in the first sectin. They knw that custmers wh buy the healthy fd first will feel happy s that they will buy mre junk fd（垃圾食品）later in their trip. In department stres, the wmen’s she sectin is generally next t the wmen’s csmetics(化妆品) sectin：while the shp assistant is ging back t find the right size she, bred custmers are likely t wander ver and find sme csmetics they might want t try later.
Besides, businesses seek t appeal t custmers’ senses. Stres ntice that the smell f baked gds encurages shpping, s they make their wn bread each mrning and then fan the bread smell int the stre thrughut the day. Music sells gds, t. Researchers in Britain fund that when French music was played, sales f French wines went up.
When it cmes t the selling f huses, businesses als use highly rewarding tactics. They find that custmers make decisin in the first few secnd upn walking in the dr, and turn it int a business pprtunity. A Califrnia builder designed the structure f its huses smartly. When entering the huse, the custmer wuld see the Pacific Ocean thrugh the windws, and then the pll thrugh an pen stairway leading t the lwer level. The instant view f water n bth levels helped sell these $10 millin huses.
40.Why d stres usually display fruits and vegetables in the first sectin?
A. T save custmers times.
B. T shw they are high quality fds.
C. T help sell junk fd.
D. T sell them at discunt prices.
41.Accrding t Paragraph 3, which f the fllwing encurages custmers t buy?
A. Opening the stre early in the mrning.
B. Displaying British wines next t French nes.
C. Inviting custmers t play music.
D. Filling the stre with the smell f fresh bread.
42.What is the Califrnia builder’s stry intended t prve?
A. The huse structure is a key factr custmers cnsider.
B. The mre cstly the huse is, the better it sells.
C. An cean view is much t the custmers’ taste.
D. A gd first impressin increases sales.
43.What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain hw businesses turn peple int their custmers.
B. T intrduce hw businesses have grwn frm the past.
C. T reprt researches n custmer behavir.
D. T shw dishnest business practices.

Passage 6
【2015年重庆卷】The values f artistic wrks, accrding t cultural relativism(相对主义), are simply reflectins f lcal scial and ecnmic cnditins. Such a view, hwever, fails t explain the ability f sme wrks f art t excite the human mind acrss cultures and thrugh centuries.
Histry has witnessed the endless prductins f Shakespearean plays in every majr language f the wrld. It is never rare t find that Mzart packs Japanese cncert halls, as Japanese painter Hirshige des Paris galleries. Unique wrks f this kind are different frm tday’s ppular art, even if they began as wrks f ppular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will prbably be enjyed fr centuries int the future.
In a 1757 essay, the philspher David Hume argued that because“the general principles f taste are unifrm(不变的) in human nature,”the value f sme wrks f art might be essentially permanent. He bserved that Hmer was still admired after tw thusand years. Wrks f this type, he believed, spke t deep and unvarying features f human nature and culd cntinue t exist ver centuries.
Nw researchers are applying scientific methds t the study f the universality f art. Fr example, evlutinary psychlgy is being used by literary schlars t explain the lng-lasting themes and plt devices in fictin. The structures f musical pieces are nw pen t experimental analysis as never befre. Research findings seem t indicate that the creatin by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discvery by a great scientist.
52.Accrding t the passage, what d we knw abut cultural relativism?
A.It intrduces different cultural values.
B.It explains the histry f artistic wrks.
C.It relates artistic values t lcal cnditins.
D.It excites the human mind thrughut the wrld.
53. In Paragraph 2, the artists are mentined in rder t shw that _______.
A.great wrks f art can g beynd natinal bundaries
B.histry gives art wrks special appeal t set them apart
C.ppular arts are hardly distinguishable frm great arts
D.great artists are skilled at cmbining varius cultures
54.Accrding t Hume, sme wrks f art can exist fr centuries because ________.[来源:学。科。网Z。X。X。K]
A.they are results f scientific study
B.they establish sme general principles f art
C.they are created by the wrld’s greatest artists
D.they appeal t unchanging features f human nature
55.Which f the fllwing can best serve as the title f the passage?
A.Are Artistic Values Universal?B.Are Ppular Arts Permanent?
C.Is Human Nature Unifrm?D.Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?

Passage 7
【2015年安徽卷】 As Internet users becme mre dependent n the Internet t stre infrmatin, are peple remember less? If yu knw yur cmputer will save infrmatin, why stre it in yur wn persnal memry, yur brain? Experts are wndering if the Internet is changing what we remember and hw.
In a recent study, Prfessr Betsy Sparrw cnducted sme experiments. She and her research team wanted t knw the Internet is changing memry. In the first experiment, they gave peple 40 unimprtant facts t type int a cmputer. The first grup f peple understd that the cmputer wuld save the infrmatin. The secnd grup understd that the cmputer wuld nt save it. Later, the secnd grup remembered the infrmatin better. Peple in the first grup knew they culd find the infrmatin again, s they did nt try t remember it.
In anther experiment, the researchers gave peple facts t remember, and tld them where t find the infrmatin n the cmputer. The infrmatin was in a specific cmputer flder (文件夹). Surprisingly, peple later remember the flder lcatin (位置) better than the facts. When peple use the Internet, they d nt remember the infrmatin. Rather, they remember hw t find it. This is called "transactive memry (交互记忆)".
Accrding t Sparrw, we are nt becming peple with pr memries as a result f the Internet. Instead, cmputer users are develping strnger transactive memries; that is, peple are learning hw t rganize huge quantities f infrmatin s that they are able t access it at a later date. This desn’t mean we are becming either mre r less intelligent, but there is n dubt that the way we use memry is changing.
64. The passage begins with tw questins t ____________.
A. intrduce the main tpicB. shw the authr’s altitude
C. describe hw t use the Internet. D. explain hw t stre infrmatin
65. What can we learn abut the first experiment?
A. The Sparrw’s team typed the infrmatin int a cmputer.
B. The tw grups remembered the infrmatin equally well.
C. The first grup did nt try t remember the infrmatin.
D. The secnd grup did nt understand the infrmatin.
66. In transactive memry, peple ____________.
A. keep the infrmatin in mind B. change the quantity f infrmatin
C. rganize infrmatin like a cmputer D. remember hw t find the infrmatin
67. What is the effect f the Internet accrding t Sparrw’s research?
A. We are using memry differently.B. We are becming mre intelligent.
C. We have prer memries than befre.D. We need a better way t access infrmatin.
Passage 8
【2015年安徽卷】There are an extremely large number f ants wrldwide. Each individual (个体的) ant hardly weighs anything, but put tgether they weigh rughly the same as all f mankind. They als live nearly everywhere, except n frzen muntain tps and arund the ples. Fr animals their size, ants have been astnishingly successful, largely due t their wnderful scial behavir.
In clnies (群体) that range in size frm a few hundred t tens f millins, they rganize their lives with a clear divisin f labr. Even mre amazing is hw they achieve this level f rganizatin. Where we use sund and sight t cmmunicate, ants depend primarily n phermne (外激素), chemicals sent ut by individuals and smelled r tasted by fellw members f their clny. When an ant finds fd, it prduces a phermne that will lead thers straight t where the fd is. When an individual ant cmes under attack r is dying, it sends ut an alarm phermne t warn the clny t prepare fr a cnflict as a defense unit.
In fact, when it cmes t the art f war, ants have n equal. They are cmpletely fearless and will readily take n a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large grups and vercming their target. Such is their devtin t the cmmn gd f the clny that nt nly sldier ants but als wrker ants will sacrifice their lives t help defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devted manner, these little creatures have survived n Earth fr mre than 140 millin years, far lnger than dinsaurs. Because they think as ne, they have a cllective (集体的) intelligence greater than yu wuld expect frm its individual parts.
68. We can learn frm the passage that ants are ____________.
A. nt willing t share fd
B. nt fund arund the ples
C. mre successful than all ther animals
D. t many t achieve any level f rganizatin
69. Ants can use phermnes fr ____________.
A. escapeB. cmmunicatinC. warning enemies D. arranging labr
70. What des the underlined expressin "take n" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Accept. B. Emply.C. Play with. D. Fight against.
71. Which f the fllwing cntributes mst t the survival f ants?
A. Their behavir. B. Their size. C. Their number. D. Their weight.
Passage 9
【2015年安徽卷】Fd serves as a frm f cmmunicatin in tw fundamental ways. Sharing bread r ther fds is a cmmn human traditin that can prmte unity and trust. Fd can als have a specific meaning, and play a significant rle in a family r culture’s celebratins r traditins. The fds we eat — and when and hw we eat them — are ften unique t a particular culture r may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within ne cuntry.
Sharing bread, whether during a special ccasin (时刻) r at the family dinner table, is a cmmn symbl f tgetherness. Many cultures als celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared amng the guests. Early frms f cake were simply a kind f bread, s this traditin hits its rts in the custm f sharing bread.
Fd als plays an imprtant rle in many New Year celebratins. In the suthern United States, pieces f crn bread represent blcks f gld fr prsperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, peple share a special cake called vasilpita. A cin is put int the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year fr the persn wh receives it.
Many cultures have ceremnies t celebrate the birth f a child, and fd can play a significant rle. In China, when a baby is ne mnth ld, families name and welcme their child in a celebratin that includes giving red-clred eggs t guests. In many cultures, rund fds such as grapes, bread, and mn cakes are eaten at welcme celebratins t represent family unity.
Nutritin is necessary fr life, s it is nt surprising that fd is such an imprtant part f different cultures arund the wrld.
72. Accrding t the passage, sharing bread____________.
A. indicates a lack f fdB. can help t develp unity
C. is a custm unique t rural areas D. has its rts in birthday celebratins
73. What des the cin in vasilpita signify fr its receiver in the New Year?
A. Trust. B. Success. C. Health. D. Tgetherness.
74. The authr explains the rle f fd in celebratins by____________.
A. using examplesB. making cmparisns
C. analyzing causesD. describing prcesses
75. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. The custm f sharing fd.B. The specific meaning f fd.
C. The rle f fd in ceremnies.D. The imprtance f fd in culture.
Passage 10
【2015年北京卷】Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass thrugh their bdies the same way light passes thrugh a windw. These animals typically live between the surface f the cean and a depth f abut 3, 300 feet — as far as mst light can reach. Mst f them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple tuch. Snke Jhnsen, a scientist in bilgy, says, ＂These animals live thrugh their life alne. They never tuch anything unless they’re eating it, r unless smething is eating them.＂
And they are as clear as glass. Hw des an animal becme see-thrugh? It’s trickier than yu might think.
The bjects arund yu are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But sme materials slw and scatter(散射) light, buncing it away frm its riginal path. Others absrb light, stpping it dead in its tracks. Bth scattering and absrptin make an bject lk different frm ther bjects arund it, s yu can see it easily.
But a transparent bject desn’t absrb r scatter light, at least nt very much. Light can pass thrugh it withut bending r stpping. That means a transparent bject desn’t lk very different frm the surrunding air r water. Yu dn’t see it — yu see the things behind it.
T becme transparent, an animal needs t keep its bdy frm absrbing r scattering light. Living materials can stp light because they cntain pigments(色素) that absrb specific clrs f light. But a transparent animal desn’t have pigments, s its tissues wn’t absrb light. Accrding t Jhnsen, aviding absrptin is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light frm scattering.
Animals are built f many different materials — skin, fat, and mre — and light mves thrugh each at a different speed. Every time light mves int a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks t fight scattering. Sme animals are simply very small r extremely flat. Withut much tissue t scatter light, it is easier t be see-thrugh. Others build a large, clear mass f nn-living jelly-like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves ver it.
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have t make all the different tissues in their bdies slw dwn light exactly as much as water des. They need t lk unifrm. But hw they’re ding it is still unknwn. One thing is clear fr these larger animals, staying transparent is an active prcess. When they die, they turn a nn-transparent milky white.
63. Accrding t Paragraph 1, transparent animals __________.
A. stay in grups B. can be easily damaged
C. appear nly in deep cean D. are beautiful creatures
64. The underlined wrd ＂dead＂ in Paragraph 3 means __________.
A. silently B. gradually
C. regularly D. cmpletely
65. One way fr an animal t becme transparent is t __________.
A. change the directin f light travel B. gather materials t scatter light
C. avid the absrptin f light D. grw bigger t stp light
66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals __________.
A. mve mre slwly in deep water
B. stay see-thrugh even after death
C. prduce mre tissues fr their survival
D. take effective actin t reduce light spreading
Passage 11
【2015年福建卷】Fd festivals arund the wrld
Stiltn Cheese Rlling
May Day is a traditinal day fr celebratins, but the 2,000 English villagers f Stiltn must be the nly peple in the wrld wh include cheese rlling in their annual plans. Teams f fur, dressed in a variety f strange and funny clthes, rll a cmplete cheese alng a 50-metre curse. On the way, they must nt kick r thrw their cheese, r g int their cmpetitrs’ lane(赛道). Cmpetitin is fierce and the chief prize is a cmplete Stiltn cheese weighing abut fur kils (disappintingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wden nes). All the cmpetitrs are served with beer r prt wine, the traditinal accmpaniment fr Stiltn cheese.
Fiery Fds Festival — The Httest Festival n Earth
Every year mre than 10,000 peple head fr the city f Albuquerque, New Mexic. They cme frm as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a cmmn addictin — fd that is nt just spicy, but ht enugh t make yur muth burn, yur head spin and yur eyes water. Their destinatin is the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival which is held ver a perid f three clays every March. Yu might like t try a chclate-cvered habaner pepper — fficially the httest pepper in the wrld — r any ne f the thusands f prducts that are n shw. But ne thing’s fr sure — if yu dn’t like the feeling f a burning tngue, this festival isn’t fr yu!
La Tmatina — The Wrld’s Biggest Fd Fight
On the last Wednesday f every August, the Spanish twn f Bunl hsts Ea Tmatina — the wrld’s largest fd fight. A week-lng celebratin leads up t an exciting tmat battle as the highlight f the week’s events. The early mrning sees the arrival f large trucks with tmates — fficial fight-starters get things ging by casting tmates at the crwd.
The battle lasts little mre than half an hur, in which time arund 50,000 kilgrams f tmates have been thrwn at anyne r anything that mves, runs, r fights back. Then everyne heads dwn t the river t make friends again — and fr a much-needed wash!
56. In the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin, cmpetitrs n each team must__________.
A. wear varius frmal clthes
B.rll a wden cheese in their wn lane
C.kick r thrw their cheese
D. use a real cheese weighing abut fur kils
57.Where is the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival held?
A. In New Mexic. B. In the Caribbean.
C. In Australia. D. In China.
58.The celebratin f La Tmatina lasts.
A. three days B. seven days
C. less than three days D. mre than seven days
59.Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A. The chief prize fr the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin is beer r prt wine.
B. Mre than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
C. Thusands f spicy fds are n shw in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
D. An exciting tmat battle takes place at the beginning f La Tmatina.
[ Passage 12
【2015年福建卷】Life can be s wnderful, full f adventure and jy. It can als be full f challenges, setbacks(挫折) and heartbreaks. Whatever ur circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hpes and desires — that little smething mre we want fr urselves and ur lved nes. Yet knwing we can have mre can als create a prblem, because when we g t change the way we d things, up cme the ld patterns and pitfalls(陷阱) that stpped us frm seeking what we wanted in the first place.
This tensin between what we feel we can have and what we’re seemingly able t have is the niggling(烦人的) suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think it’s easier t just give up. But we’re never meant t let g f the part f us that knws we can have mre. The intelligence behind that knwing is us — the real us. It’s the part that believes in life and its pssibilities. If yu drp that, yu begin t feel a little "dead" inside because yu’re drpping "yu".
S, if we have this capability but smehw life seems t keep us stuck, hw d we break these patterns?
Decide n a new curse and make ne decisin at a time. This is gd advice fr a new adventure r just getting thrugh tday’s challenges.
While, deep dwn, we knw we can d it, ur mind — r the minds f thse clse t us — usually says we can’t. That isn’t a reasn t stp, it’s just the mind, that little man r wman n yur shulder, trying t talk yu ut f smething again. It has dne it many times befre. It’s all abut starting simple and ding it nw.
Decide and act befre verthinking. When yu d this yu may feel a little, r large, release frm the jail f yur mind and yu’ll be n yur way.
68. It can be inferred frm the first tw paragraphs that we shuld.
A.slw dwn and live a simple life
B.be careful when we chse t change
C.stick t ur dreams under any circumstances
D.be cntent with what we already have
69. What is the key t breaking the ld patterns?
A. T fcus n every detail.B. T decide and take immediate actin.
C. T listen t thse clse t us. D. T think twice befre we act.
70. Which f the fllwing best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?
A. Escape frm yur punishment.B. Realizatin f yur dreams.
C. Freedm frm yur tensin. D. Reductin f yur expectatins.
71. What des the authr intend t tell us?
A. It’s easier than we think t get what we want.
B. It’s imprtant t learn t accept sufferings in life.
C. It’s impractical t change ur way f thinking.
D. It’s harder than we expect t fllw a new curse.
Passage 13
【2015年福建卷】Grup exercise is ne f the mst effective ways t imprve physical fitness and sustain(保持) a healthy lifestyle. Grup exercise is challenging, yet fun and empwering! Of curse everyne knws that exercise is gd fr the bdy. Hwever, studies have shwn that when exercise is perfrmed in grups, it’s nt nly great fr imprving physical health but fr psychlgical health. It’s an pprtunity t be scial, release endrphins（内啡肽）, and imprve yur strength. Additinally, grup exercise creates a cmmunity feel and the shared cmmn gal mtivates participants t wrk hard. The instrumental supprt f taking n a fitness jurney with thers prves mre effective than ging t the gym alne.
Anther beneficial aspect f grup exercise is the infrmatinal supprt participants receive frm the instructr. Many peple fear the gym because they feel lst and dn’t want t embarrass themselves. If yu feel yu can relate, then grup training is an even better ptin fr yu. It’s a great pprtunity t learn mre abut fitness thrugh the clear instructin and supervisin (监管) f a fitness instructr. If yu’re tired f wandering arund the gym wasting time and becming bred, yu can attend an upbeat grup fitness class that’ll keep yur wrkut n track. Dn’t let fitness frighten yu!
If yu’re serius abut wanting t live a healthy lifestyle, it’s extremely imprtant t surrund yurself with peple wh’ll prvide yu with the prper emtinal supprt. I wuldn’t scld anyne fr deciding t party n weekends and in turn I wuldn’t expect anyne t give ffence t me fr fcusing n my health. Surrund yurself with peple wh uplift, encurage and understand yu! Make fitness even mre fun by trying smething new r any grup fitness class, with a friend. Plan t g fr a jg tgether. Then try a fun healthy restaurant r fresh juice bar! Fitness can be bth fun and scial!
Surrunding yurself with peple wh’ll prvide yu with respect and supprt can be very beneficial while wrking twards reaching health and fitness gals. First, decide t d it fr yurself and wrk twards staying psitive. Then make sure the peple yu surrund yurself with are supprtive. Dn’t let negativity ruin yur mtivatin.
72. The first paragraph fcuses n__________.
A. the greatest challenge f grup exercise
B. the mst effective way t imprve physical fitness
C. the cntributin f grup exercise t psychlgical health
D. the shared cmmn gal in perfrming exercise in grups
73.The underlined wrd "upbeat" in the secnd paragraph prbably means "___________".
A. cheerful B. averageC. seriusD. temprary
74.When it cmes t emtinal supprt, the authr thinks it necessary ___________.
A. t sustain a clrful lifestyle
B. t party n weekends with psitive peple
C. t try a fun healthy restaurant regularly
D. t surrund yurself with supprtive peple
75.What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Seeking SupprtB. Supprting Health
C. Imprving Yur StrengthD. Building Up Fitness
Passage 14
【2015年广东卷】It was nce cmmn t regard Britain as a sciety with class distinctin. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun t speak f the ‘decline f class’ and ‘classless sciety’ in Britain. And in mdern day cnsumer sciety everyne is cnsidered t be middle class.
But prnuncing the death f class is t early. A recent wide-ranging study f public pinin fund 90 percent f peple still placing themselves in a particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part f British sciety; and 52 percent thught there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may nt be culturally and plitically bvius, yet it remains an imprtant part f British sciety. Britain seems t have a lve f stratificatin.
One unchanging aspect f a British persn’s class psitin is accent. The wrds a persn speaks tell her r his class. A study f British accents during the 1970s fund that a vice sunding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the mst attractive vice. Mst peple said this accent sunded ‘educated’ and ‘sft’. The accents placed at the bttm in this study, n the ther hand, were reginal(地区的)city accents. These accents were seen as ‘cmmn’ and ‘ugly’. Hwever, a similar study f British accents in the US turned these results upside dwn and placed sme reginal accents as the mst attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes twards accent have deep rts and are based n class prejudice.
In recent years, hwever, yung upper middle-class peple in Lndn, have begun t adpt sme reginal accents, in rder t hide their class rigins. This is an indicatin f class becming unnticed. Hwever, the 1995 pp sng ‘Cmmn Peple’ puts frward the view that thugh a middle-class persn may ‘want t live like cmmn peple’ they can never appreciate the reality f a wrking-class life.
41.A recent study f public pinin shws that in mdern Britain .
A.it is time t end class distinctin
B. mst peple belng t middle class
C.it is easy t recgnize a persn’s class
D. peple regard themselves scially different
42.The wrd stratificatin in Paragraph 3 is clsest in meaning t .
A. varietyB. divisinC. authrityD. qualificatin
43.The study in the US shwed that BBC English was regarded as________.
A. reginalB. educatedC. prejudicedD. unattractive
44.British attitudes twards accent________.
A. have a lng traditin B. are based n reginal status
C. are shared by the AmericansD. have changed in recent years
45.What is the main idea f the passage?
A. The middle class is expanding.
B.A persn’s accent reflects his class.
C. Class is a key part f British sciety.
D. Each class has unique characteristics.

Passage 15
【2015年湖北卷】Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the majr cities f Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gi area f Nrth Hlland, the Netherlands. Unlike mst f the Netherlands, Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the sil mstly cnsisting f sand. Once called the Garden f Amsterdam, it still attracts travelers t cme ver t cycle and walk thrugh the surrunding frests. They visit it fr a relaxing day ff frm the urban madness. Fr Dutch peple, Hilversum is all abut textile (纺织) and media industries, and mdern architecture.
In histry, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area. Daily life was marked by farming, sheep raising and wl prductin. A railway link t Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders frm Amsterdam t Hilversum. They built themselves large villas (别墅) in the wded surrundings f the twn. One f the families mving in was the Brenninkmeijers, currently the wealthiest family f the Netherlands. They mved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum. But the textile bm lasted nly several decades. The last factry clsed in the 1960s.
The change t a media ecnmy started in 1920, when the Nederlandse Seintestellen Fabriek (NSF) established a radi factry in Hilversum. Mst radi statins settled in the large villas in the leafy areas f the twn. Televisin gave anther push t the lcal ecnmy. Hilversum became the media capital f the Netherlands, and Dutch televisin stars mved int the leafy neighbrhds surrunding the twn.
In the early 1900s, mdern architects W.M. Dudk and J. Duiker placed hundreds f remarkable buildings in Hilversum. These mdern architectural masterpieces (杰作) are s many that Hilversum almst feels like an pen air museum. Dudk alne shaped mst f century Hilversum and apprximately 75 buildings still bear his unique characteristics. His masterpiece , Hilversum Twn Hall,was built in 1928-1931. It has wide internatinal fame and is included in many architecture textbks. The building has a remarkable shape and lks like a cmbinatin f “blcks”. Actually, ne may start his jurney f mdern architecture by walking r biking the W.M. Dudk Architectural Rute in Hilversum.
59.Hilversum is different frm mst f the Netherlands in that ______.
A. it has a large ppulatin
B. it is cut ff frm big cities
C. it has many beautiful gardens
D. it is in a hilly area with sandy sil
60.What was the greatest cntributin f the Brenninkmeijers t Hilversum?
A. Building a railway link t Amsterdam
B. Helping its textile industry t develp
C. Cnstructing large villas fr the pr
D. Assisting its agricultural industry
61.The beginning f the media industry in Hilversum was marked by the establishment f ______.
A. a radi factry
B. the medial capital
C. a radi statin
D. a TV statin
62.What is knwn abut W.M. Dudk’s Hilversum Twn Hall?
A. It cnsists f apprximately 75 buildings
B. It lks like an pen air museum in the city
C. It is a classic example in architecture textbks
D. It has shaped mst f century Hilvesum.
Passage 16
【2015年湖北卷】The ddness f life in space never quite ges away. Here are sme examples.
First cnsider smething as simple as sleep. Its psitin presents its wn challenges. The main questin is whether yu want yur arms inside r utside the sleeping bag. If yu leave yur arms ut, they flat free in zer gravity, ften giving a sleeping astrnaut the lk f a funny ballet（芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hpkins says, wh returned frm a six-mnth tur n the Internatinal Space Statin. “I like t be wrapped up.”
On the statin, the rdinary becmes strange. The exercise bike fr the American astrnauts has n handlebars. It als has n seat. With n gravity, it’s just as easy t pedal vilently. Yu can watch a mvie while yu pedal by flating a micrcmputer anywhere yu want. But statin residents have t be careful abut staying in ne place t lng. Withut gravity t help circulate air, the carbn dixide yu exhale (呼气) has a tendency t frm an invisible （隐形的）clud arund yur head. Yu can end up with what astrnauts call a carbn-dixide headache.
Lery Chia, 54, an American retired astrnaut after fur flights, describes what happens even befre yu flat ut f yur seat.”Yur inner ear thinks yur’re falling . Meanwhile yur eyes are telling yu yu’re standing straight. That can be annying—that’s why sme peple feel sick.” Within a cuple days —truly terrible days fr sme —astrnauts’ brains learn t ignre the panicky signals frm the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.
Space travel can be s delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerus. Fr instance, astrnauts lse bne mass. That’s why exercise is cnsidered s vital that Natinal Aernautics and Space Administratin (NASA) puts it right n the wrkday schedule. The fcus n fitness is as much abut science and the future as it is abut keeping any individual astrnauts healthy. NASA is wrried abut tw things: recvery time nce astrnauts return hme, and, mre imprtantly, hw t maintain strength and fitness fr the tw and a half years r mre that it wuld take t make a rund-trip t Mars.
63.What is the majr challenge t astrnauts when they sleep in space?
A. Deciding n a prper sleep psitin
B. Chsing a cmfrtable sleeping bag
C. Seeking a way t fall asleep quickly
D. Finding a right time t g t sleep.
64.The astrnauts will suffer frm a carbn-dixide headache when _____.
A. the y circle arund n their bikes
B. they use micrcmputers withut a stp
C. they exercise in ne place fr a lng time
D. they watch a mvie while pedaling
65.Sme astrnauts feel sick n the statin during the first few days because _____.
A. their senses stp wrking
B. they have t stand up straight
C. they flat ut f their seats unexpectedly
D. their brains receive cntradictry messages
66.One f the NASA’s majr cncerns abut astrnauts is _____.
A. hw much exercise they d n the statin
B. hw they can remain healthy fr lng in space
C. whether they can recver after returning hme
D. whether they are able t g back t the statin
Passage 17
【2015年湖南卷】
In its early histry,Chicag had flds frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets s muddy that peple, hrses, and carts gt stuck. An ld jke that was ppular at the time went smething like this: A man is stuck up t his waist in a muddy Chicag street. Asked if he needs help,he replies, "N,thanks. I’ve gt a gd hrse under me."
The city planners decided t build an undergrund drainage(排水)system,but there simply wasn’t enugh difference between the height f the grund level and the water level. The nly tw ptins were t lwer the Chicag River r raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrugh cnvinced the city that it had n chice but t build the pipes abve grund and then cver them with dirt.This raised the level f the city’s streets by as much as 12 feet.
This f curse created a new prblem:dirt practically buried the first flrs f every building in Chicag.Building wners were faced with a chice: either change the first flrs f their buildings int basements, and the secnd stries int main flrs, r hist the entire buildings t meet the new street level. Small wd-frame buildings culd be lifted fairly easily. But what abut large, heavy structures like the Tremnt Htel, which was a six-stry brick building?
That’s where Gerge Pullman came in. He had develped sme huse-mving skills successfully. T lift a big structure like the Tremnt Htel, Pullman wuld place thusands f jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶)beneath the building’s fundatin. One man was assigned t perate each sectin f rughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amunt at the same time, thereby raising the building slwly and evenly. Astnishingly, the Tremnt Htel stayed pen during the entire peratin, and many f its guests didn’t even ntice anything was happening.
Sme peple like t say that every prblem has a slutin. But in Chicag’s early histry, every engineering slutin seemed t create a new prblem. Nw that Chicag’s waste water was draining efficiently int the Chicag River, the city’s next step was t clean the plluted river.
61. The authr mentins the jke t shw_______.
A. hrses were fairly useful in Chicag
B. Chicag’s streets were extremely muddy
C. Chicag was very dangerus in the spring
D. the Chicag peple were particularly humrus
62. The city planners were cnvinced by Ellis Chesbrugh t _______.
A. get rid f the street dirt
B. lwer the Chicag River
C. fight against heavy flds
D. build the pipes abve grund
63. The underlined wrd "hist" in Paragraph 4 means "_______".
A. change B. lift C. repair D. decrate
64. What can we cnclude abut the mving peratin f the Tremnt Htel?
A. It went n smthly as intended.
B. It interrupted the business f the htel.
C. It invlved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.
D. It separated the building frm its fundatin.
65. The passage is mainly abut early Chicag’s_______.
A. ppular lifestyles and their influences
B. envirnmental disasters and their causes
C. engineering prblems and their slutins
D. successful businessmen and their achievements
Passage18
【2015年湖南卷】 Have yur parents ever inspected yur rm t see if yu cleaned it prperly? Imagine having yur entire huse, garage, and yard inspected at any time — with n warning. Inspectins were a regular part f lighthuse(灯塔) living, and a keeper’s reputatin depended n the results. A few times each year, an inspectr arrived t lk ver the entire light statin. The inspectins were suppsed t be a surprise, but keepers smetimes had advance ntice.
Once lighthuses had telephnes, keepers wuld call each ther t warn that the inspectr was appraching. After bats began flying special flags nting the inspectr was abard, the keeper’s family made it a game t see wh culd ntice the bat first. As sn as smene sptted the bat, everyne wuld d last-minute tidying and change int fancy clthes. The keeper then scurried t put n his dress unifrm and cap. Children f keepers remember inspectrs wearing white glves t run their fingers ver dr frames and windwsills lking fr dust.
Despite the serius nature f inspectins, they resulted in sme funny mments. Betty Byrnes remembered when her mther did nt have time t wash all the dishes befre an inspectin. At the time, peple did nt have dishwashers in their hmes. In an effrt t clean up quickly, Mrs. Byrnes tssed all the dishes int a big bread pan, cvered them with a clth, and stuck them in the ven. If the inspectr pened the ven dr, it wuld lk like bread was baking. He never did.
One day, Glenn Furst’s mther put il n the kitchen flr just befre the inspectr entered their huse. Like flr wax, the il made the flrs shiny and helped prtect the wd. This time, thugh, she used a little t much il. When the inspectr extended his hand t greet Glenn’s mther, he slipped n the freshly iled surface. "He came acrss that flr waving his arms like a yung bird attempting its first flight," Glenn later wrte. After he steadied himself, he shk Glenn’s mther’s hand, and the inspectin cntinued as thugh nthing had happened.
66. What des Paragraph 1 tell us abut the inspectin at the light statin?
A. It was carried ut nce a year.
B. It was ften annunced in advance.
C. It was imprtant fr the keeper’s fame.
D. It was fcused n the garage and yard.
67. The family began making preparatins immediately after .
A. ne f the members saw the bat
B. a warning call reached the lighthuse
C. the keeper put n the dress unifrm and cap
D. the inspectr flew special flags in the distance[来源:Z*xx*k.Cm]
68. Mrs. Byrnes put the dishes in the ven because this wuld .
A. result in sme fun
B. speed up washing them
C. make her hme lk tidy
D.be a demand frm the inspectr
69. If the inspectr had pened the ven dr, he wuld have seen .
A.an empty pan
B. many clean dishes
C. pieces f baked bread
D. a clth cvering smething
70. The inspectr waved his arms .
A.t try his best t keep steady
B.t shw his satisfactin with the flr
C.t extend a warm greeting t Glenn’s mther
D.t express his intentin t cntinue the inspectin

Passage 19
【2015年江苏卷】In the United States alne, ver 100 millin cell-phnes are thrwn away each year. Cell-phnes are part f a grwing muntain f electrnic waste like cmputers and persnal digital assistants. The electrnic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditinal garbage as a whle.
Electrnic devices cntain valuable metals such as gld and silver. A Swiss study reprted that while the weight f electrnic gds represented by precius metals was relatively small in cmparisn t ttal waste, the cncentratin(含量) f gld and ther precius metals was higher in s-called e-waste than in naturally ccurring minerals.
Electrnic wastes als cntain many pisnus metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals remved, the recycling prcess ften is carried ut in pr cuntries, in practically uncntrlled ways which allw many pisnus substances t escape int the envirnment.
Creating prducts ut f raw materials creates much mre waste material, up t 100 times mre, than the material cntained in the finished prducts. Cnsider again the cell-phne, and imagine the mines that prduced thse metals, the factries needed t make the bx and packaging (包装) it came in. Many wastes prduced in the prducing prcess are harmful as well.
The U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency ntes that mst waste is dangerus in that "the prductin, distributin, and use f prducts — as well as management f the resulting waste — all result in greenhuse gas release. "Individuals can reduce their cntributin by creating less waste at the start — fr instance, buying reusable prducts and recycling.
In many cuntries the cncept f extended prducer respnsibility is being cnsidered r has been put in place as an incentive(动机) fr reducing waste. If prducers are required t take back packaging they use t sell their prducts, wuld they reduce the packaging in the first place?
Gvernments’ incentive t require prducers t take respnsibility fr the packaging they prduce is usually based n mney. Why, they ask, shuld cities r twns be respnsible fr paying t deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫) that encased yur televisin?
Frm the gvernments’ pint f view, a primary gal f laws requiring extended prducer respnsibility is t transfer bth the csts and the physical respnsibility f waste management frm the gvernment and tax-payers back t the prducers.
58.By mentining the Swiss study, the authr intends t tell us that ________.
A. the weight f e-gds is rather small
B. e-waste deserves t be made gd use f
C. natural minerals cntain mre precius metals
D. the percentage f precius metals is heavy in e-waste
59.The respnsibility f e-waste treatment shuld be extended ________.
A. frm prducers t gvernmentsB. frm gvernments t prducers
C. frm individuals t distributrsD. frm distributrs t gvernments
60.What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. The increase in e-waste. B. The creatin f e-waste.
C. The seriusness f e-waste.D. The management f e-waste.
Passage 20
【2015年江苏卷】Freedm and Respnsibility
Freedm’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serius tpic. We are facing tday a strange new wrld and we are all wndering what we are ging t d with it.
Sme 2,500 years ag Greece discvered freedm. Befre that there was n freedm. There were great civilizatins, splendid empires, but n freedm anywhere. Egypt and Babyln were bth tyrannies, ne very pwerful man ruling ver helpless masses.
In Greece, in Athens(雅典), a little city in a little cuntry, there were n helpless masses. And Athenians willingly beyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be beyed if free men live tgether. They must shw each ther kindness and pity and the many qualities withut which life wuld be very painful unless ne chse t live alne in the desert. The Athenians never thught that a man was free if he culd d what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-cntrlled. T make yurself bey what yu apprved was freedm. They were saved frm lking at their lives as their wn private affair. Each ne felt respnsible fr the welfare f Athens, nt because it was frced n him frm the utside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief f the first free gvernment in the wrld was liberty fr all men wh culd cntrl themselves and wuld take respnsibility fr the state.
But discvering freedm is nt like discvering cmputers. It cannt be discvered nce fr all. If peple d nt prize it, and wrk fr it, it will g. Cnstant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that tk place withut being nticed thugh it was f the extreme imprtance, a spiritual change which affected the whle state. It had been the Athenian’s pride and jy t give t their city. That they culd get material benefits frm her never entered their minds. There had t be a cmplete change f attitude befre they culd lk at the city as an emplyer wh paid her citizens fr ding her wrk. Nw instead f men giving t the state, the state was t give t them. What the peple wanted was a gvernment which wuld prvide a cmfrtable life fr them; and with this as the primary bject, ideas f freedm and self-reliance and respnsibility were neglected t the pint f disappearing. Athens was mre and mre lked n as a cperative business pssessed f great wealth in which all citizens had a right t share.
Athens reached the pint when the freedm she really wanted was freedm frm respnsibility. There culd be nly ne result. If men insisted n being free frm the burden f self-dependence and respnsibility fr the cmmn gd, they wuld cease t be free. Respnsibility is the price every man must pay fr freedm. It is t be had n n ther terms. Athens, the Athens f Ancient Greece, refused respnsibility; she reached the end f freedm and was never t have it again.
But, "the excellent becmes the permanent, "Aristtle said. Athens lst freedm frever, but freedm was nt lst frever fr the wrld. A great American, James Madisn, referred t: "The capacity(能力) f mankind fr self-gvernment. "N dubt he had nt an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was nt in the farthest backgrund f his mind, but nce man has a great and gd idea, it is never cmpletely lst. The Digital Age cannt destry it. Smehw in this r that man’s thught such an idea lives thugh uncnsidered by the wrld f actin. One can never be sure that it is nt n the pint f breaking ut int actin nly sure that it will d s smetime.
65.What des the underlined wrd "tyrannies" in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Cuntries where their peple need help.
B. Pwerful states with higher civilizatin.
C. Splendid empires where peple enjy freedm.
D. Gvernments ruled with abslute pwer.
66.Peple believing in freedm are thse wh _________.
A. regard their life as their wn businessB. seek gains as their primary bject
C. behave within the laws and value systemsD. treat thers with kindness and pity
67.What change in attitude tk place in Athens?
A. The Athenians refused t take their respnsibility.
B. The Athenians n lnger tk pride in the city.
C. The Athenians benefited spiritually frm the gvernment.
D. The Athenians lked n the gvernment as a business.
68.What des the sentence "There culd be nly ne result. "in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Athens wuld cntinue t be free.
B. Athens wuld cease t have freedm.
C. Freedm wuld cme frm respnsibility.
D. Freedm wuld stp Athens frm self-dependence.
69.Why des the authr refer t Aristtle and Madisn?
A. The authr is hpeful abut freedm.
B. The authr is cautius abut self-gvernment.
C. The authr is skeptical f Greek civilizatin.
D. The authr is prud f man’s capacity.
70.What is the authr’s understanding f freedm?
A. Freedm can be mre ppular in the digital age.
B. Freedm may cme t an end in the digital age.
C. Freedm shuld have pririty ver respnsibility.
D. Freedm needs t be guaranteed by respnsibility.
Passage 21
【2015年陕西卷】The prductin f cffee beans is a huge, prfitable business, but, unfrtunately, full-sun prductin is taking ver the industry and bringing abut a lt f damage. The change in hw cffee is grwn frm shade-grwn prductin t full-sun prductin endangers the very existence f certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the wrld’s eclgical balance.
On a lcal level, the damage f the frest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade f the frest trees prvides a hme fr birds and ther species(物种)that depend n the trees’ flwers and fruits. Full-sun cffee grwers destry this frest hme. As a result, many species are quickly dying ut.
On a mre glbal level, the destructin f the rainfrest fr full-sun cffee fields als threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research ften makes use f the frests’ plant and animal life, and the destructin f such species culd prevent researchers frm finding cures fr certain diseases. In additin, new cffee-grwing techniques are pisning the water lcally, and eventually the wrld’s grundwater.
Bth lcally and glbally, the cntinued spread f full-sun cffee plantatins(种植园)culd mean the destructin f the rainfrest eclgy. The lss f shade trees is already causing a slight change in the wrld’s climate, and studies shw that the lss f xygen-giving trees als leads t air pllutin and glbal warming. Mrever, the new grwing techniques are cntributing t acidic(酸性的)sil cnditins.
It is bvius that the way much cffee is grwn affects many aspects f life, frm the lcal envirnment t the glbal eclgy. But cnsumers d have a chice. They can purchase shade-grwn cffee whenever pssible, althugh at a higher cst. The future health f the planet and mankind is surely wrth mre than an inexpensive cup f cffee.
54.What can we learn abut full-sun cffee prductin frm Paragraph 4?
A. It limits the spread f new grwing techniques.
B. It leads t air pllutin and glbal warming.
C. It slws dwn the lss f shade trees.
D. It imprves lcal sil cnditins.
55.The purpse f the text is t .
A. entertainB. advertiseC instructD. persuade
58.Where des this text prbably cme frm?
A. An agricultural magazine.B.A medical jurnal.
C. An engineering textbk.D.A turist guide.
59.Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the whle text?
（P：Paragraph)


Passage 22
【2015年陕西卷】Parents wh help their children with hmewrk may actually be bringing dwn their schl grades. Other frms f parental invlvement, including vlunteering at schl and bserving a child’s class, als fail t help, accrding t the mst recent study n the tpic.
The findings challenge a key principle f mdern parenting(养育子女)where schls expect them t act as partners in their children’s educatin. Previus generatins cncentrated n getting children t schl n time, fed, dressed and ready t learn.
Keith Rbinsn, the authr f the study, said, "I really dn’t knw if the public is ready fr this but there are sme ways parents can be invlved in their kids’ educatin that leads t declines in their academic perfrmance. One f the things that were cnsistently negative was parents’ help with hmewrk. "Rbinsn suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle t understand the tasks. "They may either nt remember the material their kids are studying nw, r in sme cases never learnt it themselves, but they’re still ffering advice."
Rbinsn assessed parental invlvement perfrmance and fund ne f the mst damaging things a parent culd d was t punish their children fr pr marks. In general, abut 20% f parental invlvement was psitive, abut 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
Cmmn sense suggests it was a gd thing fr parents t get invlved because "children with gd academic success d have invlved parents", admitted Rbinsn. But he argued that this did nt prve parental invlvement was the rt cause f that success. "A big surprise was that Asian-American parents whse kids are ding s well in schl hardly invlved. They tk a mre reasnable apprach, cnveying t their children hw success at schl culd imprve their lives."
58.The underlined expressin "parental invlvement" in Paragraph 1 prbably means________.
A. parents’ expectatin n children’s health
B. parents’ participatin in children’s educatin
C. parents’ cntrl ver children’s life
D. parents’ plan fr children’s future
59.What is the majr finding f Rbinsn’s study?
A. Mdern parents raise children in a mre scientific way.
B. Punishing kids fr bad marks is mentally damaging.
C. Parental invlvement is nt s beneficial as expected.
D. Parents are nt able t help with children’s hmewrk.
60.The example f Asian-American parents implies that parents shuld________.
A. help children realize the imprtance f schling
B. set a specific life gal fr their children
C. spend mre time imprving their wn lives
D. take a mre active part in schl management

Passage 23
【2015年四川卷】 Acrss Britain, burnt tast will be served t mthers in bed this mrning as lder sns and daughters rush t deliver their supermarket bunches f flwers. But, accrding t a new study, we shuld be placing a higher value n mtherhd all year.
Mthers have lng knwn that their hme wrklad was just as heavy as paid wrk. Nw, the new study has shwn that if they were paid fr their parental laburs, they wuld earn as much as£172,000 a year.
The study lked at the range f jbs mthers d, as well as the hurs they are wrking, t determine the figure. This wuld make their yearly incme £30，000 mre than the Prime Minister earns.
By analysing the numbers, it fund the average mther wrks 119 hurs a week,40 f which wuld usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hurs as vertime. After questining 1,000 mthers with children under 18,it fund that ,n mst days, mums started their rutine wrk at 7am and finished at arund 11pm.
T calculate just hw much mthers wuld earn frm that labur, it suggested sme f the rles that mums culd take n, including husekeeper, part-time lawyer, persnal trainer and entertainer. Being a part-time lawyer, at £48.98 an hur, wuld prve t be the mst prfitable f the “mum jbs”, with psychlgist（心理学家）a clse secnd.
It als asked mthers abut the challenges they face, with 80 percent making emtinal（情感的） demand as the hardest thing abut mtherhd.
Over a third f mums felt they needed mre training and arund half said they missed ging ut with friends.
The study shws mthers matter all year lng and nt just n Mther’s Day. The emtinal, physical and mental energy mthers devte t their children can be never-ending, but children are als surces f great jy and happiness. Investing（投入）in time fr parenting and raising relatinships is mney well spent.
38.Hw much wuld a mther earn a year if wrking as the Prime Minister?
A.￡30,000. B.￡142,000.
C.￡172,000. D.￡202,000.
39. The biggest challenge fr mst mthers is frm .
A.emtinal demand B.lw pay fr wrk
C.heavy wrklad D.lack f training
40.What is stressed in the last paragraph?
A.Mthers’imprtance shws in family all year lng.
B.The sacrifices mthers make are huge but wrthwhile.
C.Mthers’devtin t children can hardly be calculated.
D.Investing time in parenting wuld bring a financial return.
41.What can we cnclude frm the study?
A.Mthers’wrking hurs shuld be largely reduced.
B.Mthers shuld balance their time fr wrk and rest.
C.Mthers’labur is f a higher value than it is realised.
D.Mthers shuld be freed frm husewrk fr scial life.
Passage 24
【2015年四川卷】Their cheery sng brightens many a winter's day. But rbins are in danger f wearing themselves ut by singing t much. Rbins are singing all night — as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.
David Dminni, f Glasgw University, said that light frm street lamps, takeaway signs and hmes is affecting the birds' bilgical clcks, leading t them being wide awake when they shuld be asleep.
Dr Dminni, wh is putting cameras inside nesting bxes t track sleeping patterns, said lack f sleep culd put the birds' health at risk. His study shws that when rbins are expsed t light at night in the lab, it leads t sme genes being active at the wrng time f day. And the mre birds are expsed t light, the mre active they are at night.
He tld peple at a cnference, "There have been a cuple f studies suggesting they are increasing their sng utput at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a cstly behaviur and it takes energy. S by increasing their sng utput, there might be sme csts f energy."
And it is nt just rbins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are als being mre ncturnal. Dr Dminni said, "In Glasgw where I live, gulls are a serius prblem. I have peple cming t me saying ‘Yu are the bird expert. Can yu help us kill these gulls?'. During the breeding(繁殖)seasn, between April and June, they are very active at night and very nisy and peple can't sleep."
Althugh Dr Dminni has nly studied light pllutin, ther research cncluded that rbins living in nisy cities have started t sing at night t make themselves heard ver lud nise.
Hwever, sme birds thrive(兴旺)in nisy envirnments. A study frm Califrnia Plytechnic State University fund mre hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thught that they are capitalising n their predatrs(天敌)fleeing t quieter areas.
42. Accrding t Dr Dminni's study, what causes rbins t sing s much?
A. The breeding seasn. B. The light in mdem life
C. The dangerus envirnment.D. The nise frm heavy machinery.
43. What is the researchers' cncern ver the increase f birds' sng utput?
A. The envirnment might be plluted.
B. The birds' health might be damaged.
C. The industry cst might be increased.
D. The peple's hearing might be affected.
44. What des the underlined wrd "ncturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D.Inactive during the day.
45. Why d sme birds thrive in nisy envirnments?
A. Because there are fewer dangers.
B. Because there is mre fd t eat.
C. Because there is less light pllutin
D. Because there are mre places t take shelter.
Passage 25
【2015年四川卷】N ne is sure hw the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cair. But a new study suggests they used a little rck‘n’rll. Lng-ag builders culd have attached wden ples t the stnes and rlled them acrss the sand, the scientists say.
“Technically, I think what they’re prpsing is pssible,” physicist Daniel Bnn said.
Peple have lng puzzled ver hw the Egyptians mved such huge rcks. And there’s n bvius answer. On average, each f the tw millin big stnes weighed abut as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians smehw mved the stne blcks t the pyramid site frm abut ne kilmeter away.
The mst ppular view is that Egyptian wrkers slid the blcks alng smth paths. Many scientists suspect wrkers first wuld have put the blcks n sleds(滑板). Then they wuld have dragged them alng paths. T make the wrk easier, wrkers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay r with the fat frm cattle. Bnn has nw tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy bjects ver sand.
Evidence frm the sand supprts this idea. Researchers fund small amunts f fat, as well as a large amunt f stne and the remains f paths.
Hwever, physicist Jseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, wh led the new study. West said, “I was inspired while watching a televisin prgram shwing hw sleds might have helped with pyramid cnstructin. I thught, ‘Why dn’t they just try rlling the things?’ ” A square culd be turned int a rugh srt f wheel by attaching wden ples t its sides, he realized. That, he ntes, shuld make a blck f stne “a lt easier t rll than a square”.
S he tried it.
He and his students tied sme ples t each f fur sides f a 30-kilgram stne blck. That actin turned the blck int smewhat a wheel. Then they placed the blck n the grund.
They wrapped ne end f a rpe arund the blck and pulled. The researchers fund they culd easily rll the blck alng different kinds f paths. They calculated that rlling the blck required abut as much frce as mving it alng a slippery(滑的) path.
West hasn’t tested his idea n larger blcks, but he thinks rlling has clear advantages ver sliding. At least, wrkers wuldn’t have needed t carry cattle fat r water t smth the paths.
46.It’s widely believed that the stne blcks were mved t the pyramid site by ______.
A.rlling them n rads
B.pushing them ver the sand
C.sliding them n smth paths
D.dragging them n sme ples
47.The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means____.
A.made the paths wet
B.made the paths hard
C.made the paths wide
D.made the paths slippery
48.What des the underlined wrd “it”in Paragraph 7 refer t?
A.Rlling the blcks with ples attached.
B.Rlling the blcks n wden wheels.
C.Rlling ples t mve the blcks.
D.Rlling the blcks with fat.
49. Why is rlling better than sliding accrding t West ?
A. Because mre frce is needed fr sliding.
B. Because rlling wrk can be dne by fewer cattle.
C. Because sliding n smth rads is mre dangerus.
D. Because less preparatin n paths is needed fr rlling.
50. What is the text mainly abut ?
A. An experiment n ways f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
B. An applicatin f the methd f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
C. An argument abut different methds f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
D. An intrductin t a pssible new way f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
Passage 26
【2015年天津卷】Whether in the hme r the wrkplace, scial rbts are ging t becme a lt mre cmmn in the next few years. Scial rbts are abut t bring technlgy t the everyday wrld in a mre humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the rbt cmpany Jib.
While husehld rbts tday d the nrmal husewrk, scial rbts will be much mre like cmpanins than mere tls. Fr example, these rbts will be able t distinguish when smene is happy r sad. This allws them t respnd mre apprpriately t the user.
The Jib rbt, arranged t ship later this year, is designed t be a persnalized assistant. Yu can talk t the rbt, ask it questins, and make requests fr it t perfrm different tasks. The rbt desn’t just deliver general answers t questins; it respnds based n what it learns abut each individual in the husehld. It can d things such as reminding an elderly family member t take medicine r taking family phts.
Scial rbts are nt just finding their way int the hme. They have ptential applicatins in everything frm educatin t health care and are already finding their way int sme f these spaces.
Fellw Rbts is ne cmpany bringing scial rbts t the market. The cmpany’s “Oshbt” rbt is built t assist custmers in a stre, which can help the custmers find items and help guide them t the prduct’s lcatin in the stre. It can als speak different languages and make recmmendatins fr different items based n what the custmer is shpping fr.
The mre interactin the rbt has with humans, the mre it learns. But Oshbt, like ther scial rbts, is nt intended t replace wrkers, but t wrk alngside ther emplyees. “We have technlgies t train scial rbts t d things nt fr us, but with us,” said Breazeal.
41. Hw are scial rbts different frm husehld rbts?
A. They can cntrl their emtins.B. They are mre like humans.
C. They d the nrmal husewrk.D. They respnd t users mre slwly.
42. What can a Jib rbt d accrding t Paragraph 3?
A. Cmmunicate with yu and perfrm peratins.
B. Answer yur questins and make requests.
C. Take yur family pictures and deliver milk.
D. Obey yur rders and remind yu t take pills.
43. What can Oshbt wrk as?
A. A language teacher.B. A tur guide.
C. A shp assistant.D. A private nurse.
44. We can learn frm the last paragraph that scial rbts will ____________.
A. train emplyeesB. be ur wrkmates
C. imprve technlgiesD. take the place f wrkers
45. What des the passage mainly present?
A. A new design idea f husehld rbts.
B. Marketing strategies fr scial rbts.
C. Infrmatin n husehld rbts.
D. An intrductin t scial rbts.