练习 专辑9 阅读理解推理判断之写作方法 （教师版+学生版）

这是一份练习 专辑9 阅读理解推理判断之写作方法 （教师版+学生版），文件包含考点9阅读理解推理判断之写作方法教师版docx、考点9阅读理解推理判断之写作方法学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共33页， 欢迎下载使用。

1. 三年真题考点分布
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对写作方法进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容推断写作手法。推断写作方法的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，断定文章采用的写作方法，即举例说明法、比较说明法、对比说明或论证法、设问引起读者注意等；2.根据文章内容，如果是记叙文，通常采用以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。也可能是倒叙的方法。
【备考策略】系统归类推断文章写作方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。
【命题预测】
通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。因此，推断文章写作方法的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。
【2023年高考命题预测】
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。预测在2023高考中，写作手法有可能会在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【推理判断之写作手法考点指南】
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）Hw is the passage rganized?
（2）The authr develps the passage mainly by _________.
（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（4）The example f … is given t shw/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grwn-ups are ften surprised by hw well they remember smething they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man wh has nt had a chance t g swimming fr years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get n a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his sn. A mther wh has nt thught abut the wrds fr years can teach her daughter the pem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" r remember the stry f Cinderella r Gldilcks and the Three Bears.
One explanatin is the law f verlearning, which can be stated as fllws: Once we have learned smething, additinal learning trials(尝试) increase the length f time we will remember it.
In childhd we usually cntinue t practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball lng after we have learned them. We cntinue t listen t and remind urselves f wrds such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhd tales such as Cinderella and Gldilcks. We nt nly learn but verlearn.
The multiplicatin tables(乘法口诀表) are an exceptin t the general rule that we frget rather quickly the things that we learn in schl, because they are anther f the things we verlearn in childhd.
The law f verlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)fr an examinatin, thugh it may result in a passing grade, is nt a satisfactry way t learn a cllege curse. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enugh t get by n the examinatin, but he is likely sn t frget almst everything he learned. A little verlearning, n the ther hand, is really necessary fr ne's future develpment.
68.The authr explains the law f ver learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting dwn general rules
C. making a cmparisn
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续学习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。
【答案】D
【解析】根据文章的内容可知：作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball lng after we have learned them和The multiplicatin tables(乘法口诀表) are an exceptin t the general rule that we frget rather quickly the things that we learn in schl, because they are anther f the things we verlearn in childhd.
1.【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】
Water equals life. This is true fr peple, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in sme lcatins, this is nt the case all ver the wrld. Nw scientists frm the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy (MIT) may have develped a way t change that.
The new desalinatin (脱盐) device prduces water actually abve the Wrld Health Organizatin standards, just by pushing a buttn. There are n filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical pwer t remve salt and ther particles (微粒) — including bacteria and viruses — frm the saltwater. This reduces the need fr cnstant maintenance.
Mst cmmercially available prtable desalinatin units use filters that require high-pressure pumps t push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allw it t be used in remte r resurce-limited places like small islands, ships, and even fr emergency use.
The device tk years t develp. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it was tested at Bstn’s Carsn Beach. The device prduced drinkable water in just half an hur.
The new desalinatin unit needs less pwer than a cell phne charger, reprted Fast Cmpany, and wrks using tw types f electrical fields t filter the saltwater. But best f all, it is designed t be used by average peple and nt engineers. In fact, the device nly has three buttns, ne t pwer the device, ne t start it, and ne t stp it.
The researchers are still wrking n a final design that culd use cheaper materials t make it ready by the end f next year. This small but mighty desalinatin unit may be the key t bringing safe water t a thirsty wrld.
1．What’s the advantage f the new desalinatin device?
A．It’s cnvenient.B．Ifs a lt cheaper.
C．It has imprved filters.D．It has a larger utput.
2．Hw is the third paragraph develped?
A．By making cmparisns.B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing causes.D．By listing figures.
3．What des the authr think is the mst utstanding quality f the new device?
A．It requires much less pwer.
B．It pssesses tw electrical fields.
C．It can be easily perated by rdinary peple.
D．It is cntrlled by the same buttn.
4．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Deeper research finds new cntents f seawater
B．Better methd imprves the quality f drinking water
C．Reprt shws a wrld thirsty fr safe drinking water
D．New prtable device makes seawater drinkable n the way
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The new desalinatin (脱盐) device prduces water actually abve the Wrld Health Organizatin standards, just by pushing a buttn.(这种新的海水脱盐装置只需要按下一个按钮，就能产生高于世界卫生组织标准的水)”可知，这个新的脱盐设备的优势是操作非常方便。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Mst cmmercially available prtable desalinatin units use filters that require high-pressure pumps t push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allw it t be used in remte r resurce-limited places like small islands, ships, and even fr emergency use.(大多数商业上可用的便携式海水脱盐装置使用的过滤器需要高压泵来推动水，这使得它们体积庞大，能源效率较低。这种无过滤器的MIT设备可以在偏远或资源有限的地方使用，比如小岛、船只，甚至是紧急情况下使用)”可知，第三段主要通过对比新的脱盐设备和其他商业上可用的便携式脱盐设备来说明新设备的优势。由此推知，这段是通过对比来发展的。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But best f all, it is designed t be used by average peple and nt engineers.(但最重要的是，它是为普通人而不是工程师设计的)”可知，作者认为这个新设备最突出的优点是普通人也可以轻松操作。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。由此可知，D项“新的便携式设备即将使海水可以饮用”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
2.【2023届江苏省徐州市高三5月考前模拟】
If reducing stress has been n yur summer t d list, there’s ne pwerful thing yu can still d befre the seasn ends: get in the habit f taking a walk utside with a friend.
A quick walk in nature with a friend cmbines three f the mst effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and scial cnnectin. The activity wrks by helping nrmalize the hrmnal changes that result frm lng time stress and enhancing the emtinal resurces that help us cpe.
Walking quickly activates(激活)the bdy`s stress respnse. And when the walk is ver, the stress system cmes back dwn t baseline. Regular exercise helps yur stress respnse becme mre efficient, says Jennifer Heisz, assciate prfessr at McMaster University.
As little as 10 minutes f sitting r walking in nature can decrease a persn’s heart rate, bld pressure and crtisl levels, as well as self-reprted stress levels. One pssible explanatin, the researchers say, is that spending time in nature lwers the activity f ur sympathetic nervus system, which regulates stress hrmnes, and taps int the parasympathetic(副交感)nervus system, which prmtes ur calm and relaxatin respnses.
Taking that hike with a lved ne can further reduce stress by adding the imprtant element f scial cnnectin. Talking with trusted friends helps peple prcess stressful events and lifts self-esteem. Scial supprt has psitive effects n the brain and bdy, scientific research finds.
Earlier this year, Cassie Mren was in a rut f stress and anxiety. She was starting a new jb, struggling t make new friends during the pandemic, and ging thrugh a breakup. Strlling alng the Hudsn River with ther wmen, the 26-year-ld Maine native says she felt an immediate surge f cnfidence and calm.
“I was, like, hw d we live here? Lk at the water! Lk at the Statue f Liberty! Hw did we get this lucky?” she says.
1．What is the purpse f paragraph 2?
A．T explain a rule.B．T clarify an argument.
C．T present a fact.D．T intrduce a tpic.
2．What is an advantage f spending time in nature?
A．Reducing bld pressure.B．Lifting self-esteem.
C．Raising stress hrmnes.D．Activating nervus system.
3．What des Cassie Mren’s remark in the last paragraph indicate?
A．She was refreshed with cnfidence.
B．She was in a state f stress and anxiety.
C．She was struggling thrugh a hard time.
D．She was amazed by the fantastic scenery.
4．Hw is the passage develped?
A．By giving explanatins.B．By making cmparisns.
C．By listing examples.D．By prving assumptins.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在大自然中快速行走有益于身心健康。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“A quick walk in nature with a friend cmbines three f the mst effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and scial cnnectin.(与朋友在大自然中快速漫步组合了三种最有效的减压和恢复能力建设技巧：体育锻炼、在大自然中度过时光和社交联系)”可知，此处是要回答上文的问题，可推理出此处要阐释上文提出的观点，故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“As little as 10 minutes f sitting r walking in nature can decrease a persn’s heart rate, bld pressure and crtisl levels, as well as self-reprted stress levels.(在大自然中坐着或走路只要10分钟，就能降低一个人的心率、血压和皮质醇水平，以及自我报告的压力水平)”可知，在大自然中坐着能降低血压水平，故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Strlling alng the Hudsn River with ther wmen, the 26-year-ld Maine native says she felt an immediate surge f cnfidence and calm.(这位26岁的缅因州本地人和其他女性一起沿着哈德逊河漫步，她说自己立刻涌起了一股自信和平静的力量)”可推理出，Cassie Mren感到信心十足，精神抖擞，故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If reducing stress has been n yur summer t d list, there’s ne pwerful thing yu can still d befre the seasn ends: get in the habit f taking a walk utside with a friend.( 如果减轻压力已经列入了你夏天的任务清单，那么在这个季节结束之前，你仍然可以做一件很有影响力的事情：养成和朋友出去散步的习惯)”、第二段“A quick walk in nature with a friend cmbines three f the mst effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and scial cnnectin.(与朋友在大自然中快速漫步组合了三种最有效的减压和恢复能力建设技巧：体育锻炼、在大自然中度过时光和社交联系)”、第四段“As little as 10 minutes f sitting r walking in nature can decrease a persn’s heart rate, bld pressure and crtisl levels, as well as self-reprted stress levels.(在大自然中坐着或走路只要10分钟，就能降低一个人的心率、血压和皮质醇水平，以及自我报告的压力水平)”以及倒数第二段“Strlling alng the Hudsn River with ther wmen, the 26-year-ld Maine native says she felt an immediate surge f cnfidence and calm.(这位26岁的缅因州本地人和其他女性一起沿着哈德逊河漫步，她说自己立刻涌起了一股自信和平静的力量)”可知，本文在开头提出概念，后续段落对这一概念进行解释，使用了解释概念的方式，故选A项。
基础过关
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2023届浙江省四校（杭州二中、温州中学、绍兴一中、金华一中）高三5月联考】
As an intense heat wave sweeps thrugh China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pls t stay cl, and dzens f cities, including Shanghai, Chngqing and Hangzhu, have issued their highest-level red alert warnings. Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius n July 13, matching the recrd set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced nly 16 days f 40°C-plus temperatures since the city began keeping recrds in 1873 shuld give us an idea abut the seriusness f the situatin.
Medical experts say extreme heat culd cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstrke and even death, with senir citizens and peple with lng-term illnesses particularly vulnerable t heat waves.
Extreme heat events, which began a mnth ag, have affected the lives f mre than 900 millin peple in China. Between June 1 and July 12, the average number f days with temperatures abve 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days ver nrmal years, breaking the natinal recrd set in 1961, accrding t the Natinal Climate Center.
Parts f Eurpe are als in the grip f heat waves and experiencing extreme weather events after the western part f Nrth America faced extreme heat waves last year. In respnse t the exceptinally high temperatures, the United Kingdm has declared a natinal emergency and issued the highest-level red alert warning fr Mnday and Tuesday fr the first time. Mre alarmingly, the average glbal temperature in June this year was 0.4°C higher than nrmal years and the highest since 1979, with temperatures in cuntries such as Spain, France and Italy exceeding 40°C．
Unfrtunately, extreme heat, which is directly related t climate change, will becme mre frequent and intense in the next 30 years, setting new recrds fr high temperatures. As glbal warming intensifies, lsses and devastatin will increase, frcing natural and human systems t raise their adaptatin limits.
1．What can we knw abut the heat waves this year?
A．It may cause mre harm t the ld and peple with lng-term illnesses.
B．The number f days abve 35°Cin June breaks the natinal recrd.
C．Shanghai has experienced a higher temperature than that in 2017.
D．The whle Eurpe as well as America are suffering frm the heat waves.
2．Hw des the authr develp the text?
A．By analyzing and cncluding.B．By explaining and cntrasting.
C．By giving examples and quting.D．By giving figures and cmparing.
3．Accrding t the writer, what is the trend f extreme heat?
A．Becming mre serius.B．Remaining stable.
C．Staying unpredictable.D．Getting cntrllable.
4．What is the text mainly abut?
A．The slutins t the climate change.B．The ecnmic lsses frm heat waves.
C．The increase f severe heat waves.D．The destructive effect f glbal warming.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了高温天气的危害以及高温天气的增加情况。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Medical experts say extreme heat culd cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstrke and even death, with senir citizens and peple with lng-term illnesses particularly vulnerable t heat waves.(医学专家表示，极端高温会导致恶心、疲劳、中暑甚至死亡，老年人和长期病患者尤其容易受到高温的影响)”可知，今年的高温可能对老年人和有长期疾病的人造成更大的伤害。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段“Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius n July 13, matching the recrd set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced nly 16 days f 40°C-plus temperatures since the city began keeping recrds in 1873 shuld give us an idea abut the seriusness f the situatin.(上海今年发布了三次红色预警，7月13日气温达到40.9摄氏度，追平了自1873年以来2017年创下的纪录。上海自1873年开始记录气温以来，只有16天气温超过40摄氏度，这一事实应该让我们了解到情况的严重性)”以及第三段“Extreme heat events, which began a mnth ag, have affected the lives f mre than 900 millin peple in China. Between June 1 and July 12, the average number f days with temperatures abve 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days ver nrmal years, breaking the natinal recrd set in 1961, accrding t the Natinal Climate Center.(一个月前开始的极端高温天气已经影响了中国9亿多人的生活。根据国家气候中心的数据，6月1日至7月12日期间，平均气温在35℃以上的天数为5.3天，比正常年份增加2.4天，打破了1961年创下的全国纪录)”可推知，作者通过给出数字和比较展开文章。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Unfrtunately, extreme heat, which is directly related t climate change, will becme mre frequent and intense in the next 30 years, setting new recrds fr high temperatures.(不幸的是，与气候变化直接相关的极端高温将在未来30年变得更加频繁和强烈，创造新的高温记录)”可知，根据作者的观点，极端高温的趋势会变得越来越严重。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“As an intense heat wave sweeps thrugh China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pls t stay cl, and dzens f cities, including Shanghai, Chngqing and Hangzhu, have issued their highest-level red alert warnings.(随着强烈的高温席卷中国，居民们纷纷到防空洞和游泳池寻求降温，包括上海、重庆和杭州在内的数十个城市发布了最高级别的红色预警)”结合文章主要说明了高温天气的危害以及高温天气的增加情况。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是严重高温的增加。故选C。
2.【2023年辽宁省高三第二次全省统考暨朝阳市第一高级中学高三四模】
Three Frmats f Bks
Printed bks are mstly prduced in three fundamental frmats: Hardcver, Trade Paperback, and Mass Market Paperback.
A hardcver (als knwn as hardback r hardbund) is a type f bk that is bund with hard and rigid prtective cvers and the pages are ften strngly held tgether with stiches r staples (缝线或订书钉). They are the mst expensive f the three frmats.
A trade paperback (mre cmmnly knwn as paperback) is a type f bk characterized by a thick paper r paperbard cver. Their pages are ften held with glue rather than stitches r staples. Trade paperbacks are cheaper than hardcvers but cstlier than mass market paperbacks.
Mass market paperbacks are basically small sized bks printed n a lwer quality paper with an inexpensive binding. They are cheaper t prduce and mstly sld in nntraditinal bkselling lcatins such as drugstres, supermarkets, railway statins, and airprts, as well as in traditinal bkstres.
Mass market paperbacks are prduced t target a bigger market. Due t their lw prductin cst they can be made available t a large mass f peple at cheaper and affrdable rates. Mass market paperback bks are smaller in size (usually abut 4 inches wide and 7 inches tall) and their fnt (字体) size is als cmparatively smaller. Besides, mass market paperbacks mstly d nt have any illustratins (pictures, diagrams, and ther decrative features) that may be present in the hardcver r the paperback frmats f that same bk.
Anther very imprtant feature f mass market paperbacks is that they are mstly strippable bks. “Strippable” simply means that a bk’s cver can be trn ff (r stripped f) by the bk retailers r distributr, and then sent back t the bk publisher fr a refund (退款；返还款). S, when the bksellers ntice that sme mass market paperback bks have been in stck fr a while and are nt selling well, they can simply strip ff the cvers f thse bks and return them t the publishers fr refund. The part f the bk left after the cver is sipped ff is illegal t sell and has t be recycled.
1．What’s special fr hardcver bks cmpared with the ther tw?
A．They’re nt easily brken.
B．Their cvers can be stripped ff.
C．They have the largest number f cnsumers.
D．They are f excellent quality and bargain price.
2．What frmat is suitable fr students’ textbks accrding t the text?
A．Hardcver.B．Trade paperback.
C．Mass market paperback.D．Hardbund.
3．What can yu learn abut mass market paperback bks frm the text?
A．They have varius decrative features.
B．Thse withut cvers can be sld cheaply.
C．Brchures belng t mass market paperback bks.
D．They can be returned t the publishers if nt damaged.
4．Hw des the writer develp this text?
A．By ffering figures.B．By telling a stry.
C．By giving examples.D．By making a cmparisn.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了三种格式的书：精装、普通平装和大众市场平装以及它们的特点。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A hardcver (als knwn as hardback r hardbund) is a type f bk that is bund with hard and rigid prtective cvers and the pages are ften strngly held tgether with stiches r staples (缝线或订书钉). (精装书是一种用坚硬的保护封面装订的书，书页通常用针或订书钉牢固地固定在一起。) ”，第三段“A trade paperback (mre cmmnly knwn as paperback) is a type f bk characterized by a thick paper r paperbard cver. Their pages are ften held with glue rather than stitches r staples. (普通平装书是一种以厚纸或纸板封面为特征的书。它们的书页通常是用胶水而不是针脚或订书钉固定的。)”和第四段“Mass market paperbacks are basically small sized bks printed n a lwer quality paper with an inexpensive binding. (大众市场的平装书基本上是用较低质量的纸张和廉价的装帧印刷的小尺寸书籍。)”可知与其他两种书籍相比，精装书比较结实，不容易坏，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“A trade paperback (mre cmmnly knwn as paperback) is a type f bk characterized by a thick paper r paperbard cver. Their pages are ften held with glue rather than stitches r staples. Trade paperbacks are cheaper than hardcvers but cstlier than mass market paperbacks. (普通平装书(通常称为平装书)是一种以厚纸或纸板封面为特征的书。它们的书页通常是用胶水而不是针脚或订书钉固定的。普通平装书比精装书便宜，但比大众市场的平装书贵。)”和第五段“Besides, mass market paperbacks mstly d nt have any illustratins (pictures, diagrams, and ther decrative features) that may be present in the hardcver r the paperback frmats f that same bk.(此外，大众市场的平装书大多没有任何插图（图片、图表和其他装饰特征），这些插图可能出现在同一本书的精装本或平装本中。)”可推断普通平装书更适合学生使用，它比精装书便宜，会有插图并且还比大众平装书结实，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Mass market paperbacks are prduced t target a bigger market. Due t their lw prductin cst they can be made available t a large mass f peple at cheaper and affrdable rates. Mass market paperback bks are smaller in size (usually abut 4 inches wide and 7 inches tall) and their fnt (字体) size is als cmparatively smaller. Besides, mass market paperbacks mstly d nt have any illustratins (pictures, diagrams, and ther decrative features) that may be present in the hardcver r the paperback frmats f that same bk. (大众市场的平装书是针对更大的市场而生产的。由于它们的低生产成本，它们可以以更便宜和负担得起的价格提供给大量的人。大众市场的平装书尺寸较小(通常约为4英寸宽，7英寸高)，字体也相对较小。此外，大众市场的平装书大多没有任何插图(图片、图表和其他装饰特征)，而在同一本书的精装书或平装书中可能会出现这些插图。)”由此可推测手册属于大众市场的平装书。故选C。
4．推理判断题。通读全文，可知文章介绍了三种格式的书：精装、普通平装和大众市场平装，并通过书籍的装订，纸张厚度，纸张规格，价格等方面进行比较来说明它们各自的特点，因此推断作者通过比较来展开这篇文章的，故选D。
3.【广东省汕尾、珠海市等大湾区联考2023届高三学生调研】
Research int scial rbts has shwn that machines that are at the cutting edge f interactin can respnd t feelings and emtinally care fr the weak, the elderly and children.
Rbin was designed as a cmpanin rbt t prvide emtinal supprt fr children receiving medical treatment. Rbin explains medical prcedures t them, plays games and tells stries, and during treatment distracts them t reduce their sense f pain. The rbt uses AI t understand ther peple’s feelings, remembering facial expressins and cnversatins t build dialgue fr fllw-up sessins. In trials at the Wigmre Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team fund that Rbin led t a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness f 26% in the 120 children wh interacted with him at least nce.
Healthcare rbts culd all benefit frm displaying emtinal intelligence, bth recgnizing and respnding t human emtins, and t sme extent, managing them. The prblem with this is the fear that human jbs may be lst as rbts becme better at handling scial situatins.
Ppulatin trends suggest that the demand fr rbts t wrk alngside peple in care situatins will grw ver time. By 2050, the number f peple aged 65 and ver glbally will be 1.6 billin (17%), rughly twice the prprtin f what it is tday. An extra 3.5 millin care wrkers will be needed and that will include emtinally intelligent rbts.
Tday’s simple systems are being trained t meet that demand. This includes a little wheeled rbt that can guess hw yu are feeling frm the way yu walk, and the rbt frm the University f Lincln in the UK —wh helps elderly peple t stay physically and mentally active.
The impact f scial rbts n ur lives t date has been tiny. But new mdels are being intrduced that culd make the breakthrugh. Human emtins are difficult t define, but as trust in rbts increases, breaking dwn the psychlgical barrier becmes easier t imagine.
1．What are scial rbts uniquely capable f?
A．Lifting heavy packages upstairs fr weak peple.
B．Teaching mentally ill teens emtinal expressins.
C．Cking delicius dishes fr the disabled at hme.
D．Playing sngs fr blind peple n their request.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．Rbin’s functin t reduce pain.
B．Rbin’s ppularity in hspitals.
C．Rbin’s practical applicatin.
D．Rbin’s success in passing tests.
3．Hw is paragraph 4 develped?
A．By cncluding viewpints.
B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making cmparisn.
D．By giving definitin.
4．What des the authr think f human jb replacement by rbts?
A．It is already happening thrughut UK.
B．Humans need t wrk hard t secure jbs.
C．Rbts can nly meet basic human needs.
D．It’s an unstppable and beneficial trend.
【文章大意】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了对社交机器人的研究：以Rbin为例，处于互动前沿的机器可以对情感做出反应，并在情感上照顾弱者、老人和儿童，作者认为用社交机器人来看护将会是一个不可阻挡的有益的趋势。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Research int scial rbts has shwn that machines that are at the cutting edge f interactin can respnd t feelings and emtinally care fr the weak, the elderly and children. (对社交机器人的研究表明，处于互动前沿的机器可以对情绪做出反应，并在情感上照顾弱者、老人和儿童。)”可知，社交机器人可以对情绪（feelings）作出回应并在情感上（emtinally）关爱弱者、老年人和小孩，这是它的不同之处，与题目中的uniquely相呼应，故B项“教患有精神疾病的青少年情绪表达”与文章内容相符，其余选项均非情感上的帮助。故选B项。
2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Rbin was designed as a cmpanin rbt t prvide emtinal supprt fr children receiving medical treatment. Rbin explains medical prcedures t them, plays games and tells stries, and during treatment distracts them t reduce their sense f pain. The rbt uses AI t understand ther peple’s feelings, remembering facial expressins and cnversatins t build dialgue fr fllw-up sessins. In trials at the Wigmre Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team fund that Rbin led t a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness f 26% in the 120 children wh interacted with him at least nce. (罗宾被设计成一个陪伴机器人，为接受治疗的儿童提供情感支持。罗宾向他们解释医疗程序，玩游戏，讲故事，并在治疗期间分散他们的注意力，以减轻他们的痛感。该机器人使用人工智能来理解他人的感受，记住面部表情和对话，为后续会话建立对话。在亚美尼亚埃里温威格莫尔医学（英国）儿科诊所的试验中，研究小组发现，在120名使用罗宾机器人的儿童中，他们的压力减少了34%，幸福感增加了26%)”可知，本段介绍了Rbin这款为接受治疗的孩子提供情感支持而设计的机器人的实际用途及其带来的积极影响。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Ppulatin trends suggest that the demand fr rbts t wrk alngside peple in care situatins will grw ver time. By 2050, the number f peple aged 65 and ver glbally will be 1.6 billin (17%), rughly twice the prprtin f what it is tday. An extra 3.5 millin care wrkers will be needed and that will include emtinally intelligent rbts. (人口趋势表明，随着时间的推移，对机器人与护理人员一起工作的需求将会增长。到2050年，全球65岁及以上的人口数量将达到16亿，占17%，大约是目前比例的两倍。英国还需要350万名护工，其中包括具有情感智能的机器人。)”可知，本段的中心句为第一句：人口趋势表明机器人与护理人员一起工作的需求将会逐步增长。接着，进一步阐述了原因：是未来老龄化人口的增长将导致护理人员需求的增加，其中也包括具有情感智能的机器人。因此，第四段是通过分析原因（analyze causes）展开的。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Research int scial rbts has shwn that machines that are at the cutting edge f interactin can respnd t feelings and emtinally care fr the weak, the elderly and children. (对社交机器人的研究表明，处于互动前沿的机器可以对情绪做出反应，并在情感上照顾弱者、老人和儿童。)”，第三段“The prblem with this is the fear that human jbs may be lst as rbts becme better at handling scial situatins. (问题在于，随着机器人变得更擅长处理社交场合，人们担心人类的工作可能会失去。)”，第四段“Ppulatin trends suggest that the demand fr rbts t wrk alngside peple in care situatins will grw ver time. (人口趋势表明，随着时间的推移，对机器人与护理人员一起工作的需求将会增长。)”可知，机器人在护理工作中会越来越多，呈增长趋势；以及最后一段“But new mdels are being intrduced that culd make the breakthrugh. Human emtins are difficult t define, but as trust in rbts increases, breaking dwn the psychlgical barrier becmes easier t imagine. (但可能会取得突破的新型号正在推出。人类的情感很难定义，但随着对机器人信任的增加，打破心理障碍变得更容易想象。)”可知，关于机器人取代人类来工作，因为能取得突破的社交机器人新型号的推出，以及人们对机器人的信任的增加，打破心理障碍也变得更有可能，作者对于社交机器人取代护理人员这一前景抱有期待，认为“机器人取代人类来做护理工作”有益且不可阻挡。故选D项。
4.【2023届广东省惠州市高三5月二模】
Peple prduce all kinds f fd waste. A news reprt in ur magazine published in Nvember last year shws that abut 60 millin metric tns f fd is wasted in the United States every year. (A metric tn is 1,000 kilgrams r 2,205 punds.)
The value f the waste is abut $162 billin. Abut half ends up in city landfills (垃圾填埋场). It csts lcal gvernment abut $1.5 billin a year t deal with them. The reprt says that ne third f all fd in the wrld is never eaten. The full cst f the wrld’s fd waste can be $400 billin a year. Billins can be saved if the amunt f fd waste is reduced. Mst f the fd is thrwn away by shpkeepers and cnsumers in wealthy natins. If it is saved, it culd feed 870 millin hungry peple f the wrld. A family f fur wastes abut $1,600 wrth f fd each year.
The prductin f fd uses large amunts f water, land and fertilizer. Fd waste in landfills creates methane—a pwerful greenhuse gas. This gas is abut seven percent f ttal pllutin wrldwide. Reducing fd waste can make a difference.
Cmpsting (堆制肥料) is ne slutin. Hwever, there are ther ways t reduce fd waste. Extending expiratin (终结) dates will reduce waste. Selling smaller bags f fd als will reduce waste. An expert said, “We need t find ways t deal with fd waste, but mst imprtantly, we need t prevent it at the first place.”
1．What des the authr want t tell us in Paragraph 2?
A．Many peple are facing hunger.
B．Fd waste is likely t increase.
C．Fd waste is caused fr varius reasns.
D．The prblem f fd waste is very serius.
2．What is the best slutin t fd waste?
A．T put preventin first.B．T build mre landfills.
C．T extend shelf life f fd.D．T make it int useful materials.
3．What can we learn abut the authr?
A．He is an editr.B．He is a TV reprter.
C．He is a public fficial.D．He is a prfessr assistant.
4．Hw is Paragraph 2 develped?
A．By listing data.B．By giving examples.
C．By prviding definitins.D．By making cmparisns.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是为了保护环境，如何减少食物浪费，如何处理食品废料也是一个严峻的问题，我们能为之做什么。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段的“The reprt says that ne third f all fd in the wrld is never eaten. The full cst f the wrld’s fd waste can be $400 billin a year. Billins can be saved if the amunt f fd waste is reduced. Mst f the fd is thrwn away by shpkeepers and cnsumers in wealthy natins.(该报告称，世界上三分之一的食物从未被食用过。全球食物浪费的总成本每年可达4000亿美元。如果减少食物浪费，可以节省数十亿美元。在富裕国家，大部分食品都被店主和消费者扔掉了。)”可知，在第二段中，作者想告诉我们食物浪费的问题非常严重。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“An expert said, “We need t find ways t deal with fd waste, but mst imprtantly, we need t prevent it at the first place.”(一位专家表示：“我们需要找到处理食物浪费的方法，但最重要的是，我们在一开始就要阻止浪费。”)”可知，解决食物浪费的最好办法是防止食物浪费，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章首段“A news reprt in ur magazine published in Nvember last year shws that abut 60 millin metric tns f fd is wasted in the United States every year.(我们杂志去年11月发表的一篇新闻报道显示，美国每年大约有6000万吨食物被浪费。)”推知，作者是一名杂志编辑，故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段“It csts lcal gvernment abut $1.5 billin a year t deal with them. The reprt says that ne third f all fd in the wrld is never eaten. The full cst f the wrld’s fd waste can be $400 billin a year.(当地政府每年要花费15亿美元来处理这些问题。该报告称，世界上三分之一的食物从未被食用过。全球食物浪费的总成本每年可达4000亿美元。)”和“If it is saved, it culd feed 870 millin hungry peple f the wrld. A family f fur wastes abut $1,600 wrth f fd each year.(如果它被节约下来，可以养活世界上8.7亿饥饿的人。一个四口之家每年浪费价值约1600美元的食物。)”可知，第二段是通过列出数据展开的，故选A。
5.【2023届湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学高三5月适应性考试】Have yu ever taken a persnality test and fund the results t be scarily accurate, checked yur hrscpe (星象学) and had everything cme true r taken an nline quiz that tld yu precisely what yur favrite Disney princess means abut yu? Well, we certainly have dne s t many times, s we decided t d a little investigatin int hw Internet quizzes, magazines and hrscpe bks seem t knw us s well.
We discvered that we’ve all been falling victim t the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenmenn that ccurs when individuals believe that persnality descriptins apply specifically t them, despite the fact that the descriptin is actually filled with infrmatin that applies t everyne. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famus 19th century shwman, wh wuld famusly say, “There’s a fl brn every minute.”
Indeed, Barnum prved t be right, as pseudscience (伪科学) — such as astrlgy and persnality test — remains ppular t this day. The Barnum effect explains why extremely general statements, such as the results f yur persnality test, seem s specific t yu. Dn’t believe us? Well, late psychlgy prfessr Bertram Frer ffered sme prf.
In a histric study, Frer cnducted a persnality test t his students. Frer cpied statements such as “Yu have a great need fr ther peple t like and admire yu.” and “Yu have a tendency t be critical f yurself” frm the newspaper’s hrscpe clumn and gave a test t every student, Frer asked his students t rate the accuracy f the test frm ne t five, with “ne” being the least accurate and “five” being the mst accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings frm students n the persnality test supprted the Barnum effect.
One f the mst imprtant factrs when reprducing this study is t keep the statements as vague as pssible, with a mix f mstly psitive and sme negative cntent. Fr example, using the phrase “at times” makes fr a pwerful Barnum Effect. See “At times yu are extrverted and sciable, while at ther times yu are intrverted and reserved”— wh wuld nt agree with that statement?
S, keep in mind that we are nt immune t the Barnum effect. Take everything yu hear with several grains f salt.
1．What is the purpse f Paragraph 2?
A．T present a cntrversial pinin.B．T prvide an example f an idea.
C．T ffer a slutin t a prblem.D．T define the meaning f a term.
2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．Ptential applicatin f the Barnum effect.B．Further explanatin f the Barnum effect.
C．Supprting evidence fr the Barnum effect.D．A reasnable dubt f the research prcess.
3．Why d s many peple believe the statements in hrscpe and persnality tests?
A．They are s specific.B．They are ambiguus.
C．They are psitive.D．They are believable.
4．Hw is the passage rganized?
A．Prblem—slutin.B．Cause—effect.
C．Phenmenn—analysis.D．Claim—cunterclaim.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章提出了“很多人相信占卜和性格测试等”这一现象并分析了其原因。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We discvered that we’ve all been falling victim t the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenmenn that ccurs when individuals believe that persnality descriptins apply specifically t them, despite the fact that the descriptin is actually filled with infrmatin that applies t everyne. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famus 19th century shwman, wh wuld famusly say, “There’s a fl brn every minute.”(我们发现我们都成了巴纳姆效应的受害者。巴纳姆效应是一种现象，当人们认为性格描述只适用于他们时，尽管事实上这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息。它是以19世纪著名的表演家P.T.巴纳姆的名字命名的，他有句名言：“每分钟都有一个傻瓜出生。”)”可知，文章第二段主要解释了巴纳姆效应的概念。由此推知，第二段的目的是给“巴纳姆效应”这一专业术语下定义。故选D项。
2．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Dn’t believe us? Well, late psychlgy prfessr Bertram Frer ffered sme prf.(不相信我们？嗯，已故的心理学教授Bertram Frer提供了一些证据)”和第四段“In a histric study, Frer cnducted a persnality test t his students. Frer cpied statements such as “Yu have a great need fr ther peple t like and admire yu.” and “Yu have a tendency t be critical f yurself” frm the newspaper’s hrscpe clumn and gave a test t every student, Frer asked his students t rate the accuracy f the test frm ne t five, with “ne” being the least accurate and “five” being the mst accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings frm students n the persnality test supprted the Barnum effect.(在一项历史研究中，弗莱尔对他的学生进行了性格测试。永远复制这样的话：“你非常需要别人喜欢和钦佩你。”和“你有挑剔自己的倾向”，然后给每个学生做了一个测试，让他的学生给测试的准确性打分，从1到5，“1”是最不准确的，“5”是最准确的。平均评分为4.26分。学生们在性格测试中普遍获得的高分支持了巴纳姆效应)”可知，文章第四段通过Frer对学生的性格测试，为巴纳姆效应提供论据。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We discvered that we’ve all been falling victim t the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenmenn that ccurs when individuals believe that persnality descriptins apply specifically t them, despite the fact that the descriptin is actually filled with infrmatin that applies t everyne.(我们发现我们都成了巴纳姆效应的受害者。巴纳姆效应是一种现象，当人们认为性格描述只适用于他们时，尽管事实上这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息)”以及倒数第二段“One f the mst imprtant factrs when reprducing this study is t keep the statements as vague as pssible, with a mix f mstly psitive and sme negative cntent.(在复制这项研究时，最重要的因素之一是让陈述尽可能模糊，主要是积极的内容和一些消极的内容)”可推知，很多人相信占卜和性格描述，是因为这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息，也就是说这些描述其实是很模棱两可的。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。阅读文章可知，文章第一段提出了“很多人相信占卜和性格测试等”这一现象，而后面几个段落都在分析其原因。由此可知，本文的篇章结构为“现象——分析”。故选C项。
6.【2023届重庆市巴蜀中学校高考适应性模拟预测5月】
“I knw when t g ut, and when t stay in.”, English rck star David Bwie nce cnfidently sang in his hit single. When it cmes t cnsuming fd, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-sngwriter is hard t achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better t eat ut than t rder hme delivery.
T begin with, when setting ft in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted nt nly by a server ready t seat us, but by a fld f physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decratin f the place, the nse breathes in the pleasant smell f expertly plated fd and the ears pick up n cmpeting sunds f custmer chatter and attractive in-stre music. T eat ut is t experience an atmsphere unique t each restaurant. Smething as special as that simply can’t be reprduced by rdering hme delivery. Eating ut is, withut dubt, the mre exciting and thus better chice.
Eating ut becmes even mre appealing when staying hme prves t painful. Whether it is because we need a temprary fight frm ur family r that we simply want t spend sme quality time utside with lved nes, ging ut fr a meal can be a break frm the hard labur f dmestic living.
We culd take it as an pprtunity fr self-care—t treat urselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and rdering a slightly mre luxurius meal t refresh ur weary sul. Ordering hme delivery wuld nly cntribute t feelings f being penned in while; eating ut is an escape fr the trapped individual. Fd delivery app users reasn it’s a truble and less cnvenient t dress up and eat ut.
Hwever, it’s wrth nting we may nt always get ur fd in the mst satisfactry cnditin when pting fr hme delivery. There’s a risk f receiving fd rders with missing items r even entirely wrng rders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice fr cnvenience might just wind up being incnvenient. Cnsequently, it makes mre sense t eat ut rather than risk disappintment by rdering hme delivery.
1．What des the authr mainly talk abut?
A．Dining ptins.B．Cuisine culture.
C．Cnsumptin level.D．Fd categries.
2．What advantage f eating ut is highlighted in paragraph 2?
A．Quality service.B．Cmfrt and cnvenience.
C．Sensry enjyment.D．A reasnable mix f nutritin.
3．What des the authr think f rdering hme delivery?
A．It’s quite pricey.B．It may let cnsumers dwn.
C．It may cause fd waste.D．It’s nt envirnmental-friendly.
4．Hw is the text develped?
A．By prviding examples.B．By fllwing space rder.
C．By making cmparisns.D．By analyzing mental prcesses.
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”是更好的选择。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段关键句“I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better t eat ut than t rder hme delivery.”（我不同意这种说法，并认为在外面吃饭比点外卖送到家要好。）和最后一段关键句“Cnsequently, it makes mre sense t eat ut rather than risk disappintment by rdering hme delivery.”（因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者在文章中把“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，认为在外就餐更有意义。由此可知，作者主要谈论了用餐选择问题。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“T begin with, when setting ft in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted nt nly by a server ready t seat us, but by a fld f physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decratin f the place, the nse breathes in the pleasant smell f expertly plated fd and the ears pick up n cmpeting sunds f custmer chatter and attractive in-stre music.”（首先，当我们走进一家餐厅时，迎接我们的不仅是一位准备让我们就座的服务员，还有一种洪流般的身体感觉——眼睛注视着餐厅的内部装饰，鼻子呼吸着精心烹制的食物的怡人气味，耳朵听到顾客相互竞争的聊天声和吸引人的店内音乐。）可知，第二段强调了外出就餐可以让眼睛、鼻子和耳朵等感官都获得享受。由此可知，第二段强调了外出就餐的好处是可以获得感官上的享受。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“There’s a risk f receiving fd rders with missing items r even entirely wrng rders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice fr cnvenience might just wind up being incnvenient. Cnsequently, it makes mre sense t eat ut rather than risk disappintment by rdering hme delivery.”（收到的食品订单有丢失的风险，甚至是无法退回的完全错误的订单。我们为了方便而牺牲的东西最终可能会变得不方便。因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者认为点外卖面临着订单丢失或订单错误的风险，这会让我们感到失望。由此可知，作者认为点外卖送到家可能会让消费者失望。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“T eat ut is t experience an atmsphere unique t each restaurant. Smething as special as that simply can’t be reprduced by rdering hme delivery.”（外出就餐是为了体验每一家餐厅特有的氛围。像这样特别的东西根本无法通过点外卖送到家来复制。）和第三段关键句“Eating ut becmes even mre appealing when staying hme prves t painful.”（当待在家里太痛苦时，外出就餐变得更有吸引力。）可知，作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”的好处。由此可知，文章是通过比较发展起来的。故选C项。
真题感知
1.D【2021·北京卷】
Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
32．The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A．present an assumptinB．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experimentD．intrduce an apprach
【答案】32．D
【解析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if ur definitin f time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy, we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
2.【2020·全国新课标III】
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land," said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. "We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders," Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin," said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.299
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.D. Significance f fd selectin.
【答案】32.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
3.D【2019·天津】
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man？He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining，and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives，he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes，and the bk was Dn Quixte（《堂吉诃德》）. And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days，while thers g t seed lng befre？
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us，in fact，prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But，if we are willing t lean，the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills We learn t bear with the things we can't change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please，sme peple are never ging t lve us-an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm，we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever，we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs（自我），whether t lved nes，t fellw humans，t wrk，r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate（视……等同于）“cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，r running a stre-make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They've learned life's mst valuable lessn.
51. The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that_________.
A. lss f freedm stimulates ne's creativity
B. age is nt a barrier t achieving ne's gal
C. misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D. disability cannt stp a man's pursuit f success
52. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean？
A. End ne's struggle fr liberty.
B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed.
D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
53. What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4？
A. Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B. Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C. Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D. Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
54. What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live withut self-pity.
C. A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D. A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life.
55. What is the authr's purpse in writing the passage？
A. T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B. T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C. T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D. T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了如何过一种有意义的成人的生活。
51. B 推理判断题。根据第一段中此人53岁，有债务，生活不幸，身上还有伤，但他下决心写一本，而且此书还获得了成功，350年依旧受欢迎，可知作者通过Cervantes的故事来表明年龄不是一个人实现目标的障碍，故答案为B。
52. D 词义猜测题。根据划线单词下的作者说我要讨论的是那些停止学习的人的成长，他们在流逝的岁月里采用的是固定的态度和观点，不想通过学习进步，可知划线短语的意思是“无兴趣学习的人”，故答案为D。
53. C 推理判断题。根据第四段中我们在自己专业的领域里取得成功，然后深陷其中，没有什么使我们吃惊，我们也没有惊奇的意识，即指我们失去了好奇心。但后一句说，如果我们愿意学习的话，我们还有机会成功。暗含的意思就是如果我们有好奇心的话，我们就有机会获得成功，故答案为C。
54. D 推理判断题。作者在文中告诉我们要学会忍受我们不能改变的事物，要学会避免自怜，要学会不管我们怎么表现，总有人不喜欢我们等等方法，可知第5段的主要意思是告诉我们要用合适的方法去对待生活。故答案为D。
55. A 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，作者通过一个例子引出他的主题：一个人如何过一个有意义的成年人生活。作者为我们提供了一些指导，要有动力，要有好奇心，要用适当的方式去生活等，故答案为A。
4.B【2018·天津卷】
When I was 17, I read a magazine article abut a museum called the McNay, nce the hme f a waterclrist named Marian McNay. She had requested the cmmunity t turn it int a museum upn her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drve ver t the museum. She asked, "D yu have the address? ""N, but I'll recgnize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stp. There it is!”
The museum was free. We entered, excited. A grup f peple sitting in the hall stpped talking and stared at us.
"May I help yu?" a man asked. "N, "I said. "We're fine.” Tur guides gt n my nerves. What if they talked a lng time abut a painting yu weren't that interested in? Sally had gne upstairs. The peple in the hall seemed very nsy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes n me with curisity. What was their prblem? I saw sme nice sculptures in ne rm. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where d yu think yu are? " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Srry, the McNay is n New Braunfels Street." "What’s this place?” I asked, still cnfused. "Well, it's ur hme." My heart jlted(震颤). I raced t the staircase and called ut, "Sally! Cme dwn immediately! "
"There's sme really gd stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped dwn, lking cnfused. I pushed her tward the frnt dr, waving at the family, saying, "Srry, please frgive us, yu have a really nice place." Outside, when I tld Sally what happened, she cvered her muth, laughing. She culdn't believe hw lng they let us lk arund withut saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervus the whle time we were there. Van Ggh, Picass. This time, we stayed tgether, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a wman apprached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did yu ever enter a residence, lng ag, thinking it was the McNay Museum?"
"Yes. But hw d yu knw? We never tld anyne."
"That was my hme. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Befre yu came ver, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky befre. Yu thught it was a museum. My feelings abut my hme changed after that. I've always wanted t thank yu."
44. Why did the authr describe the real McNay museum in just a few wrds?
A. The real museum lacked enugh artwrk t interest her.
B. She was t upset t spend much time at the real museum.
C. The McNay was disappinting cmpared with the huse.
D. The event happening in the huse was mre significant.
【答案】44. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者和朋友原想参观NcNay博物馆，到了之后，参观的时候，发现很多人奇怪地看着她，最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成NcNay博物馆。30年后，一位女士认出误撞入自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。
44.写作方法题。根据全文可知，作者着墨点主要在叙述参观误当成NcNay博物馆的私人住宅上，故这才是文章的重心，所以将真正的NcNay博物馆叙述一带而过。故选D。
5. [2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grwn-ups are ften surprised by hw well they remember smething they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man wh has nt had a chance t g swimming fr years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get n a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his sn. A mther wh has nt thught abut the wrds fr years can teach her daughter the pem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" r remember the stry f Cinderella r Gldilcks and the Three Bears.
One explanatin is the law f verlearning, which can be stated as fllws: Once we have learned smething, additinal learning trials(尝试) increase the length f time we will remember it.
In childhd we usually cntinue t practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball lng after we have learned them. We cntinue t listen t and remind urselves f wrds such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhd tales such as Cinderella and Gldilcks. We nt nly learn but verlearn.
The multiplicatin tables(乘法口诀表) are an exceptin t the general rule that we frget rather quickly the things that we learn in schl, because they are anther f the things we verlearn in childhd.
The law f verlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)fr an examinatin, thugh it may result in a passing grade, is nt a satisfactry way t learn a cllege curse. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enugh t get by n the examinatin, but he is likely sn t frget almst everything he learned. A little verlearning, n the ther hand, is really necessary fr ne's future develpment.
68.The authr explains the law f ver learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting dwn general rules
C. making a cmparisn
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续学习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。
【答案】D
【解析】根据文章的内容可知：作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball lng after we have learned them和The multiplicatin tables(乘法口诀表) are an exceptin t the general rule that we frget rather quickly the things that we learn in schl, because they are anther f the things we verlearn in childhd.
考点
题型
推理判断之写作方法
阅读理解
2021
试卷类型
设问
考点
2021·北京卷
阅读D32．The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
写作方法
2020
2020·全国新课标III
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
写作方法
2012
2020·全国新高考I山东卷
68.The authr explains the law f ver learning by_________.
写作方法