专题07 阅读理解之议论文（原卷版+解析版）

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一、议论文的文体分析
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
【议论说理类文章】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
【典例示例】
Fr sme reasn we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need lve. Kim Bard f the University f Prtsmuth in England and her clleagues carried ut a study n 46 baby chimpanzees rphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lst their mthers.The study shwed that primate babies that have tight relatinships with mther figures d much better n cgnitive(认知的) tests than babies wh nly grew up with peers(同伴), but this is nt breaking news. In fact, it's ld news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlw did a series f experiments with baby mnkeys that shwed, that lack f lve and cmfrt makes fr a crazy mnkey.
Harlw made a cage that included a wire mnkey “mther” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mther” with a milk bttle.The cage als had anther wire “mther” wh was cvered with sft clth.The baby mnkeys spent all their time with the clth “mther” and nly went t the wire “mther” t feed.
Harlw's mnkey experiment was imprtant, because at the time, child care experts, and everybdy's grandmther had a “n tuch, n cmfrt” plicy(方针) tward children. They advised parents nt t respnd t crying babies. They thught that babies shuld sleep alne t becme independent, and put that kid dwn.
But Harlw's wrk changed that plicy. Mthers were sn allwed t have their babies next t them in the hspital.
The current chimp research(研究) based n Harlw's wrk shws that mther's lve desn't just make fr a psychlgically(精神上地) healthy child, it als makes fr a smart child.
The highly raised chimps d better than thse that are nt lved, and the well-raised chimps d even better than human kids n IQ tests.
We are primates, scial animals which need lve.We need t be held and talked t and made t feel that at least ne persn wants t be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his clleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mther mnkeys
B. is nthing new t peple abut the findings
C. shwed that many chimpanzees lack f lve when they were yung
D. shwed many chimpanzees had gd relatinship with their mthers
2. The underlined part “makes fr” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. d smething fr B. head fr C. bring abut D. cnnect t
3. Harlw built tw “mthers” fr baby mnkeys t ________.
A. make them live cmfrtably B. let them have mre chices
C. give them mre lve D. make cmparisn well
4. Which f the fllwing can we infer frm the passage?
A. Well-raised chimps are better than peple in IQ.
B. Smetimes it's nt wrng t have n tuch and n cmfrt t babies.
C. Chimps grwing up in cages are less smarter than chimps grwing up in wild.
D. Babies wh sleep with mthers tend t be cleverer than babies sleep alne.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。文章主要是通过对灵长目动物的两个实验说明，母爱对于小孩的成长有着非常重要的作用。因此父母亲应该多给孩子们一些爱，以让小孩们健康地成长。
解析：
1.B 细节理解题。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A项错误；根据文章第二段最后一句可知B项正确；C项没有事实依据；文章第二段第二句提到和母亲关系好的小猴认知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是这不能说明D项。
2.C 猜测词义题。缺少母爱的小猴和成为疯狂的猴子是一种因果关系，因此答案选C。
3.D 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知制造两个假母猴的目的是更好地比较缺乏母爱与否与小猴后来发展的关系。因此D是正确答案。
4.D 推理判断题。文章第四、五段提到自从Harlw做了那个实验后，人们就认为母亲和婴儿睡在一起对
婴儿的成长好一些，因此可知D项正确。
二、议论文的语体特征
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，culd，may，might，wuld，shuld等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）N ne shuld be admitted int（招收进）cllege withut a persnal interview（面试）.What can admissins peple（招生人员）tell frm a piece f paper？They can tell nthing.Only when they see a student face t face，can they decide what kind f a persn he is.
（2）Thugh admissins peple can learn sme things frm a piece f paper，such as hw well a persn writes and what he is interested in there may be many ther things that an applicatin （申请表）can nt tell but can nly be seen in a persnal interview.The way a persn talks，the way he thinks abut and answers questins，the way he reacts（反应），are all imprtant facts f a persn which can nt be fund n a piece f paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，thugh引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然），nw that（既然）， therefre（因而），cnsequently（因此），accrdingly（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），s（所以）。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It fllws that…（因而……），If…，we may cnclude that…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Shuld it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idn't want t…，but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If yu admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构，从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力：
Sme peple say that they will nt give up smking because they have the right t d what they want t d since smking is nt against the law.Yes，it's true that smking des nt vilate （违反）the law and therefre they can d as they like，but what is equally true is that they have t be respnsible fr what they d at the same time. Nw I dn't want t bring fears t anyne，but here are sme statistics（统计数字）I've just gt frm newspaper：Over seventy percent f the peple wh died f lung cancer were heavy smkers. Mre than thirty-five percent defrmed（畸形的）babies have smking mthers. Even if thse chain smkers are nt afraid fr themselves，shuldn't they be afraid fr their family members if they have gt any？
3.各种句型的使用
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：
Many peple will sn find themselves rich in gds，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，gds与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages far utweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have nticed a grain f truth in the statements，but have ignred a mre imprtant fact.（注：句中have nticed与have ignred，a grain f truth in the statements与a mre imprtant fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have bth negative and psitive effects by s ding.（注：句中negative与psitive具有正反对比的关系和效果）
（5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar t us and friends different frm us.（注：句中similar t与different frm具有正反对比的关系和效果）
（6）有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strng.
4.英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Nw is the time t frget everything in the past. Nw is the time t get dwn t the business. Nw is the time t wrk hard fr the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的nw it the time t）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We lng fr success and we are wrking hard fr success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的fr success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am cnvinced that we can succeed，and I am cnvinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am cnvinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are nw living in a new era，and a new era f refrm is always full f ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
5.使用倒装
倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Nw n cming t us is the new era f refrm full f ventures and chances.
6.使用转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always lming in memry like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is ur best English dictinary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
（5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
（6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）
（7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad fr success and n the news f success I went mad with jy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）
三、议论文的解读策略（以阅读理解为例）
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
答题技巧：
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea f this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly abut?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea f this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The tpic f this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
2. Which f the fllwing is the best / mst suitable title fr this text?
3. The best / mst suitable title fr this text wuld be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
【典例示例】
T err is human. T blame the ther guy is even mre human. …
These three ppular misqutes（戏谑的引语）are meant t be jkes, and yet they tell us a lt abut human nature. T err, r t make mistakes, is indeed a part f being human, but it seems that mst peple dn’t want t accept the respnsibility fr having made a mistake. They naturally lk fr smene else wh culd be respnsible fr the prblem. Perhaps it is the natural thing t d. The riginal qute abut human nature went like this: “T err is human, t frgive, divine（神圣的）.” This saying mirrrs an ideal: peple shuld be frgiving f thers’ mistakes. Instead, we tend t d the ppsite—find smene else t pass the blame n t. Hwever, taking respnsibility fr smething that went wrng is a mark f great maturity.
1. What des the authr want t tell us mst?（原创题）
A. t make as few mistakes as pssible.B. t think seriusly abut ur wrngdings.
C. t bear respnsibility fr ur mistakes.D. t pass the blame n t smene else.
解析：这是一篇典型的驳论文。作者先列出一个错误观点，即T blame the ther guy is even mre human，然后进行反驳。最后，通过关键词hwever一转折，说出了作者的观点，即为自己的错误承担责任是成熟的标志。因此，选择C项。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which f the fllwing statements is true?
②Which f the fllwing is nt mentined in the text?
③The authr (r the passage) states that __________.
④Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与wh, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，hwever，therwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
(4)The wrd ＂…＂ is clsest in meaning t …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
【典例示例】
Fr many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a lng war, but years g by withut any clear winner. Like a brder cnflict between neighbring cuntries, the parent-teen war is abut bundaries: Where is the line between what I cntrl and what yu d?
Bth sides want peace, but neither feels it has any pwer t stp the cnflict. In part, this is because neither is willing t admit any respnsibility fr starting it. Frm the parents’ pint f view, the nly cause f their fight is their adlescents’ cmplete unreasnableness. And f curse, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except ppsitely. Bth feel trapped.
56.What des the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. The teens blame their parents fr starting the cnflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents n the cause f the cnflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents f misleading them.
D. The teens tend t have a full understanding f their parents.
解析：本文首先提出论点：对很多家长来说，抚养孩子就像打一场长期战争一样，没有赢家。第二段提到“战争”之长的原因：互不服气。抓住关键词：frm the parent’s pint f view; and f curse, the teens, the same way。再结合题支的表述，答案为A。
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can cnclude (得出结论) frm the passage that _________.
(3)Which f the fllwing can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tne (语气) f the authr?
(5)What is the purpse (目的) f this passage?
(6)The passage is intended t _________.
(7)Where wuld this passage mst prbably appear?
【典例示例】
Ask smene what they have dne t help the envirnment recently and they will almst certainly mentin recycling. Recycling in the hme is very imprtant f curse. Hwever, being frced t recycle ften means we already have mre material than we need. We are dealing with the results f that ver-cnsumptin in the greenest way pssible, but it wuld be far better if we did nt need t bring s much material hme in the first place.
The ttal amunt f packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It nw makes up a third f a typical husehld’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nwadays fd items are packaged twice with plastic and cardbard.
62. The authr uses figures in Paragraph 2 t shw ___________.
A. the tendency f cutting husehld wasteB. the increase f packaging recycling
C. the rapid grwth f super marketsD. the fact f packaging veruse
解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式 “ …, but it wuld be far better if we …” 引出了论点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论点。因此选择D项。
【典例示例】
Why tell the truth when yu can cme up with a gd excuse?
And what is wrng with a sciety that thinks that making up a gd excuse is like creating a wrk f art? One f cmmn prblems with making excuses is that peple, especially yung peple, get the idea that it’s kay nt t be ttally hnest all the time. There is a crllary(直接推论)t that: if a gd excuse is “gd” even if it isn’t hnest, then where is the place f the truth?
54. What is the authr’s pinin abut a gd excuse?
A. Making a gd excuse is smetimes a better plicy.
B. Inventing a gd excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A gd excuse is as rewarding as hnesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a gd excuse.
解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对 “a gd excuse” 的怀疑态度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。
名校资源学练
1
（2023·重庆渝北·高三重庆市渝北中学校校考阶段练习）Any image taken frm space cnfirms that we live n an cean planet. Hw strange that we call ur planet “Earth,” derived frm a Germanic wrd meaning “the grund,” when mre than 70 percent f its surface is cvered by cean.
We need mre peple t see the sea. Right nw, less than 3 percent f the cean is cnsidered highly prtected. Experts urge that at least 30 percent be prtected t safeguard marine(海洋的) ecsystems, which in turn will help prtect ur health and well-being. The cean supplies mre than half ur xygen, absrbs carbn dixide, regulates ur climate, and supprts much f the wrld’s ecnmy. We need it a lt mre than it needs us.
Take Flrida, fr example, ne f the United States’ recreatinal ht spts. It’s brdered by the Flrida Reef Tract, Nrth America’s nly living cral barrier reef and the third largest in the wrld. Hme t mre than 500 species f fish, the reef is als essential t the Sunshine State’s ecnmy, generating an estimated $1.1 billin annually in turism. The reef buffers(保护) the castline, t, since health y cral reefs absrb 97 percent f a wave’s energy. Three-quarters f Flrida’s 22 millin peple live alng the cast, and the Flrida Reef Tract prvides mre than $650 millin in cmbined ecnmic activity and fld prtectin.
A Nvember 2022 study frm the University f Miami has fund that 70 percent f Flrida’s cral reefs are experiencing a net lss f reef habitat. Directly facing these cncerns is what I mean by seeing the sea—the gd, the bad, the imprtant. Knwledge is pwer, and we can use it t infrm ur chices, frm traveling mre mindfully, t examining hw we run ur businesses, t vting. “N ne can d everything, but everyne can d smething,” Sylvia Earle, ceangrapher and Natinal Gegraphic Explrer at Large, is fnd f saying.
The cean is a remarkable teacher, and it’s never t late t start learning.
1. What des the sea d fr ur human?
A. The sea changes ur climate.
B. The sea cntrls carbn dixide fr us.
C. The sea prduces all the xygen we need.
D. The sea prvides ecnmical benefits fr us.
2. What des the writer suggest?
A. Travelling mre, learning mre.
B. Running ur business creatively.
C. Raising awareness f cnservatin.
D. Ding sme vting befre actins.
3. Where is the passage prbably frm?
A. A scientific fictin.B. A news reprt.
C. A travel jurnal.D. A natural magazine.
4. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Hug the Ocean Tightly.
B. T Learn the Ocean Devtedly.
C. T Clean the Ocean Carefully.
D. T Lve the Ocean Permanently.
2
（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考模拟预测）Public health data signals a genuine crisis in adlescent mental health: rising rates f anxiety, depressin, and hpelessness. But as we wrry abut tweens and teens wh are struggling, we can’t ignre anther munting effect — the burdens that are shuldered by their friends and peers in an “always n” wrld.
We have studied teens and tech fr ver a decade. Their netwrks are ever-expanding, in n small part because there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellw requests frm acquaintances and friends-f-friends. And it’s nt just staying cnnected — it’s keeping up with what thers pst, t.
Scial media platfrms thus make it technically pssible t maintain mre relatinships than we are histrically actually wired t track and manage. The result is an verwhelming wave f scial infrmatin. It’s especially intense fr adlescents whse develpmental sensitivities drive them t care deeply abut what their peers are ding and thinking.
Significant stress cmes with trying t be a “gd friend” in the age f scial media. Friendship requires bth public and behind-the-scenes supprt. Even befre a scial media pst is made public, clse friends can be pulled int pht selectin, editing, and final examinatin. Besides, they need t respnd in the right way and in the right amunt f time, which differs frm ne relatinship t anther. Replying t quickly can be seen as ver-eager, especially when the friendship is new r nt clse. But when it’s a clse friend, t lng a lag (延迟) can be hurtful.
The qualities that are key t building r breaking friendships are actually the same as they’ve always been: mutual (相互的) sharing f jys and srrws, a give and take f acceptance and supprt, and an ability t weather and reslve cnflicts. But technlgies have transfrmed hw friendships play ut. Scial media increases the burdens that cme alng with being a gd friend. T ften, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lst n adults. And that is what shuld be changed with the help f parents, schls and ther parts f sciety.
5. What makes teenagers’ netwrks cntinue t expand?
A. The pressure t be nice.B. The requests f their parents.
C. The need t meet mre peple.D. The burden f living independently.
6. What des the authr think f being a gd friend in the age f scial media?
A. Exciting.B. Challenging.C. Mney-saving.D. Risk-taking.
7. What shuld be changed accrding t the last paragraph?
A. The qualities f being a teen friend.
B. The cnflicts between schls and parents.
C. The relatins between parents and their teens.
D. The influences f scial media n teen friendship.
8. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Why mre teens are addicted t scial media
B. Hw teens nwadays gain lng-standing friendships
C. Hw scial media has made teen friendships mre stressful
D. What makes teens becme mre sensitive t their peers’ needs
3
（2023·天津南开·南开中学校考模拟预测）N business wuld welcme being cmpared t gambling. Yet that is what is happening t makers f vide games. Fr years parents have cmplained that their children are “addicted” t their vide games and smartphnes. Tday, hwever, even mre dctrs are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disrder” — in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm — gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO).
Are games really addictive? Psychlgists have different pinins. Thse wh dn’t think s say that this is just anther mral panic. Similar warnings have been given abut televisin, rck’n’rll, jazz, cmic bks, nvels and even crsswrd puzzles, but it turns ut that they are nt as harmful as expected.
Hwever, supprters argue that game develpers have the mtivatin and the means t design their prducts t make them extremely attractive. Fr ne thing, the business- mdel has changed: In the ld days, games were bught nce and fr all. But these days, games are free and mney is earned frm purchases f in-game gds, which ties playtime directly t revenue (收益). Fr anther, game-makers cmbine psychlgical thery and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphnes and mdern vide game machines use their permanent Internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. In this way prducts are cnstantly adjusted t encurage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are knwn as “whales”, a term that riginated in casins (赌场).
The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing. Nw that gaming addictin cmes with an fficial WHO recgnitin, diagnses will becme mre cmmn. Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd.
9. What d we knw frm Paragraph 1?
A. It is nt suitable t cmpare vide games t gambling.
B. Parents cmplain abut their children’s addictin t gambling.
C. Gaming addictin was fficially recgnized as a disease.
D. Mre dctrs are against the use f the term “addicted”.
10. What des the underlined wrds “mral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Unexpected addictin caused by science and technlgy.
B. Wrng judgment n hw harmful smething is.
C. Truble caused by smene’s immral behavir.
D. An astnishing claim f the unexpected panic.
11. What d games develpers d t make games attractive?
A. They dn’t charge players fr in-game gds.
B. They keep players’ vide game machines updated.
C. They reward big spenders with a unique title.
D. They adjust prducts based n received data.
12. In the last paragraph, the authr aims t _______.
A. ffer a suggestin
B. make a predictin
C. give a warning
D. put frward a slutin
13. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Addictin: A Warning t the Gaming Industry
B. Addictin: Nt a Blame n Games
C. Games: A New Kind f Gambling
D. Games: The Cause f Mental Disrder
4
（2023·湖南长沙·长郡中学校考模拟预测）Ralph Emersn nce said that the purpse f life is nt t be happy, but t be useful, t be lving, t make sme difference in the wrld. While we appreciate such wrds f wisdm, we rarely try t fllw them in ur lives.
Mst peple prefer t live a gd life themselves, ignring their respnsibilities fr the wrld. This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. A gd life based n cmfrt and luxury may eventually lead t mre pain because we spil ur health and even ur character, principles, ideals, and relatinships.
What then, is the secret f a gd life? A gd life is a prcess, nt a state f being: a directin, nt a destinatin. We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. Mre imprtantly, we must knw urselves inside ut. Only when we examine urselves deeply can we discver ur abilities and recgnize ur limitatins, and then wrk accrdingly t create a better wrld.
The first requirement fr a gd life is having a lving heart. When we d certain right things merely as a duty, we find ur jb s tiresme that we’ll sn burn ut. Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.
Hwever, lve alne is insufficient t lead a gd life. Lve smetimes blinds us t the reality. Cnsequently, ur gd intentins may nt lead t gd results. T achieve desired utcme, thse wh want t d gd t thers als need t equip themselves with accurate wrld knwledge. False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance. If lve is the engine f a car, knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks pwer, the car can’t mve; if the driver lses cntrl f the steering, a rad accident prbably ccurs. Only with lve in heart and the right knwledge in mind can we lead a gd life.
With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. When we see the impact f ur gd wrk n the wrld we give meaning t ur life and earn lasting jy and happiness.
14. What effect des the narrw perceptin f a gd life have n us?
A. Making us simple-minded.B. Making us shrt-sighted.
C. Leading us nt a busy rad. D. Keeping us frm cmfrt and luxury.
15. Accrding t the authr, hw can ne gain true happiness?
A. Thrugh maintaining gd health.
B. By ging thrugh pain and suffering.
C. By recgnizing ne’s abilities and limitatins.
D. Thrugh ffering help much needed by thers.
16. Accrding t Paragraph 4, ding certain right things with a lving heart makes ne ________.
A. less selfishB. less annying
C. mre mtivatedD. mre respnsible
17. Accrding t Paragraph 5, life can be made truly gd when ________.
A. inspired by lve and guided by knwledge
B. directed by lve and pushed by knwledge
C. purified by lve and enriched by knwledge
D. prmted by lve and defined by knwledge
5
（2023·湖北·模拟预测）Online classes began t be ppularized just a few decades ag. They are advertised as a way fr adults t finish their educatin and students t learn the material at their wn pace -- it is far mre suitable fr peple with busy schedules.
But after being enrlled in an nline curse last fall semester, I came t realize nline classes were merely a means t fulfil curse requirements.
First f all, students lack the desire t learn and they simply cmplete their assignments t receive credit fr a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the curse material.
As nline curses tend t have mre than 100 students, mst f the assignments are shrt and simple. They are nt designed fr students t interact with the material in depth but designed t be graded easily t accmmdate such a large number f students.
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage f taking an nline class is the absence f face-t-face interactin between the teacher and their students. Live sessins are infrequent and are ften scheduled during the middle f the day when students have t attend ther classes r wrk. The ffice hurs f the prfessr may als be during incnvenient times fr many students as well. Mst interactin with the prfessr has t be thrugh email which is ften impersnal. It is nearly impssible fr students t build a relatinship with their prfessr.
There is als little interactin amng students. It can be harder t create study grups and frm relatinships with their peers.
Online classes als require either a cmputer r laptp and a reliable Internet cnnectin. Nt all students have access t these types f resurces, whether it is fr financial r ther reasns, and sme students can be put at a disadvantage.
Offering nline classes certainly helps students wh wuld therwise nt be able t attend classrm sessins. Hwever, they fail t prvide a genuine educatin with an emphasis n cnvenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured nline classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually prvide quality educatin.
18. What des the authr say abut students enrlled in nline classes?
A. They are unmtivated t learn.B. They can access curse materials easily.
C. They can learn at their wn pace.D. They rarely fulfil the curse requirements.
19. What des the authr think f nline curse assignments?
A. They are based n easily accessible material.
B. They are meant t facilitate interactin.
C. They are made cnvenient t mark.
D. They are given t accmmdate students’ needs.
20. What des the authr say is ne disadvantage f nline classes?
A. They are frequently scheduled at irregular times.
B. They prvide little chance fr students t build relatinships with each ther.
C. They tend t increase prfessrs’ burden f respnding t students’ emails.
D. They make prfessrs ffices much less accessible.
21. What des the authr think makes up a key part f genuine educatin?
A. Acquisitin f useful knwledge.
B. Training f real-life skills n campus.
C. Develpment f students persnalities.
D. Cultivatin f analytical thinking ability.
6
（2023·重庆·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测）“I knw when t g ut, and when t stay in.”, English rck star David Bwie nce cnfidently sang in his hit single. When it cmes t cnsuming fd, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-sngwriter is hard t achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better t eat ut than t rder hme delivery.
T begin with, when setting ft in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted nt nly by a server ready t seat us, but by a fld f physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decratin f the place, the nse breathes in the pleasant smell f expertly plated fd and the ears pick up n cmpeting sunds f custmer chatter and attractive in-stre music. T eat ut is t experience an atmsphere unique t each restaurant. Smething as special as that simply can’t be reprduced by rdering hme delivery. Eating ut is, withut dubt, the mre exciting and thus better chice.
Eating ut becmes even mre appealing when staying hme prves t painful. Whether it is because we need a temprary fight frm ur family r that we simply want t spend sme quality time utside with lved nes, ging ut fr a meal can be a break frm the hard labur f dmestic living.
We culd take it as an pprtunity fr self-care—t treat urselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and rdering a slightly mre luxurius meal t refresh ur weary sul. Ordering hme delivery wuld nly cntribute t feelings f being penned in while; eating ut is an escape fr the trapped individual. Fd delivery app users reasn it’s a truble and less cnvenient t dress up and eat ut.
Hwever, it’s wrth nting we may nt always get ur fd in the mst satisfactry cnditin when pting fr hme delivery. There’s a risk f receiving fd rders with missing items r even entirely wrng rders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice fr cnvenience might just wind up being incnvenient. Cnsequently, it makes mre sense t eat ut rather than risk disappintment by rdering hme delivery.
22. What des the authr mainly talk abut?
A. Dining ptins.B. Cuisine culture.
C. Cnsumptin level.D. Fd categries.
23. What advantage f eating ut is highlighted in paragraph 2?
A. Quality service.B. Cmfrt and cnvenience.
C. Sensry enjyment.D. A reasnable mix f nutritin.
24. What des the authr think f rdering hme delivery?
A. It’s quite pricey.B. It may let cnsumers dwn.
C. It may cause fd waste.D. It’s nt envirnmental-friendly.
25. Hw is the text develped?
A. By prviding examples.B. By fllwing space rder.
C. By making cmparisns.D. By analyzing mental prcesses.
7
（2023·山东淄博·统考三模）There is n universally accepted age that is cnsidered ld amng r within scieties. Often disagreements exist as t what age a sciety may cnsider ld and what members in that sciety f that age and lder may cnsider ld. Mrever, bilgists are nt in agreement abut the existence f an internal bilgical cause fraging.
In general the scial status f an age grup is related t its effective influence in its sciety, which is assciated with that grup’s functin in prductivity. In agricultural scieties the elderly have a status f respectability. Their life experiences and knwledge are regarded as valuable, especially in preliterate (尚无文字的) scieties where knwledge is rally transmitted. The range f activities in these scieties allws the elderly t cntinue t be prductive members f their cmmunities.
In industrialized natins, althugh in certain fields ld age is still cnsidered significant, particularly in the plitical field, lder peple are increasingly being frced int retirement befre their prductive years are ver, causing prblems in their psychlgical adaptatins t ld age. Retirement is nt regarded unfavrably in all instances, but its ecnmic limitatins tend t further remve lder peple frm the range f influence and raise prblems in the extended use f leisure time and husing. As a cnsequence, financial preparatin fr retirement has becme an increased cncern fr individuals and sciety.
Familial relatinships tend t be the fcus f the elderly’s attentin. Hwever, the tendency fr yung peple in industrialized cuntries t be highly mbile has frced lder peple t decide whether t mve t keep up with their families r t remain in neighbrhds which als change, altering their familiar patterns f activity. Althugh mst lder peple d live within an hur frm their clsest child, industrialized scieties are faced with frmulating prgrams t accmmdate increasing numbers f lder peple wh functin independently f their families. Adult educatin prgrams are beginning t clse the generatin gap; hwever, as each successive generatin reaches ld age, bringing with it its particular tendencies and preferences, new prblems arise requiring new scial accmmdatins.
26. What cunts fr the elderly in agricultural scieties?
A. Their status f respectability.B. Their value in prductivity.
C. Their rich knwledge in educatin.D. Their extrardinary ability t wrk.
27. What can we learn abut the elderly’s retirement frm Paragraph 3?
A. It has faded the elderly wrries.
B. It means the end f prductive ability.
C. It is cnsidered beneficial in all distances.
D. It influences the elderly psychlgically and financially.
28. What des the underlined wrd “frmulating” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Planning.B. Changing.
C. Extending.D. Canceling.
29. Where is this text prbably taken frm?
A. A persnal jurnal.B. A science research.
C. A scial issue review.D. A cmmunity brchure.
8
（2023·云南昆明·高三昆明一中校考专题练习）What is self-discipline? It’s the ability t make yurself d smething, especially smething difficult r unpleasant. When sme peple hear self-discipline, they think it’s bring. Befre I get int my thughts n the tpic, I want t tell yu a stry.
On a ht sunny day, a bee named Bertha is buzzing by her hive with sme ther bees. Suddenly a bear starts t apprach her hive. In an attempt t save her hive, Bertha stings (蜇) the bear. But its skin is s thick that nce she tries t pull her sting ut, she hurts herself and dies. Bertha has n chice. Thrugh years f evlutin (进化), she is evlved t sting threats, which is her brn ability. She lacks thinking cnsciusness.
Bees are prisners f their wn bilgy. Unlike bees, humans have the ability t verride (推翻) their bilgy thrugh self-discipline. Let’s say that smene has lng-term desires t create a meaningful career and have a healthy bdy. Alng each step f that jurney they are attracted by shrt-term pleasures, such as junk fd r vide games. Deep dwn they really want the life that cmes in the lng term. Yet they keep submitting t shrt-term pleasures. The nly difference between these tw psitins is self-discipline. It gives us the freedm t achieve what we truly want in life and allws us t break free f the cages arund us.
Vide games imitate the envirnments similar t the nes that ur ancestrs navigated in the past, but have supernrmal versins f them. We can get greater feelings f accmplishment in vide games with a lt less wrk. Cmpanies are aware that the cnstant achievements n the screen will mtivate players t keep playing. S nt nly are we cntrlled by ur wn bilgy, but we are being targeted by crpratin’s seeking t take advantage f us and make a prfit.
On the plus side, yu and I are nt like the bee, because we are nt eased by ur wn bilgy. With self-discipline, we can live the life we truly want.
30. Why des the bee die?
A. The bee takes the bear t lightly.
B. The bee’s natural ability ruins it.
C. The bee desn’t respnd t the sudden attack f the bear.
D. The bee desn’t make a crrect judgment n the situatin.
31. What’s the third paragraph mainly abut?
A. The factrs affecting self-discipline.
B. Self-discipline makes ur dreams cme true.
C. The prcess f self-discipline cming int being.
D. Lng-term desires play an imprtant rle in self-discipline.
32. Why vide games are s attractive?
A. Players can get smething fr nthing.
B. Prfits mtivate players t keep playing.
C. Players can get a great sense f achievement in vide games.
D. The envirnment in the vide games is mre mysterius than that in real life.
33. What can be suitable title fr the text?
A. Stay away frm Vide GamesB. Hw t Be a Self-disciplined Persn
C. The Mre Disciplined, the Mre FreedmD. Animals: Prisners f Their Own Bilgy
9
（2023·安徽合肥·合肥市第八中学校考模拟预测）As an educatin specialist, I believe the best way t prepare students fr clleges and careers is t fcus n prviding instructinal prgrams and pprtunities that help them becme gd thinkers. T d this, teachers and actually everyne else in a cmmunity, shuld play a rle as a “cgnitive(认知)cach” t students, helping develp gd thinkers amng ur yuth.
The best way fr yu t becme a cgnitive cach is t seek ut and engage schl children and adlescents in meaningful cnversatins. The bjective here is t get kids talking abut what they think, hw they feel, and what they believe whenever and wherever yu may find them. It may be in a classrm. It may be at the grcery stre. It may be at a basketball game. It desn’t matter where as lng as yu engage students in a tpical cnversatin and, hpefully, even a debate. Mainly, yu want t encurage students t vice their pinin abut things. Get them t take a psitin n “this thing, r that thing,” and ask them t supprt their psitin with evidence. Curiusly enugh, the simple prcess f engaging students in real life cnversatins and debates will serve t strengthen what they have learned in the classrm, and help them create their wn knwledge abut a subject r a tpic.
Learning indicates that a student has been expsed t material, understands the material, and can recall the infrmatin. Knwledge, n the ther hand, ges beynd recall and includes infrmatin prcessing, applicatin t ther situatins, cnsideratin f meaning, and cntrasting with ther cncepts. Naturally, the tpic f cnversatin yu engage in with ne f yur learners will differ frm student t student, and in the level f cmplexity based n child’s age and develpmental level. Even a kindergartener has an pinin abut things that are ging n in his r her life. Engaging in cnversatin with any members f yur learning cmmunity in ways that get at what they have learned and what they knw will help them develp higher rder reasning skills.
A student’s synthetic thinking(综合思维)prcess ccurs when a respected adult asks a questin, particularly a questin that requires reflectin. I think all adults in a cmmunity have a respnsibility t help children with this prcess, with the gal f prducing independent thinkers.
34. What cntributes mst t develping gd yung thinkers?
A. Debating with classmates.B. Learning frm respected adults.
C. Engaging in challenging activities.D. Putting frward a sensible argument.
35. Which is the best questin raised by a cgnitive cach?
A. What have yu learnt recently?B. What natinality is Elbert Einstein?
C. Why d yu like playing ftball?D. Where are yu ging this weekend?
36. What des the authr want t shw by mentining a kindergartener?
A. Being a gd yung thinker is imprtant.
B. Chsing cnversatin tpics accrdingly is essential.
C. Cultivating gd yung thinkers shuld start as early as pssible.
D. Even children have their unique and independent ways f thinking.
37. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T state an educatin idea.B. T assess a teaching strategy.
C. T intrduce a learning methd.D. T cmpare different educatin methds.
10
（2023·辽宁大连·大连二十四中校考模拟预测）Being perfect is smething many f us want and try t achieve. It makes us feel we’re crrect and that ur hard wrk has paid ff. Hwever, as much as perfectin and being perfect is nt all a perfect thing.
Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism. Wanting r trying t be perfect can make it hard t admit a mistake. Nevertheless, it is imprtant t admit mistakes and wrk t fix them. Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is being prud, nt perfectin.
Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us respnsible; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer. Fr example, the mvie “Black Swan” shwcased hw perfectin can kill us. Wrking and training and stress hurt ur bdy, mind, and s much mre that we can’t d it any mre.
But perfectin can als have the ppsite effect. The mvie “High Strung” shwed that perfectin desn’t exist, but practicing and pushing urselves can bring us great rewards. In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin. The main character f “Black Swan” didn’t knw when t stp, whereas the main character f “High Strung” did, r at least didn’t fcus s much n the cmparisn, and instead fcused n the cmpetitin and the nes she cared abut.
Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.
38. What is the cmmn belief abut perfectin accrding t Paragraph 1?
A. Being perfect makes us feel fulfilled.
B. Being perfect is what all f us lng fr.
C. Being perfect is nt gd at all.
D. Being perfect is ut f reach.
39. Why des the authr mentin the character in “Black Swan”?
A. T tell us “Black Swan ” is wrth seeing.B. T advise us t stp trying hard.
C. T shw the benefits f perfectin.D. T warn us f the harm f perfectin.
40. What des the authr advise us t d while trying t be perfect?
A. Try nt t make mistakes.B. Stp befre ging t far.
C. Push urselves harder.D. Prve ur ability t thers.
41. What is the attitude f the authr t perfectin?
A. Indifferent.B. Supprtive.
C. Objective.D. Disapprving.
11
（2023·四川成都·成都七中校考模拟预测）Thanks t in-depth reprting by The Wall Street Jurnal, we nw knw that Facebk has lng been aware its prduct Instagram has harmful effects n the mental health f many adlescent users. Yung girls, in particular, struggle with their bdy image thanks t a cnstant stream f phts and vides shwing beautiful bdies that users dn’t think they can attain.
While the infrmatin the jurnal cvered is essential and instructive, it des nt tell the whle stry. Deep dwn, this is nt an Instagram prblem; it’s a peple prblem. Understanding that distinctin can make the difference between a failed attempt t cntain a teen’s interest in an addictive app and successfully addressing the underlying prblem leading t mental distress caused by Instagram.
Critics were quick t shame Facebk fr sitting n the data and nt releasing it t researchers r academics wh asked fr it. Others criticize the scial media giant fr nt using the research t create a safer experience fr its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.
While I’m reluctant t defend Facebk, I’m nt sure it’s reasnable t blame the cmpany fr refusing t give data that wuld hurt its business. Have yu ever binge-watched a Netflix series? I assure yu it wasn’t a healthy endeavr. Yu were inactive, likely did nthing prductive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t g utside fr fresh air. It is an bjectively harmful use f time t stare at a TV r laptp fr a full weekend. Shuld we respnd by shaming Netflix fr nt alerting us t hw damaging an addictive prduct can be?
While it’s reasnable t say Instagram makes esteem issues wrse, it is almst impssible t believe it causes them in the first place. Yu create yur wn experiences n scial media. Fr the mst part, yu chse which accunts t fllw and engage. If yu’re already vulnerable t insecurities and self-sabtage (自损) — as many teens are — yu will find accunts t bsess ver. And this isn’t a new phenmenn.
Befre scial media, there were similar issues fueling self-esteem issues. Whether the target be magazines, mvies r televisin shws depicting difficult-t-attain bdies, there has been a relatively steady chrus f experts nting the damage new media culd cause yung viewers.
Self-esteem issues have an underlying cause — ne that’s independent f scial media use. Instagram merely enhances thse feelings because it prvides infinitely mre access t triggers than lder frms f media. It’s mre wrthwhile t address thse underlying factrs rather than t attack Facebk.
42. What des the authr think f the criticisms against Instagram?
A. They address the mental pain caused by Instagram.
B. They are nt directed at the fundamental prblem.
C. They are nly based n the data released by Facebk.
D. They are effective in changing teens’ interest in addictive apps.
43. Why is Netflix mentined?
A. T defend why Facebk is t blame.
B. T shw Netflix des mre harm t teens.
C. T suggest the critics’ remarks are nt t the pint.
D. T cmpare the criticisms against it and Facebk.
44. Why is the Instagram prblem essentially a “peple prblem”?
A. Peple have a tendency t feel insecure nline.
B. Peple are keen n making up their self-prfile.
C. It is human nature t get addicted t scial media.
D. Users decide n their experiences n scial media.
45. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. The fierce criticism faced by Facebk.
B. The harmful impact f Instagram n teenagers.
C. The alarming nline habits f teenagers wrldwide.
D. The rt f mental sufferings caused by Instagram.
12
（2023·湖北·校联考模拟预测）Science fictin has always been the surce f all srts f wnderful ideas abut what life might be like in years t cme. Writers, film-makers and vide game designers have all turned their imaginatins t the effects technlgy might have n ur future. Nw it seems like we’re finally catching up with sme f these futuristic ideas thanks t nantechnlgy.
Nanscience fcuses n the study f tiny mlecules – nly ne billinth f a meter in size. Fr years, nanscience has explred ways f applying this research t different types f technlgy, and recently it has begun t engender mre and mre diverse and fascinating develpments.
Imagine a substance with the ability t heal any wund almst immediately. This is a cmmn feature in vide games; when characters suffer injuries, a gel (凝胶) is applied which heals them and prlngs (延长) their lives. Nt lng ag, it seemed impssible t recreate this in real life. But nw, by extracting plysaccharide plymers (多糖聚合物) frm the cell walls f plants, scientists have created a gel which will hld a wund tgether and rapidly stp any bleeding withut the need fr pressure t be applied. Althugh nt yet available in hspitals, this gel is likely t help medical prfessinals treat patients with serius injuries mre effectively.
While sme advances in nantechnlgy might imprve ur health and safety, thers culd have the ppsite effect. In the fd industry, nanparticles (纳米粒子) are already in use t imprve the appearance f prducts. The prblem is, nanparticles are mre reactive in the bdy, and n tests have been dne t check their safety. In effect, we are all part f a real-life experiment. Will they help r hurt? Nbdy knws.
What is clear is that nantechnlgy has huge ptential fr shaping ur lives in the cming decades. Even if we can’t see it with ur eyes, we will surely see the impact n ur surrundings, and perhaps ur bdies. In the future, the lines between reality and science fictin are likely t becme even mre blurred.
46. What des the underlined wrd “engender” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Fcus n.B. Bring abut.C. Slw dwn.D. Deal with.
47. What d we knw abut the gel mentined in paragraph 3?
A. It can make peple live lnger.
B. It can replace the need fr surgery.
C. It is designed fr high-pressure situatins.
D. It is expected t be used in emergency treatment.
48. What des the authr think abut the effects f nantechnlgy n fd?
A. They are lng-lasting.B. They are verestimated.
C. They are currently unclear.D. They are surprisingly beneficial.
49. What is the authr’s attitude t nantechnlgy?
A. Objective.B. Indifferent.C. Cnservative.D. Disapprving.
13
（2023·福建南平·统考三模）A recent paper describes bees rlling tiny wden balls, nt fr a reward, but apparently just fr fun. This discvery emphasizes a lng-standing cnflict in ur view f animals. On the ne hand, we want t find the features that distinguish humans frm ther animals: tls, language and a thery f mind. On the ther hand, we delight in finding animals that break thse bundaries: chimps, crws and nw bees that use tls, dlphins with signature whistles. But what d thse bundaries mean?
As a bilgist wh studies animal behaviur, I am puzzled by this effrt t rank animals by their capabilities. I applaud the desire t shw that animals are like us, but we can recgnize animals fr what they are, and be amazed at their abilities, withut having t make their behaviur mirrr that f humans.
Once we get ut frm the assumptin that animals have t be like peple with human mtivatins and feelings, we are freed up t cnsider the mechanisms (机理) behind the behaviurs. Fr example, the same sertnin (血清素) influences anxiety in humans and maze (迷宫) explratin in crayfish. In a tank divided int well-lit and shadwy areas, crayfish explre bth, but prefer the darker areas, cnsistent with their night lifestyle.
Des this mean crayfish experience anxiety? N. In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting sme very interesting behaviur that has nthing t d with wanting t “have fun”—but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like peple. I am nt disparaging the bee researchers’ cnclusins, and I am nt trying t be a killjy, but there is smething abut all this humanizing that prevent explratin, instead f encuraging it.
50. What’s the purpse f paragraph 1?
A. T list ut facts.B. T raise an argument.
C. T aruse readers’ interest.D. T explain a cncept.
51. What can we learn frm paragraph 3?
A. Behaviur mechanisms wrk.B. Crayfish prefer the light sectins.
C. The assumptin prves reasnable.D. Animals are similar t human in mind.
52. What des the underlined wrd “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4?
A. Criticizing.B. Explaining.
C. Cnfirming.D. Acknwledging.
53. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Feelings: Guiding Human BeingB. Bundaries: Making N Sense
C. Humanizing: Cvering the TruthD. Animals: Mirrring Human Behaviurs
14
（2023春·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）One f the best ways t increase happiness in yur life, and therefre maintain and lift yur passin, is t stay in the present.
This can be challenging fr mst f us, if nt all f us, when things are stressful. Mst f the time we are wrried abut the past r the future and nt really paying attentin t what is happening right nw, s we miss life as it is happening. That can make it tugh t live passinately in that “right nw” time and place.
Living this way takes practice. Yu have t train yur brain t live in the mment. It’s smething I’ve wrked t achieve all my life. It is easier-nw than-when I started, but it still takes a cncerted effrt. It is, hwever, mre than wrth it. As yu learn hw t redirect yur thughts and fcus n the present, it’s imprtant nt t be hard n yurself. Just keep wrking at it and when yu get cut ff, when yur mind wanders, take the time t steer yur thughts and yurself back t the present.
Yga and meditatin are ways that we all can practice keeping ur fcus n the present mment, making us happier and mre cntent. Yga and meditatin are ways underrated in this cuntry. They can be such great tls and yu dn’t need t g t a gym r studi t d either. Fr instance, yu can d yga at hme with tls such as the Yga fr Beginners with Patricia Walden DVD r thrugh vides fund n webites such as Yga with Adriene. There are als many websites designed t help cach yu and In the best ways t meditate, such as Mindful. rg. Even just 10 minutes a day n either f these can make an enrmus difference in yur life.
Keep practicing and yu will life yur life and get better at it mre yu d it. Yu’ll be amazed at hw much spending even just 10 minutes a day fcusing n the present can increase yur land happiness factr. It’s the real deal!
54. What d we knw abut the authr frm the passage?
A. She finds it easy t train her brain t live in the mment.
B. She is always strict with herself.
C. She used t be a yga cach.
D. She places stress n yga and meditatin.
55. Which f the fllwing is the clsest in the meaning f the underlined wrd “steer”?
A. Intrduce.B. Disturb.C. Guide.D. Lift.
56. What’s the purpse f the secnd paragraph?
A. T intrduce the tpic.
B. T slve the prblem.
C. T present the prblem.
D. T analyze the prblem.
57. What is the mst prbable title f the text?
A. Lift Yur Passin
B. Fcus n the Present
C. Practice Yga and Meditatin Every Day
D. Pay Mre Attentin t the Future
15
（2023·安徽黄山·统考三模）Standing utside my hspital the ther day, I was struck by a sight. In fact, it’s a sight we’ve all seen cuntless times: bese (肥胖的) nurses standing arund utside a hspital. It is estimated that ne in fur nurses is bese, with nearly tw-thirds being verweight.
While sme have argued that bese nurses may be less prductive and take mre time ff sick, this isn’t my cncern at all. I’m just wrried abut the example they set t thers. Yes, f curse, nurses and dctrs struggle with having a healthy lifestyle like everyne else. But if they can’t stick t the basic principles f maintaining a healthy lifestyle that they are prmting themselves, then in my pinin they have n business being n the frnt line. N patient is ging t take them seriusly unless they can demnstrate that they at least try t practise what they prmte.
It’s a serius prfessinal failing, because it sends the disastrus message f “d as I say nt as I d”, which is never ging t result in smene changing their ways. Yu wuldn’t take advice abut reducing yur drinking frm an alchlic, wuld yu? S why shuld yu be expected t listen t an verweight healthcare prfessinal wh is telling yu t lse a few punds?
Of curse, there are lts f instances when a dctr r nurse’s persnal struggles can really help. Fr example, I used t smke and I find this actually helps me because I can relate t patients — I knw their struggles, I knw their cncerns and I knw the things they say t themselves t avid quitting. Knwing that I used t smke helps me cme acrss as mre human t my patients — I’ve dne silly things but I’ve changed and s can they.
Similarly, a nurse wh was previusly bese but has nw lst weight culd be a real mtivatin fr patients. But until they have lst weight and can demnstrate that they practise what they prmte, they risk alienating (使疏远) the very patients they are charged with helping.
58. What wrries the authr cncerning bese nurses?
A. They will have difficulty getting alng with patients.
B. They will be unlikely t take patients seriusly.
C. They will fail t play their rle in health prmtin.
D. They will be incmpetent at their jb n the frnt line.
59. What is the authr’s attitude t “d as I say nt as I d”?
A. Tlerant.B. Cntradictry.C. Uncaring.D. Disapprving.
60. In what way is the authr’s experience f quitting smking helpful?
A. He understands smkers better.
B. He manages t maintain a healthier lifestyle.
C. He has becme brave in the face f struggles.
D. He sets a gd example t his wrkmates.
61. What can we infer abut the authr?
A. He is an alchlic.B. He is a dctr.
C. He is verweight.D. He is impatient.
参考答案
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1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B
【解析】本文是议论文。地球表面的70%以上都被海洋覆盖。作者通过举例分析，呼吁人们了解给我们带来健康和福祉的海洋，从而保护海洋。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“The cean supplies mre than half ur xygen, absrbs carbn dixide, regulates ur climate, and supprts much f the wrld’s ecnmy. We need it a lt mre than it needs us.(海洋为我们提供了一半以上的氧气，吸收二氧化碳，调节气候，并支撑着世界大部分经济。比起它需要我们，我们更需要它。)”可知，海洋为我们提供经济效益。故选D。
2. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Directly facing these cncerns is what I mean by seeing the sea—the gd, the bad, the imprtant. Knwledge is pwer, and we can use it t infrm ur chices, frm traveling mre mindfully, t examining hw we run ur businesses, t vting.( 直接面对这些问题就是我所说的看海的意思——好的，坏的，重要的。知识就是力量，我们可以用它来指导我们的选择，从更谨慎地旅行，到检查我们如何经营我们的企业，再到投票。)”可知，作者建议我们面对所有的问题，用知识指导选择，谨慎旅游，核查企业经营模式等，综上可推断，要提高环保意识。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We need mre peple t see the sea. Right nw, less than 3 percent f the cean is cnsidered highly prtected. Experts urge that at least 30 percent be prtected t safeguard marine(海洋的) ecsystems, which in turn will help prtect ur health and well-being.( 我们需要更多的人去看海。目前，只有不到3%的海洋被认为是高度保护的。专家敦促至少要保护30%的海洋生态系统，这反过来又有助于保护我们的健康和福祉。)”以及全文内容可知，作者通过举例分析，呼吁人们了解海洋，保护海洋。因此推断文章可能选择自然杂志，故选D。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段的“We need mre peple t see the sea. Right nw, less than 3 percent f the cean is cnsidered highly prtected. Experts urge that at least 30 percent be prtected t safeguard marine(海洋的) ecsystems, which in turn will help prtect ur health and well-being.( 我们需要更多的人去看海。目前，只有不到3%的海洋被认为是高度保护的。专家敦促至少要保护30%的海洋生态系统，这反过来又有助于保护我们的健康和福祉。)”和最后一段“The cean is a remarkable teacher, and it’s never t late t start learning.( 海洋是一位了不起的老师，开始了解永远不会太晚。)”可知，作者通过举例分析，呼吁人们了解给我们带来健康和福祉的海洋，从而保护海洋。因此推断B项“一心一意地了解海洋”为最近标题，故选B。
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5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是社交媒体是如何让青少年的友谊变得更紧张的。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Their netwrks are ever-expanding, in n small part because there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellw requests frm acquaintances and friends-f-friends.(他们的社交网络不断扩大，很大程度上是因为他们觉得友善意味着接受来自熟人和朋友的朋友的请求。)”可知，让青少年的社交网络不断扩大的是友善的压力。故选A。
6. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Significant stress cmes with trying t be a “gd friend” in the age f scial media. Friendship requires bth public and behind-the-scenes supprt. Even befre a scial media pst is made public, clse friends can be pulled int pht selectin, editing, and final examinatin. Besides, they need t respnd in the right way and in the right amunt f time, which differs frm ne relatinship t anther.(在社交媒体时代，试图成为“好朋友”会带来巨大的压力。友谊需要公开和幕后的支持。甚至在社交媒体帖子被公开之前，亲密的朋友就可以参与照片的选择、编辑和最终检查。此外，他们需要以正确的方式和适当的时间做出回应，这在不同的关系中是不同的。)”可知，在社交媒体时代做一个好朋友是具有挑战性的。故选B。
7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“But technlgies have transfrmed hw friendships play ut. Scial media increases the burdens that cme alng with being a gd friend. T ften, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lst n adults. And that is what shuld be changed with the help f parents, schls and ther parts f sciety.(但科技已经改变了友谊的发展方式。社交媒体增加了成为好朋友的负担。通常情况下，这些动态对青少年的影响是成年人所忽视的。在家长、学校和社会其他方面的帮助下，这种情况应该得到改变。)”可知，根据最后一段，应该改变的是社交媒体对青少年友谊的影响。故选D。
8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“But as we wrry abut tweens and teens wh are struggling, we can’t ignre anther munting effect — the burdens that are shuldered by their friends and peers in an “always n” wrld.(但是，当我们担心那些正在挣扎的青少年时，我们不能忽视另一个日益增加的影响——在一个“永远在线”的世界里，他们的朋友和同龄人所承担的负担。)”可知，本文主要讲的是社交媒体是如何让青少年的友谊变得更紧张的，故选C。
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9. C 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇提到世卫组织把游戏成瘾列为一种疾病，就“游戏真的会让人上瘾吗”这个问题，介绍了心理学家们给出的不同的观点，作者也对此发表了忠告。
9. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“On January 1 this year, ‘gaming disrder’ — in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm — gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO). (今年1月1日，‘游戏障碍’（这病）得到了世界卫生组织的认可，‘游戏障碍’指的是尽管会造成伤害，但仍无法控制地玩游戏)”可知，游戏上瘾被权威机构WHO认定为疾病。故选C项。
10. 词句猜测题。根据前一句“Are games really addictive? Psychlgists have different pinins. (游戏真的会让人上瘾吗？)”，划线词所在句“Thse wh dn’t think s say that this is just anther mral panic. (那些不这么认为的人说，这只是又一次mral panic。)”，其中anther指代众多类似当中的另外一个，根据下一句“Similar warnings have been given abut televisin, rck’n’rll, jazz, cmic bks, nvels and even crsswrd puzzles, but it turns ut that they are nt as harmful as expected. (对于电视、摇滚乐、爵士乐、漫画书、小说，甚至是填字游戏，人们也给出了类似的警告，但事实证明，它们并没有人们想象的那么有害。)”可知，当以上提及的电视、摇滚乐等出现在人们视野的时候，人们都认为它们对人类是有害的，并因此发出要抵制这些东西的警告，但是事实证明它们没有预想的那么有害，属于一场虚惊，只不过是人们的mral panic，可表达为“道德恐慌”，与B项“Wrng judgment n hw harmful smething is. (对某物危害性的错误判断。)”。故选B项。
11. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Hwever, supprters argue that games develpers have the mtivatin and the means t design their prducts t make them extremely attractive. (然而，支持者认为，游戏开发者有动机和手段来设计他们的产品，使其具有极大的吸引力。)”，以及“Fr anther, games-makers cmbine psychlgical thery and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphnes and mdern vide game machines use their permanent Internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. In this way prducts are cnstantly adjusted t encurage players’ spending. (另一方面，游戏开发者将心理学理论和数据结合起来，这有助于他们最大化游戏时间。智能手机和现代电子游戏机使用它们的永久互联网连接将游戏玩法数据传回给开发者。通过这种方式，游戏会不断调整产品以鼓励玩家消费。)”可知，游戏开发者不但掌握游戏者心理，还实时掌握着游戏者的游戏数据，并根据这些数据对游戏进行调整，使游戏有新鲜感，使游戏者玩得停不下手。故选D项。
12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句“The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing. (游戏行业应该意识到，在现实世界中，它存在一个问题，而且这个问题正在加剧。)”，以及最后一句“Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, whether it is fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd. (无论如何，在公众的心目中与赌博放在一起，无论公平与否，都不会给这个行业带来任何好处。)”可推知，作者在最后一段中向游戏业发出了警示：在现实世界中，游戏行业有着持续的问题，且人们将它与赌博业相提并论，这对这个行业发展无益。故选C项。
13. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Tday, hwever, even mre dctrs are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disrder” — in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm — gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO).(然而今天，更多的医生在使用这个术语。今年1月1日，‘游戏障碍’（这病）得到了世界卫生组织的认可，‘游戏障碍’指的是尽管会造成伤害，但仍无法控制地玩游戏。)”和文章最后一段“The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing. Nw that gaming addictin cmes with an fficial WHO recgnitin, diagnses will becme mre cmmn. Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd.(游戏行业应该意识到，在现实世界中，它存在一个问题，而且这个问题正在加剧。既然游戏成瘾得到了世界卫生组织的正式承认，诊断将变得更加普遍。无论如何，在公众心目中，将赌博与公平与否放在一起，对这个行业都没有任何好处。)”可知，文章主要讲述了世卫组织把游戏成瘾列为一种疾病，就“游戏真的会让人上瘾吗”这个问题，介绍了心理学家们给出的不同的观点，作者也对此发表了忠告。由此可知，A项：Addictin: A Warning t the Gaming Industry(上瘾：对游戏产业的警告)为合适的标题。故选A。
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14. B 15. D 16. C 17. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是美好生活、美好生活的秘诀是什么。
14. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. (这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处, 但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知, 对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处, 但会让我们目光短浅。故选B 项。
15. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. (我们必须通过首先不求回报地为他人服务来获得美好的生活, 因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知, 我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
16. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling. (然而, 当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时, 我们不仅享受我们做的事情, 而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知, 带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情，由此可推测出，越享受做某件事, 做事越有动力。故选C项。
17. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“If lve is the engine f a car, knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘).(如果爱是汽车的发动机，那么知识就是方向盘。)”可知，爱是人做事的动力，知识是人做事的指导。再根据最后一段中的“With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. (带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可推知, 有爱的激励和知识的指导, 生活就会变得更美好。故选A 项。
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18. A 19. C 20. B 21. D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要说明了在线课程的弊端并呼吁设计更加高效的在线课程。
18. 细节理解题。根据第三段“First f all, students lack the desire t learn and they simply cmplete their assignments t receive credit fr a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the curse material.”（首先，学生们缺乏学习的欲望，他们只是完成作业来获得及格的学分，而不是真正地投入到课程材料中）可知，作者认为注册在线课程的学生缺乏学习的动机，只是机械的完成任务获得学分。故选A项。
19. 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“They are nt designed fr students t interact with the material in depth but designed t be graded easily t accmmdate such a large number f students.”（它们不是为了让学生与材料进行深入的互动而设计的，而是为了适应如此大量的学生，使评分更加容易）可知，作者认为在线课程的任务设计是为了使评分更加便捷容易。故选C项。
20. 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Perhaps the biggest disadvantage f taking an nline class is the absence f face-t-face interactin between the teacher and their students.”（也许在线课程最大的缺点是老师和学生之间缺乏面对面的互动）及第六段第一句“There is als little interactin amng students.”（学生之间的互动也很少）可知，作者认为在线课程的弊端之一是学生之间没有机会进行面对面互动，构建联系。故选B项。
21. 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Hwever, they fail t prvide a genuine educatin with an emphasis n cnvenience rather than critical thinking.”（然而，他们没有提供真正的教育，一味强调便捷而不是批判性思维）可知，作者认为在线课程一味地强调便捷而忽视了批判性思维的培养，也就不能提供真正的教育，故批判性思维的培养应是真正的教育的关键。故选D项。
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22. A 23. C 24. B 25. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”是更好的选择。
22. 推理判断题。根据第一段关键句“I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better t eat ut than t rder hme delivery.”（我不同意这种说法，并认为在外面吃饭比点外卖送到家要好。）和最后一段关键句“Cnsequently, it makes mre sense t eat ut rather than risk disappintment by rdering hme delivery.”（因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者在文章中把“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，认为在外就餐更有意义。由此可知，作者主要谈论了用餐选择问题。故选A项。
23. 推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“T begin with, when setting ft in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted nt nly by a server ready t seat us, but by a fld f physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decratin f the place, the nse breathes in the pleasant smell f expertly plated fd and the ears pick up n cmpeting sunds f custmer chatter and attractive in-stre music.”（首先，当我们走进一家餐厅时，迎接我们的不仅是一位准备让我们就座的服务员，还有一种洪流般的身体感觉——眼睛注视着餐厅的内部装饰，鼻子呼吸着精心烹制的食物的怡人气味，耳朵听到顾客相互竞争的聊天声和吸引人的店内音乐。）可知，第二段强调了外出就餐可以让眼睛、鼻子和耳朵等感官都获得享受。由此可知，第二段强调了外出就餐的好处是可以获得感官上的享受。故选C项。
24. 推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“There’s a risk f receiving fd rders with missing items r even entirely wrng rders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice fr cnvenience might just wind up being incnvenient. Cnsequently, it makes mre sense t eat ut rather than risk disappintment by rdering hme delivery.”（收到的食品订单有丢失的风险，甚至是无法退回的完全错误的订单。我们为了方便而牺牲的东西最终可能会变得不方便。因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者认为点外卖面临着订单丢失或订单错误的风险，这会让我们感到失望。由此可知，作者认为点外卖送到家可能会让消费者失望。故选B项。
25. 推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“T eat ut is t experience an atmsphere unique t each restaurant. Smething as special as that simply can’t be reprduced by rdering hme delivery.”（外出就餐是为了体验每一家餐厅特有的氛围。像这样特别的东西根本无法通过点外卖送到家来复制。）和第三段关键句“Eating ut becmes even mre appealing when staying hme prves t painful.”（当待在家里太痛苦时，外出就餐变得更有吸引力。）可知，作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”的好处。由此可知，文章是通过比较发展起来的。故选C项。
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26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章认为老年人的社会地位与其社会影响力有关，农业社会中老年人凭借其生产力价值赢得尊重，但是工业化社会中很多老年人被迫退休，在心理和财政上都受到影响，随之而来的家庭生活问题亟待社会的解决方案。
26. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“In agricultural scieties the elderly have a status f respectability. Their life experiences and knwledge are regarded as valuable, especially in preliterate (尚无文字的) scieties where knwledge is rally transmitted. The range f activities in these scieties allws the elderly t cntinue t be prductive members f their cmmunities.(在农业社会中，老年人享有受人尊敬的地位。他们的生活经验和知识被认为是有价值的，特别是在尚无文字的社会，知识是口头传播的。这些社会中的活动范围使老年人能够继续成为社区中有生产力的成员)”可知，在农业社会老年人的生活经验和知识使他们依旧具有生产力价值，从而获得尊敬。由此可知，生产力上的价值对于农业社会的老年人很重要。故选B项。
27. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“… lder peple are increasingly being frced int retirement befre their prductive years are ver, causing prblems in their psychlgical adaptatins t ld age. Retirement is nt regarded unfavrably in all instances, but its ecnmic limitatins tend t further remve lder peple frm the range f influence and raise prblems in the extended use f leisure time and husing. As a cnsequence, financial preparatin fr retirement has becme an increased cncern fr individuals and sciety.(……越来越多的老年人在他们的生产年龄结束之前就被迫退休，这给他们的老年心理适应带来了问题。退休并非在所有情况下都是不利的，但其经济上的限制往往进一步使老年人远离影响的范围，并在延长闲暇时间和住房的使用方面产生问题。因此，为退休做财务准备已成为个人和社会日益关注的问题)”可知，退休问题会引起老年人的心理适应问题，并在经济上限制老年人的活动和影响力，使其不得不做好财务准备。因此，退休在心理和财政两方面都影响着老年人。故选D项。
28. 词义猜测题。根据第四段中“Althugh mst lder peple d live within an hur frm their clsest child, industrialized scieties are faced with frmulating prgrams t accmmdate increasing numbers f lder peple wh functin independently f their families.(虽然大多数老年人住在离他们最近的孩子不到一小时的地方，但工业化社会正面临着……计划以容纳越来越多的独立于家庭生活的老年人的问题)”可知，此处前后有转折，虽然大多数老年人的生活范围离子女很近，但是越来越多的老年人独立生活，这种情况需要社会制定计划去解决。由此推知，frmulating意思是“制定”，与planning意思一致。故选A项。
29. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章从对老年人的定义的各种分歧引入话题，然后介绍了老年人的社会地位与其社会影响力有关，农业社会中老年人凭借其生产力价值赢得尊重，但是工业化社会中很多老年人被迫退休，在心理和财政上都受到影响，随之而来的家庭生活问题亟待社会的解决方案。因此，文章聚焦的是社会问题和现象，应该出自社会问题评论。故选C项。
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30. B 31. B 32. C 33. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文主要讲述了自律的意义和重要性，以及人类和动物在这方面的区别。通过一个蜜蜂的故事，文章介绍了蜜蜂由于进化原因只能依赖本能行动，而人类则可以通过自律能力来掌控自己的行为。人类常常受到短期快乐的诱惑，自律则可以帮助我们实现长期目标，并让我们摆脱那些控制我们的环境和诱惑。最后，文章指出自律能力可以让我们生活得更自由和更有意义。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Bertha has n chice. Thrugh years f evlutin (进化), she is evlved t sting threats, which is her brn ability. She lacks thinking cnsciusness. (伯莎别无选择。经过多年的进化，她进化到刺痛威胁，这是她与生俱来的能力。她缺乏思考意识。)”可知蜜蜂出于进化的原因，天性使然，只能依赖天生的本能行动去保护自己的家园，所以蜜蜂死亡跟其天生的施救方法有关。故选B项。
31. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Let’s say that smene has lng-term desires t create a meaningful career and have a healthy bdy. Alng each step f that jurney they are attracted by shrt-term pleasures, such as junk fd r vide games. Deep dwn they really want the life that cmes in the lng term. Yet they keep submitting t shrt-term pleasures. The nly difference between these tw psitins is self-discipline. It gives us the freedm t achieve what we truly want in life and allws us t break free f the cages arund us. (假设某人长期渴望创造有意义的职业并拥有健康的身体。在旅程的每一步，他们都被短期的乐趣所吸引，比如垃圾食品或电子游戏。在内心深处，他们真的想要长期的生活。然而，他们仍然屈服于短期的快乐。这两种立场之间的唯一区别是自律。它让我们自由地实现生活中真正想要的东西，并让我们摆脱周围的牢笼。)”可知本段主要阐述如果有远大的理想和长期的规划，人们需要通过自律纠正他们的行为以真正地达到他们的目标和长期计划。故选B项。
32. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Vide games imitate the envirnments similar t the nes that ur ancestrs navigated in the past, but have supernrmal versins f them. We can get greater feelings f accmplishment in vide games with a lt less wrk. Cmpanies are aware that the cnstant achievements n the screen will mtivate players t keep playing. (电子游戏模仿类似于我们祖先过去导航的环境，但具有超常版本。我们可以用更少的工作在视频游戏中获得更大的成就感。公司意识到，屏幕上不断的成就将激励玩家继续玩。)”可知，电子游戏之所以如此吸引人，是因为游戏可以模拟类似于人类祖先曾经寻找的环境，但有着超自然的版本。在游戏中能够在较低的工作量下获得更大的成就感。故选C项。
33. 主旨大意题。文中的主旨是讲述自律的意义和重要性，说明人类和动物之间的区别，以及自律如何使我们在生活中实现自由和意义的价值。C选项“The Mre Disciplined, the Mre Freedm(越自律，越自由)”恰好概括了文章的主题。故选C项。
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34. D 35. C 36. B 37. A
【解析】本文为议论文。文章论证的主题是成年人有义务帮助孩子成为优秀思考者。
34. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Mainly, yu want t encurage students t vice their pinin abut things. Get them t take a psitin n ‘this thing, r that thing, ‘and ask them t sup-prt their psitin with evidence.”（主要是，你想鼓励学生表达他们对事物的看法。让他们对“这件事或那件事”采取立场，并要求他们用证据支持自己的立场。）可知，训练学生有理有据地论证自己的观点是培养优秀思考者的主要方式。故选D项。
35. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Curiusly enugh, the simple prcess f engaging students in real life cnversatins and debates will serve t strengthen what they have learned in the class-rm, and help them create their wn knwledge abut a subject r a tpic.”（奇怪的是，让学生参与现实生活中的对话和辩论的简单过程将有助于加强他们在课堂上学到的东西，并帮助他们创造自己对某个主题或主题的知识。）和第三段“Knwledge, n the ther hand, ges beynd recall and includes infrmatin prcessing, applicatin t ther situatins, cnsideratin f meaning, and cntrasting with ther cncepts.”（另一方面，知识超越了回忆，包括信息处理、对其他情况的应用、对意义的考虑以及与其他概念的对比。）可知，认知教练提出的话题问题不是记忆性的，而是要带有信息加工等批判性思维内容，C项“为什么你喜欢踢足球？”，就是一个需要进行信息加工后回答的问题。故选C项。
36. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Naturally, the tpic f cnversatin yu engage in with ne f yur learners will differ frm student t student, and in the level f cmplexity based n child’s age and develpmental level.”（当然，你与其中一位学习者的谈话主题会因学生而异，而且根据孩子的年龄和发展水平，谈话的复杂性也会有所不同。）可知，话题的主题要因人而异，要考虑到孩子的年龄和认知发展程度。故选B项。
37. 推理判断题。根据第四段“I think all adults in a cmmunity have a respnsibility t help children with this prcess, with the gal f prducing independent thinkers.”（我认为，一个团体中的所有成年人都有责任帮助儿童完成这一过程，目的是培养独立的思想家。）可知，全文的主旨是作者要论述自己的教育观点。故选A项。
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38. A 39. D 40. B 41. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述的是完美与成为完美并不都是完美的事情，完美是一把双刃剑。
38. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Being perfect is smething many f us want and try t achieve. It makes us feel we’re crrect and that ur hard wrk has paid ff.(完美是我们很多人想要并努力实现的。它让我们觉得我们是正确的，我们的努力得到了回报。)”可知，完美会让我们感觉我们是对的，感觉我们的付出得到了回报，由此可知，完美会让我们有一种满足的感觉。故选A项。
39. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But it’s als the perfect killer. Fr example, the mvie “Black Swan” shwcased hw perfectin can kill us. Wrking and training and stress hurt ur bdy, mind, and s much mre that we can’t d it any mre.(但它也是完美的杀手。例如，电影《黑天鹅》展示了完美是如何杀死我们的。工作、训练和压力会伤害我们的身体、心灵，甚至更多，以至于我们不能再这样做了。)”可知，完美也是一个杀手，作者利用电影《黑天鹅》的例子向我们展示追求完美是如何杀死我们的，由此可以推断，作者提及电影《黑天鹅》是为了警示我们完美的危害。故选D项。
40. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The main character f “Black Swan” didn’t knw when t stp, whereas the main character f “High Strung” did, r at least didn’t fcus s much n the cmparisn, and instead fcused n the cmpetitin and the nes she cared abut.(《黑天鹅》的主角不知道什么时候该停下来，而《高串》的主角知道，或者至少不太关注比较，而是关注竞争和她关心的人。)”以及最后一段中的“The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp.”可知，在追求完美的时候，我们应该知道什么时候应该停下来，如果知道什么停下来，我们就可以阻止这把剑伤害自己，由此可知，作者建议我们在追求完美的时候要适时地停下来。故选B项。
41. 推理判断题。根据首段中的“Hwever, as much as perfectin and being perfect is nt all a perfect thing.(然而，完美和成为完美并不都是完美的事情。)”，第三段中的“Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd.(完美是一把双刃剑。)”以及第四段中的“But perfectin can als have the ppsite effect.(但完美也会产生相反的效果。)”和尾段中的“Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. (我们不能没有完美，也不能拥有完美。唯一不让这把剑伤害我们的方法就是知道何时停止。)”可知，作者在论述的过程中，既表达了我们不能不追求完美，但也警示人们，完美是一把双刃剑，我们需要适时停止追求完美的步伐才能防止这把剑伤害自己，由此可推断，作者对完美的态度是客观的。故选C项。
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42. B 43. C 44. D 45. D
【解析】本文为一篇议论文。《华尔街日报》报道中，Instagram对许多青少年用户的心理健康产生有害影响。但在作者看来，这是其诱发用户精神紧张，放大了自身的自尊问题所致，本质上是人的问题。
42. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Critics were quick t shame Facebk fr sitting n the data and nt releasing it t researchers r academics wh asked fr it. Others criticize the scial media giant fr nt using the research t create a safer experience fr its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.(批评人士很快就指责 Facebk搁置数据，不向要求提供数据的研究人员或学者提供数据。其他人批评这家社交媒体巨头没有利用这项研究为青少年用户创造更安全的体验。这种愤怒虽然可以理解，但却不恰当)”可推知，作者认为对Instagram的批评并没有指向根本问题。故选B项。
43. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“While I’m reluctant t defend Facebk, I’m nt sure it’s reasnable t blame the cmpany fr withhlding data that wuld hurt its business.(虽然我不愿意为Facebk辩护，但我不确定指责该公司隐瞒可能损害其业务的数据是否合理)”及“Have yu ever binge-watched a Netflix series? I assure yu it wasn’t a healthy endeavr. Yu were in active, likely did nthing prductive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t g utside fr fresh air. It is an bjectively harmful use f time t stare at a TV r laptp fr a full weekend. Shuld we respnd by shaming Netflix fr nt alerting us t hw damaging an addictive prduct can be?(你曾经疯狂地看Netflix的电视剧吗?我向你保证这不是一个健康的尝试。你很活跃，可能没有做任何有成效的事情，漫无目的地吃零食，也不出去呼吸新鲜空气。整个周末盯着电视或笔记本电脑，客观上是一种有害的时间利用。作为回应，我们是否应该羞辱Netflix，因为它没有提醒我们这种令人上瘾的产品有多大的危害？)”可推知，Netflix被提及是为了表明我们受到网络的影响很大原因是自己产生的，不能完全怪罪于网络媒体，Instagram也一样，作者在此表明批评者的言论并没有指出问题。故选C项。
44. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Yu create yur wn experiences n scial media. Fr the mst part, yu chse which accunts t fllw and engage. If yu’re already vulnerable t insecurities and self-sabtage (自损) — as many teens are — yu will find accunts t bsess ver. And this isn’t a new phenmenn.(你在社交媒体上创造自己的体验。在大多数情况下，你可以选择关注和参与哪些账户。如果你已经很容易受到不安全感和自我破坏的影响——就像许多青少年一样——你会找到一些让你着迷的账户。这并不是一个新现象)”可知，Instagram问题本质上是“人的问题”是因为用户在社交媒体上决定自己的体验，不是Instagram产生了这些问题。故选D项。
45. 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Deep dwn，this is nt an Instagram prblem; it’s a peple prblem.(实际上，这不是Instagram 的问题；这是人的问题)”及最后一段“Self-esteem issues have an underlying cause — ne that’s independent f scial media use. Instagram merely enhances thse feelings because it prvides infinitely mre access t triggers than lder frms f media.(自尊问题有一个潜在的原因，这个原因与社交媒体的使用无关。Instagram只是增强了这些感觉，因为它比旧的媒体形式提供了无限多的接触触发器的途径)”并结合全文内容可知，作者认为Instagram对于青少年用户产生心理影响，是其诱发精神紧张，放大自身的自尊问题所致。由此可知，文章主要论述了Instagram造成精神痛苦的根源。故选D项。
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46. B 47. D 48. C 49. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是纳米技术的优点和可能会带来的问题。
46. 词句猜测题。根据第二段的“nanscience has explred ways f applying this research t different types f technlgy(纳米科学已经探索了将这项研究应用于不同类型的技术的方法)”和“mre and mre diverse and fascinating develpments(越来越多样化和极有吸引力的发展)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“多年来，纳米科学已经探索了将这项研究应用于不同类型的技术的方法，最近它已经开始产生越来越多样化和引人入胜的发展”，划线词engender意为“引起，带来”，和bring abut意思相近，故选B。
47. 细节理解题。根据第三段的“But nw, by extracting plysaccharide plymers (多糖聚合物) frm the cell walls f plants, scientists have created a gel which will hld a wund tgether and rapidly stp any bleeding withut the need fr pressure t be applied. Althugh nt yet available in hspitals, this gel is likely t help medical prfessinals treat patients with serius injuries mre effectively.(但现在，通过从植物细胞壁中提取多糖聚合物，科学家们已经制造出一种凝胶，它可以将伤口粘合在一起，无需施加压力就能迅速止血。虽然还没有在医院中使用，但这种凝胶可能会帮助医疗专业人员更有效地治疗严重受伤的病人。)”可知，这种凝胶很好，所以预计将用于紧急治疗。故选D。
48. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“In the fd industry, nanparticles (纳米粒子) are already in use t imprve the appearance f prducts. The prblem is, nanparticles are mre reactive in the bdy, and n tests have been dne t check their safety. In effect, we are all part f a real-life experiment. Will they help r hurt? Nbdy knws.(在食品工业中，纳米颗粒已经被用于改善产品的外观。问题是，纳米颗粒在体内的反应性更强，而且没有测试来检查它们的安全性。实际上，我们都是现实生活实验的一部分。它们会带来帮助还是伤害？没有人知道。)”可知，作者对纳米技术对食品的影响的看法是目前还不清楚。故选C。
49. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“Nw it seems like we’re finally catching up with sme f these futuristic ideas thanks t nantechnlgy.(现在看来，多亏了纳米技术，我们终于赶上了这些未来主义的想法。)”，第四段的“Will they help r hurt? Nbdy knws.(它们会带来帮助还是伤害？没有人知道。)”和最后一段的“What is clear is that nantechnlgy has huge ptential fr shaping ur lives in the cming decades. Even if we can’t see it with ur eyes, we will surely see the impact n ur surrundings, and perhaps ur bdies.(很清楚的是，纳米技术在未来几十年有巨大的潜力来改变我们的生活。即使我们不能用眼睛看到它，我们也肯定会看到它对我们周围的环境，甚至我们的身体的影响。)”可知，作者在这篇文章里既说了纳米技术的好，也说了不好，所以作者的态度是客观的，故选A。
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50. B 51. A 52. A 53. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是作者赞赏展示动物和我们一样的愿望，但我们可以认识动物的本来面目，并对它们的能力感到惊讶，而不必把它们的行为模仿成人类的行为，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑行为背后的机制。
50. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“A recent paper describes bees rlling tiny wden balls, nt fr a reward, but apparently just fr fun. This discvery emphasizes a lng-standing cnflict in ur view f animals.(最近的一篇论文描述了蜜蜂滚动小木球，不是为了奖励，而显然只是为了好玩。这一发现强调了我们对动物的看法中一个长期存在的冲突。)”可推知，第一段的目的是提出论点——我们对动物的看法中一个长期存在的冲突。故选B。
51. 细节理解题。根据第三段的“Once we get ut frm the assumptin that animals have t be like peple with human mtivatins and feelings, we are freed up t cnsider the mechanisms (机理) behind the behaviurs. Fr example, the same sertnin (血清素) influences anxiety in humans and maze (迷宫) explratin in crayfish. In a tank divided int well-lit and shadwy areas, crayfish explre bth, but prefer the darker areas, cnsistent with their night lifestyle.(一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑行为背后的机制。例如，同样的血清素影响人类的焦虑和小龙虾的迷宫探索。在一个被分成光线充足和阴暗的区域的水箱里，小龙虾会在两个区域都探索，但更喜欢黑暗的区域，这与它们的夜间生活方式一致。)”可知，我们可以从第三段中了解到行为机制起作用。故选A。
52. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting sme very interesting behaviur that has nthing t d with wanting t “have fun”—but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like peple.(在蜜蜂的例子中，它们可能会表现出一些非常有趣的行为，这些行为与想要“玩得开心”无关——但如果我们简单地假设它们像人一样玩耍，我们就永远不会研究它。)”和“and I am nt trying t be a killjy, but there is smething abut all this humanizing that prevent explratin, instead f encuraging it(我并不想扫兴，但所有这些人性化的东西阻碍了探索，而不是鼓励探索)”可知，作者在此声明的是自己并不是在贬低蜜蜂研究人员的结论，也不是想要扫兴，因此划线词disparaging的意思是“贬低，诋毁”，和criticizing意思相近，故选A。
53. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“As a bilgist wh studies animal behaviur, I am puzzled by this effrt t rank animals by their capabilities. I applaud the desire t shw that animals are like us, but we can recgnize animals fr what they are, and be amazed at their abilities, withut having t make their behaviur mirrr that f humans.(作为一名研究动物行为的生物学家，我对这种按能力给动物排序的做法感到困惑。我赞赏展示动物和我们一样的愿望，但我们可以认识动物的本来面目，并对它们的能力感到惊讶，而不必把它们的行为模仿成人类的行为。)”和第三段的“Once we get ut frm the assumptin that animals have t be like peple with human mtivatins and feelings, we are freed up t cnsider the mechanisms (机理) behind the behaviurs.(一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑行为背后的机制。)”可知，本文主要讲的是作者赞赏展示动物和我们一样的愿望，但我们可以认识动物的本来面目，并对它们的能力感到惊讶，而不必把它们的行为模仿成人类的行为，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑行为背后的机制，也就是说动物的人性化掩盖了关于它们的行为，因此最好的标题是C选项“Humanizing: Cvering the Truth(人性化：掩盖真相)”，故选C。
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54. D 55. C 56. C 57. B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。要想在生活中增加幸福感，从而保持和提升你的激情，最好的方法之一就是留在当下。
54. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Even just 10 minutes a day n either f these can make an enrmus difference in yur life. (即使每天只花10分钟做这两件事，也会对你的生活产生巨大的影响。)”可知，从这篇文章中我们可以看出，作者认为瑜伽和冥想有很大的作用。故选D。
55. 词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“when yur mind wanders, take the time t steer yur thughts and yurself back t the present”中的“wanders”和“back t the present”可知，本句句意为“当你走神时，花点时间引导你的想法和你自己回到现在”。steer意为“引导”。A. Intrduce.介绍；B. Disturb.打扰；C. Guide.引导；D. Lift.举起。故选C。
56. 推理判断题。根据第二自然段“This can be challenging fr mst f us, if nt all f us, when things are stressful. Mst f the time we are wrried abut the past r the future and nt really paying attentin t what is happening right nw, s we miss life as it is happening. That can make it tugh t live passinately in that “right nw” time and place. (当事情充满压力时，这对我们大多数人来说都是一个挑战，如果不是所有人的话。大多数时候，我们担心过去或未来，没有真正关注现在正在发生的事情，所以我们错过了正在进行的生活。这可能会让人很难在“现在”的时间和地点充满激情地生活。)”可知，第二段指出，当事情充满压力时，我们往往担心过去或未来，没有真正关注现在正在发生的事情。所以，本段的作用是提出问题，下文的段落在解决问题。故选C。
57. 主旨大意题。根据第一自然段“One f the best ways t increase happiness in yur life, and therefre maintain and lift yur passin, is t stay in the present. (要想在生活中增加幸福感，从而保持和提升你的激情，最好的方法之一就是留在当下。)”和最后一段“Yu’ll be amazed at hw much spending even just 10 minutes a day fcusing n the present can increase yur land happiness factr. (继续练习，你会过上你的生活，做得越多越好。你会惊讶于，即使每天只花10分钟专注于当下，也能增加你的土地幸福系数。)”可知，本文主要讲了要立足当下。B项“Fcus n the Present (关注当下)”最能概括本文主旨，适合作标题。故选B。
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58. C 59. D 60. A 61. B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。由前几天作者看到肥胖的护士站在医院外面引发作者的思考：如果护士不能坚持他们正在宣传的保持健康生活方式的基本原则，那么病人就不会认真对待他们，他们就没有资格站在第一线。
58. 细节理解题。根据第二自然段“I’m just wrried abut the example they set t thers... But if they can’t stick t the basic principles f maintaining a healthy lifestyle that they are prmting themselves, then in my pinin they have n business being n the frnt line. (我只是担心他们给别人树立的榜样……但是，如果他们不能坚持他们正在宣传的保持健康生活方式的基本原则，那么在我看来，他们就没有资格站在第一线。)”可知，关于肥胖护士，作者担心他们将无法在促进健康方面发挥作用。故选C。
59. 推理判断题。根据第三自然段“It’s a serius prfessinal failing, because it sends the disastrus message f “d as I say nt as I d”, which is never ging t result in smene changing their ways. (这是一个严重的职业失败，因为它发出了“照我说的做，不要照我做的做”的灾难性信息，这永远不会导致人们改变自己的方式。)”可知，作者不赞成“照我说的去做，而不是照我做的去做”的态度。故选D。
60. 细节理解题。根据第四自然段“Fr example, I used t smke and I find this actually helps me because I can relate t patients — I knw their struggles, I knw their cncerns and I knw the things they say t themselves t avid quitting. (例如，我曾经吸烟，我发现这实际上对我有帮助，因为我可以与患者建立联系——我知道他们的挣扎，我知道他们担心的问题，我也知道他们为了避免戒烟而对自己说的话。)”可知，作者的戒烟经历可以帮助他更了解吸烟者。故选A。
61. 推理判断题。根据第四自然段“Knwing that I used t smke helps me cme acrss as mre human t my patients — I’ve dne silly things but I’ve changed and s can they. (知道我曾经吸烟有助于我给病人留下更人性化的印象——我做过一些愚蠢的事情，但我已经改变了，他们也可以。)”可知，作者是一名医生。故选B。
议
论
文
文
章
类
型
演绎论证议论文
是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
归纳论证议论文
是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
比较论证议论文
是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。
命题
要点
由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
解
题
技
巧
1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。
2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。
3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。
做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。