高中英语人教版选修性必修二Unit 1—Unit 3语法知识讲解

这是一份高中英语人教版选修性必修二Unit 1—Unit 3语法知识讲解，共5页。
高中英语选必二语法知识讲解Unit 1 Science and Scientists 表语从句一、定义表语从句是复合句中的一种结构，它充当表语的角色。表语本身也是一个句子，那么这个句子就被称为表语从句。表语从句通常位于主句的系动词之后，用来解释和说明主语，从而使主语的内容更加具体化。表语的作用是描述主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态。表语可以由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing形式以及从句来充当。通常，表语位于系动词（如be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等）之后。二、结构“主语+系动词+表语从句(引导词+其他)”表语从句也必须用陈述语序。系动词分类：be（状态系动词）keep, remain, stay, lie, stand（持续系动词）seem, appear, look（表像系动词）feel, smell, sound, taste, look（感官系动词）become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come（变化系动词）三、连接词从属连词、连接代词和连接副词、其他。四、用法1.从属连词: that& whether（1）that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子 成分，有/没有意义，不能省略。（2）whether引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，通常翻译为“是否”。引导表语从句时不能用if替换whether。2.连接代词: who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever等连接代词引导表语从句时，既起连接作用，又作句子成分：主语、宾语、表语等3.连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever等连接副词引导表语从句时，既起连接作用，又作句子成分：状语。4.其他：连词(just) as, because, as if, as though等He looked as if he was going to cry.五、特殊情况1.如果引出表语从句的名词是一些表示 “建议”或者是“命令”之类的词那么从句中的动词通常用(should)+动词原形。如advice, suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等。举例：My suggestion is that we all (should) take an active part in the coming sports meet.2.特殊句式That’s/It’s/This’s because…That’s/It’s/This’s why…The reason why…is that…3.why和becauseWhy + 结果：The traffic was so bad.That's why I was late this morning.Because + 原因：I was late this morning.That was because the traffic was so bad.4.在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。The question is why he cried yesterday.Unit 2 Bridging Cultures名词性从句一、名词性从句概览本单元重点分析一下宾语从句和同位语从句。主语从句和表语从句可翻看之前文章。二、宾语从句【定义】置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。【连接词】（1）从属连词：that (可省略),whether, if，当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），由that引导， that不作任何成分，没有具体意思，常省略。当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导，翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，不能省略。（2）连接代词：who, whose, what ,which，whom, whatever, whoever 等。连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。 （3）连接副词：when ,where, how, why 等。连接副词在句中作状语。注意：带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句【时态选择】【特殊情况】（1）that不能省略的情况当宾语从句的主语是that时，that不能省略。当宾语从句前有插入语时。动词后≥2个that引导的宾语从句，只可省略第一个that。宾语从句中又包含从句it做形式宾语时（2）只用whether,不用if的情况与or not连用，不用if在介词后：It depends on whether it is going to rain.在不定式前：Whether to leave is a question.宾语从句在句首：Whether he knows the truth,I don’t care.（3）主句的谓语表示“建议、命令、要求”等，要用虚拟语气：should + 动词原形，should 可省略。（4）如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that。（5）当doubt, doubtful用于肯定句时，后面的名词性从句连接词常用whether或if; 当doubt,doubtful用于否定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词用that。I doubt if/ whether he is at home.We don’t doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time.（6）当be sure引导主句是肯定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用that; 当be sure引导的主句是否定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if。We are sure that he will be successful soon.The old man didn’t seem to be sure whether / if he had met me.【否定转移】主句主语第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, guess, expect等词时，从句中的否定转移到主句的谓语动词中。I don't believe he will come.【特殊句式】主语+谓语动词(find, think, make, feel, consider等)+it+宾补+that引导的宾语从句。I find it difficult to study English well.三、同位语从句【定义】在句子中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句，用来进一步解释前面先行词的内容。同位语从句一般放在抽象名词的后面。常见抽象名词advice,suggestion,demand,order,request，doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,problem, promise, question, truth, wish, possibility,evidence表示“建议、命令、要求”等后面同位语从句要用虚拟语气：should + 动词原形，should 可省略。【连接词】从属连词that、whetherthat :没有意义、不作成分、不能省略，只起连接作用；whether:有意义：是否，不作成分、不能省略if：不引导同位语从句。He told me the news that he would come home soon.连接代词连接代词有：what, which, who, whom, whose，有意义、充当成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语）、不能省略。The question who should be to blame hasn’t been decided yet.连接副词when, where, how, why，有意义、充当成分（状语）、不能省略。I have no idea when he will be back.【特殊情况】（1）当doubt 作名词用于肯定句中，其后的同位语从句引导词用whether; 如果是否定句/疑问句，则用that.There is some doubt whether…There is no/little doubt that…(2)当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置，而被其他的词隔开Word came that he will attend the meeting.Unit 3 Food and Culture 过去完成时及其被动语态一、过去完成时定义二、结构（以do为例）三、用法1.表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。与过去完成时连用的时间状语：before(连词/介词) + 过去的时间点：“在...之前”by +过去的时间点：“到...为止”by the end of +过去的时间点：“到...为止”by the time +(一般过去时) ：“到...为止”。More than three thousand English words had been learned by the end of last term.2.动作从过去某时延续到过去某时：for/sinceHe said he had worked in that factory since 1992.3.常见句型It was the +序数词+ time that 主+had done这是某人第几次做某事…It was the first time she had left her home.It was the +形容词最高级+名词+ (that)...It was the most inspiring performance I had watchedHardly had sb.done sth....when ；Hardly had we sat down to rest when the phone rang.No sooner had sb.done sth....than 一.....就No sooner had the result been announced than the crowd applauded.4.expect, think，suppose,want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等时，意为“本想/希望/打算/计划做某事”We had hoped to be able to come and see you.主句从句一般现在时根据需要，选择相应的任何时态一般过去时过去的某种时态不论什么时态从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，一般现在时