专题01 名词 （原卷版+解析版）

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Part1：知识点梳理
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
(2)不规则变化
知识点2 不可数名词
1. 不可数名词量的表达
不可数名词一般不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰，而应与特定的单位名词连用来表示量的概念，如：a cup f tea, fur pieces f bread等。
2. 抽象名词的具体化
这类名词如果仅仅表示某种概念，是不可数名词；如果表示具体的人或事，就成了可数名词，前面常加不定冠词，如：pleasure, help, hnr, surprise, success, failure等。有些抽象名词在具体化时，还可以用复数形式出现，如：n pains, n gains；表示特指时，可与定冠词连用。
3. 学科名词和集体名词的意义
(1)有些学科名词以s结尾，但表示单数意义，如：physics, maths, plitics等。
(2)有些集体名词通常只用于表示复数概念，如：plice, peple, cattle等。
(3)有些集体名词在表示整体时为单数概念，在表示集体中的各个成员时为复数概念，如：class, family, cuple, audience, gvernment, public等。
知识点3 名词所有格
1. 表示有生命物体的名词所有格
(1)一般在词尾加’s，如：the by’s bag, men’s rms等。
(2)以s结尾的词直接加’，如：the wrkers’ struggle， the students’ reading rm等。
(3)并列名词表示各自所属时，在名词后都加’s，如：Jhn’s and Mary’s rms(约翰和玛丽各自的房间)；表示共同所属时，在最后一个名词后加’s，如：Jhn and Mary’s rm(约翰和玛丽共同的房间)。
(4)在表示店铺、餐馆、诊所的名称或某人的家时，其所有格后面的名词可省略，如：at the dctr’s在诊所，at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。
2.f所有格的用法
知识点4 名词作定语
1. 名词作定语时一般用单数，表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。例如：stne figures石像， paper mney纸币， bk stres书店， evening dress晚礼服。
2. 有些情况下，也可用复数作定语。例如：a gds train货运列车， tw men dctrs两个男医生， a clthes shp服装店， a sales manager销售经理。
3. “数字＋连字符＋名词”作定语时，名词一般用单数形式。例如：a five-year plan一个五年计划，a ten-mile walk一段十英里的路程。
知识点5 名词与固定搭配
名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词”和“介词＋名词”。常见短语如下：
make preparatins fr, make friends with, give regards t, make bth ends meet, fix ne’s eyes upn/n, in great demand，in high spirits，in agreement with，pay attentin t，keep pace with，attach imprtance t，gain/have an advantage ver，make a/n/sme difference
Part2：高考真题精选
1.（2022.6新高考1卷 语法填空）The GPNP’s main gal is t imprve cnnectivity between separate (ppulatin)and hmes f giant pandas, and eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level f ppulatin in the wild.
2.（2022全国乙卷）“As a main prmter f the Internatinal Tea Day, the birthplace f tea and the __largest_ (large) tea-prducing cuntry, China has a ___ ___ (respnsible)t wrk with ther cuntries t prmte the healthy develpment f the tea industry.
3.（2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空）The rlling sea f cluds yu see nce yu are at the tp will remind yu hw tiny we (human) are.
4.（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）Suppsedly yu can d it in tw hurs, but we stpped at the different gates and (watchtwer) t take pictures...
5.（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空） (activity) there range frm whale watching t hiking （远足） and accmmdatins aim t have a lw impact n the natural envirnment.
6.（2021.6全国甲卷 改错）Many students say they will talk t their friend r classmates because they're f the same age and can understand each ther.
7.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空） In 1844 they bught it fr＄ 1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser, wh perfrmed their (marry) ceremny in 1842.
8.（2021.6全国乙卷 改错）I lve ding husewrk. I always assist my parents in ding the dish after meals.
9.（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）It is different frm traditinal turism because it allws the traveler t becme educated abut the areas—bth in terms f gegraphical cnditins and cultural characteristics, and ften prvides mney fr cnservatin and benefits the 2 (develp) f the lcal areas.
10.（2021.3 天津卷 单选）Great imprvements in public health have been brught abut by in medical science.
A. traditins B. advances C. pressures D. examples
11.（2020·新课标 = 1 \* ROMAN I卷语法填空）The far side f the mn is f particular (interesting) t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters (环形山), mre s the familiar near side.
12.（2020·新课标 = 1 \* ROMAN I卷短文改错）Next I brke the eggs int a bwl and beat them quickly with chpstick.
13.（2020·新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷语法填空）Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end f the winter seasn and the beginning f spring.
14.（2020·新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷短文改错）Luckily, I will g hme in tw weeks fr summer vacatins.
15. （2020·江苏卷单项填空）The health security systems f many cuntries are underging cnsiderable ______.
A. reservatinB. transfrmatinC. distinctinD. submissin
16.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】Nwadays the ___________ fr travelling is shifted frm shpping t fd and scenery.
A. prirityB. ptentialC. prprtinD. pensin
17.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】7.We can bserve that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________n ur lives in many ways.
A. statementB. impact
C. impressinD. judgment
18.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Of nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins, three are declining, six are (be) stable, ne is increasing, and nine lack enugh data.
19.【2018·天津】 The____ ___ that there is life n ther planets in the universe has always inspired scientists t explre the uter space.
A. advice B. rder
C. pssibility D. invitatin
20. 【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 that/which shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all (cause).
一般在词尾加-s
map—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class—classes,bx—bxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes
以-f或
-fe结尾
的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,half—halves,laf—laves,wife—wives,shelf—shelves
加-s
belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,prf—prfs,rf—rfs
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es
party—parties,family—families,stry—stries,city—cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
ty—tys,by—bys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys
以辅音字母加-结尾的名词
一般加-es
her—heres,ptat—ptates,tmat—tmates
不少外来词加-s
pian—pians,pht—phts,kil—kils
两者皆可
zer—zers/zeres
vlcan—vlcans/vlcanes
msquit—msquits/msquites
规则
例词
以元音字母加-结尾的名词加-s
radi—radis,bamb—bambs,z—zs
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth—truths,muth—muths,mnth—mnths,path—paths
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man—men,wman—wmen,ft—feet,gse—geese,muse—mice
单复数相同
species,sheep,deer,series,means,wrks,fish,li,yuan,jin
只有复数形式
ashes,trusers,clthes,thanks,gds,glasses,cmpasses,cntents
一些集体名词总是用作复数
peple,plice,cattle,staff
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crwd,cuple,grup,cmmittee,gvernment,ppulatin,crew,team,public,enemy,party
复数形式表示特别含义
custms(海关),frces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),lks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
表示
“某国
人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Eurpeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Prtuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-wman结尾的改为-men,-wmen
Englishmen,Frenchwmen
合成
名词
将主体名词变为复数
sns-in-law,lkers-n,passers-by,stry-tellers,by friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grwn-ups,husewives,stpwatches
将两部分变为复数
wmen singers,men servants
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时
the classrms f the first-year students
用于名词化的词
the struggle f the ppressed