高考英语语法词汇专项突破:01解读英语简单句的五种基本句型形式+巩固训练
展开先看XXXX年高考新课标I卷C篇阅读中的一个句子:
The reprt lists ten bks, and varius authrs, which peple have lied abut reading, and as I’m nt ne t lie t ften (I’d hate t be caught ut), I’ll admit here and nw that I haven’t read the entire tp ten.
这个句子有42个单词,咋一看纷繁庞杂,难以捉摸,但是如果根据句子中的谓语动词把句子进行分解,就会发现其中包含6个句子。事实上英语的绝大多数句子都是由5个基本句型生成的,通过这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。五种基本句型是:主谓结构;主谓宾结构;主系表结构;主谓双宾结构;主谓宾补结构。下面结合典型例句、高考例句和例题分类解读。(说明:S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾语;IO=间接宾语;DO=直接宾语;C=宾语补足语;Link-V=系动词)
一、主语+不及物动词(S+V)
该句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,通常不用被动语态,不可以有宾语,但是如果跟上相应的介词则可以跟宾语,作用相当于及物动词,还可以跟副词,此时的副词和介词短语都是状语。在此句型中,谓语动词是不及物动词或不及物动词短语,不需要跟宾语,常见的动词:wrk, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, succeed(成功),cme, die, disappear, cry, happen,ccur, take place, break ut, cme abut等。为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等,可以带状语修饰动词。如:
1.—What did yur father say just nw?
—Srry, I dn’t knw. I was talking n the phne.
2.My parents will g abrad next week.
我的父母下周将出国。
3.She recmmends yu train yurself t pay attentin t gd frtune by writing dwn three psitive things that cme abut each day.
她建议你每天写下三件当天发生的积极的事情,以此训练自己关注自身的好运气。
【考例1】(2023新高考I卷•短文填空)The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerusly ht.
送来的饺子冒着热气,热得要命。
【考例2】(XXXX辽宁卷)Everything seemed t be ging __________fr the first tw days after I mved t New Yrk.
A. vividlyB. generallyC. frequentlyD. smthly
答案与解析:D。题干中的g是不及物动词,从备选项看出用副词作状语,根据句意“似乎一切进展地……”得出D正确。vividly“生动地、鲜活地”;generally“一般地、普遍地”;frequently“经常地、频繁地”。
二、主语+及物动词+宾语 (S+V+O)
及物动词后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当, 如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等。注意,不及物动词与介词连用时,其后也可跟宾语。如:
1. I envy yur peace f mind, yur clean cnscience, yur unplluted memry.(我羡慕你平静的心境,纯洁的良心和没有玷污过的记忆。)
2. We dn’t understand why smene’s face is cmpsed the way it is, but we knw that face.(我们不了解某人的脸为什么以这种方式组合,但我们认识他的脸。)
3. (XXXX北京卷 单选)Hurry up! Mark and Carl are expecting us.
4. The watch was very gd, and he paid 20 percent dwn fr it. (XXXX全国大纲卷 单选)
5. (XXXX福建卷 单选)Michelle fund a jb as a high schl teacher which invlves spending quite a lt f time with students.
6.A new hspital will be built in my hmetwn next year.
下一年我的家乡将建一所新医院。
7.The students f Junir One begin t learn English with ABC.
一年级的学生的英语学习从ABC开始学起。
8.The students thught well f their new teacher.
同学们对新来的老师评价很好。
注意:短语think well f中由于有介词f,所以可以跟宾语,要注意的是如果这样的结构变为被动语态时候,其中的介词是不可以省掉的。如:
The film brught the hurs back t me when I was taken gd care f in that remte village.
这部电影把我带到往日的时光,那时我在那遥远的村庄得到很好的照顾。
【考例1】(2023▪全国甲卷)The themes f traditinal fables ften deal with simple truths abut everyday life.
传统寓言的主题通常涉及日常生活中的简单事实。
【考例2】(2023▪浙江1月卷)The large siheyuan f these high-ranking fficials and wealthy businessmen ften _______ (feature) beautifully carved and painted rf beams and pillars(柱子).
答案与解析:考查及物动词的动词时态。此处的feature是及物动词,意思是“以……为特色,以……为主要组成”,另外还有“起重要作用,占重要地位;放映,上演;担任主演”等意思。分析句子结构可知,空格处需要填谓语动词,句子是主谓宾结构,主语是The large siheyuan f these high-ranking fficials and wealthy businessmen,及物动词feature是谓语,宾语是beautifully carved and painted rf beams and pillars。再结合上下文时态可知,空格处应用一般过去时。故填featured。句意:这些高级官员和有钱商人的高大的四合院,通常以雕刻精美和被粉刷的房顶横梁和柱子为特点。
【考例2】(XXXX上海卷 翻译)今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjy)
参考答案:We enjyed urselves very much n this New Year’s Day.
【考例3】(XXXX上海卷 翻译)演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar)
参考答案:The perfrmance began with a piece f classical music which was familiar t peple in their fifties.
三、主语+连系动词+表语 (S+ Link-V+P)
作表语成分的有形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。常见的系动词有be, feel, taste, smell, sund, seem, lk(看起来),get(变),g(变得),grw(变得、变成)becme(变),turn(变),cme(true), remain, keep, stay等。如:
1. When the light turned green. I said t him, "Dn’t be s stupid in the future. Drive carefully s that everyne can enjy a lng life."
2. Still, as with mst flus, yu shuld take sme extra bed rest, drink plenty f liquids, and keep warm.
3. (XXXX年上海卷)—I’m lking fr a nearby place fr my hliday. Any gd ideas?
—Hw abut the Mn Lake? It is within easy reach f the city.
The plane is twenty times heavier than the car. 飞机比火车重20倍。
When I think f yu, my days will stay fresh. 想起你,我的岁月永远鲜艳。
【考例1】(2021新高考I卷)Yu can’t help wndering hw hard it _____ (be) fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place.
答案与解析:考查连系动词的动词时态。分析句子可知,“hw hard it _____ (be) fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place”作wnder的宾语,是连词hw引导的一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中是一个主系表结构的句子,其中it是形式主语,不定式复合结构fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place为真正主语,hw hard是连系动词be的表语,谓语动词用单数形式,根据副词then“那时,当时”的提示可以看出“安置台阶的石头”是过去的事情,应用一般过去时。故填was。句意:你不禁会想,对当时的人们来说,把这些石头都安置好有多难。
【考例1】(XXXX湖北卷)Emergency line peratrs must always calm and make sure that they get all the infrmatin they need t send help.
A. grwB. appearC. becmeD. stay
答案与解析:D。根据and后的内容“确保知道全部的信息”知道紧急电话接线员的要一直“保持”平静。A和C是“变得”的意思,通常紧急情况会让人不平静,但是接线员不能着急。故选D。
【考例2】(XXXX四川卷)Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has cme t a cmplete stp.
A. seated B. seating C. t seat D. seat
答案与解析:A。remain后可接adj, v-ing, v-ed和t be dne 等多种形式做表语,在该题中可以把seated视为一个形容词,所以正确答案为A。
【考例3】 (XXXX重庆卷34)The engine just wn't start. Smething seems wrng with it.
A. t g B. t have gne C. ging D. having gne
答案与解析:B。系动词seem可以跟不定式作表语,g wrng发生在start之前,所以不定式用完成时形式。故选B。
四、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)
通常情况下间接宾语(sb.)在前,直接宾语(sth.)在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有:ask, bring, take, buy, cst, fetch, give, ffer, hand, pass, lend, ffer, pay, read, save, send, shw, teach, tell, write等。有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后,此时间接宾语前需加介词fr或t。如:
1.He had ceased t ask questins f anyne, since they brught him nly insult instead f infrmatin.
他不再向任何人提问,因为他们带给他的只是侮辱而不是消息。
2.Her grandmther lent her a camera fr a schl trip t Venice and Egypt.
她的祖母借给她一部相机,让她在学校组织的到威尼斯和埃及的旅行中使用。
3.She taught us by example that it's never t late t be all yu can pssibly be.
她以自身范例教育我们:发挥自己的潜能永不为晚。
4.My father bught me a bicycle s that I can get t schl quickly.
我爸爸给我买了一辆自行车以便我能够快一点到学校。
5.Let us ffer thanks t ur prtectr, the wise and kind Athena.
让我们来感谢我们的保佑者,贤明而仁慈的雅典娜神。
【考例1】(XXXX·福建卷)—Can yu lend me the bk Gne with the Wind?
—Srry. I returned it t the library just nw. Maybe it is still available.
【考例2】(XXXX四川卷 阅读C) Harvard has lng ffered curses t a wider ppulatin thrugh a similar library f ur schl will supply all kinds f bks t the students.
我们学校图书馆将为学生们提供各种类型的书。
【考例3】(XXXX上海卷 翻译)舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片,祝贺我18岁生日。(cngratulate)
参考答案:My uncle sent me a card yesterday t cngratulate / cngratulating me n my 18th birthday.
【考例4】(XXXX上海卷 翻译)这本杂志花了我20多元。(cst)
参考答案:This magazine cst/csts me mre than 20 yuan.
注意特殊情况:
1. Vt. t sb. sth.: declare (describe, drink, explain, express, annunce, admit, repeat, reprt, retell, mentin, murmur, mutter, intrduce, say, suggest, whisper, cmmunicate…) t sb. sth.(记忆口诀:Dear Miss WC)。如:
A year ag, shrtly after Janey Henriksen saw a Brian Williams reprt…, she annunced t her family f fur, “That’s what we’re ging t d fr ur spring break!” (XXXX湖南卷 阅读C)
【考例】(四川XXXX) Mum ________t us,“Be quiet! Yur little sister’s sleeping.”
A.whispered B.shuted C.explainedD.replied
答案与解析:A。根据题干“Be quiet!”看出说话的声音要小,whisper的意思是“低声说”,跟双宾语用whisper t sb. sth.。故选A。
2. Vt. sb. f sth.: rb (accuse, infrm, inquire, remind, cnvince, persuade, deprive, cure, relieve, warn, cheat, rid, assure, suspect…) sb. f sth. 如:
He cheated the ld wman f her mney by making her sign a paper she didn't understand.
他让老妇人在一份她看不懂的文件上签名,骗取了她的钱。
He tried t cnvince them f the safety f travelling by airplane.
他试图使他们相信乘飞机旅行是安全的。
【考例】Mary, I________ Jhn f his prmise t help yu. (XXXX·全国卷Ⅱ)
A.tld B.remindedC.warned D.advised
答案与解析:B。remind sb f sth提醒某人某事。tell是及物动词,需跟双宾语tell sb. sth.;warn sb f sth警告某人某事;advise sb f sth通知/正式告知某人某事。
五、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 (S+V+O+C)
宾补的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾补的有名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词、介词短语等。"宾语+宾补"也可称作复合宾语,宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系。有些不及物动词跟介词有自己的宾语,也可以有宾语补足语,像call n sb. t d sth., arrange fr sb. t d sth., depend n sb. t ds th.等。而像hpe, agree, suggest等则不可以用 Vt sb. t d sth.。如:
1.Yu must bear in mind that yur parents hpe t depend n yu t becme a gd dctr.
你要记住你的父母指望你成为一名好医生。
解读:介词in mind是宾语补足语,that从句是宾语; depend n sb. t d sth,中的不定式作宾语补足语。
2. Everyne is allwed t brrw 2 bks frm the library.
每人只允许从图书馆借两本书。
3. Harry and Michelle can watch Max sleeping. Harry和Michelle
可以去看Max在睡觉。
【考例1】(2023新高考II卷)Nw, I’m living ut that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers d their jb in English.
现在,我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语工作,间接地实现了这个梦想。
【考例2】(XXXX江西卷)It is said that dgs will keep yu______ fr as lng as yu want when yu are feeling lnely.
A. safety B. cmpany C. huse D.friend
答案与解析:B。句意是:据说狗能在你感到孤独的时候陪着你,只要你愿意的话。短语keep sb. cmpany意思是“陪伴、给…作伴”,其中的名词cmpany是名词作宾语补足语,可以作keep的宾语补足语还有为形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词等,但不能用不定式。
【考例3】Let thse in need that we will g all ut t help them. (XXXX陕西卷)
A. t understand B. understand C. understanding D. understd
答案与解析:B。使役动词let, have, make跟不定式作宾语补足语用不带t的不定式,即用动词原形,但是在被动语态中要加上t,故选B。
【实战演练1】
Directins: Translate the fllwing sentences int English, using the wrds given in the brackets.
1.勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。(infect)(S+ Link-V+P)
2. 她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play) (S十V十O)
3. 当你难以和父母交流时会感到痛苦吗?(when) (S+ Link-V+P;S+V+O+C)
4. 不在房间的时候别让灯开着。(when)(S+V+O+C)
5. 如果方便的话,请帮我从邮局取回包裹。(cnvenient)(S+V+IO+DO)
6. 我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。(ccur)(S+V)
Suggested answers:
1. Washing hands ften/frequently /regularly is ne f the effective ways t avid being infected by disease (s).
2. She began t play the vilin five years ag.
3. Will yu feel upset when yu find it hard t cmmunicate with yur parents?
4. Dn’t leave the light n when yu are nt in the rm.
5. If (it is) cnvenient, please fetch me the parcel frm the pst ffice/please g t the pst ffice and fetch me the parcel.
6. If never ccurred / didn’t ccur t me that Tm wuld/shuld be elected/made chairman f the Student’s Unin.
【实战演练2】
一、从所给A,B,C,D四个选项中选出最佳答案。
1. She wn't have bys _______ late.
A. t arrive B. arrived C. arrival D. arriving
2. The lawyer _______ t us the new law.
A. ffered B. explained C. tld D. gave
3. He ______ pr all his life.
A. was remained B. is remaining C. remained D. remain
4. Yu will feel ______a great pleasure talking t her.
A. that B. this C. what D. it
5. The teacher was listened t by them ______ a sng.
A. singing B. t singing C. sang D. t be singing
二、根据括号内到词或短语用简单句翻译下列句子。
1. 玉米最先在美国种植。(grw)
2. 你离开家乡有多久了?
3. 这份英语报纸深受英语学习者的欢迎。(ppular)
4. 吃新鲜的蔬菜和水果对你的健康很有益 (d gd t)
5. 在二十世纪八十年代,电话开始进入中国的许多家庭。(begin t)
KEYS:
一、1-5 DBCDA
二、1. Crn was first grwn in America.
2. Hw lng have yu been away frm yur hmetwn?
3. The English paper is ppular with the English learners.
4. Eating fresh fruits and vegetables des gd t yur health.
5. In the 1980s, telephnes began t g int many Chinese families.
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