高考英语语法词汇专项突破：02解锁定语从句中的关系词及其特殊结构“介词+关系代词”

这是一份高考英语语法词汇专项突破：02解锁定语从句中的关系词及其特殊结构“介词+关系代词”，共13页。

【高考试题展示】
【考例1】（2023年全国甲卷）“There was nce a twn in the heart f America, ______ all life seemed t enjy peaceful existence with its surrundings,” her fable begins, brrwing sme familiar wrds frm many age-ld fables.
答案与解析：where。考查定语从句的关系副词。句中先行词为twn，后面的定语从句的是主系表结构，不缺成分，因此根据句意和先行词是指地点的名词看出所填的关系词在所引导的在非限定性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。
【考例2】（2022年天津卷第二次）Guide bks are prepared t suit the cnvenience f the traveler, ________ rutes rund a city r a site are ften suggested.
A. fr which B. with which C. fr whm D. with whm
答案与解析：C。考查定语从句的“介词+关系代词”结构。根据句意和空白处前面的逗号可知空处所填的关系词引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词traveler；结合句意，路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议，故需要用介词fr表示“给……”，先行词为人，故fr后用whm。故选C项。句意：旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的，里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。
【考例3】（2021年天津卷第一次）William Hastie nce suggested that histry infrms us f past mistakes ________ we can learn withut repeating them.
A．frm which B．in which C．with whm D．fr whm
答案与解析：A。考查定语从句的“介词+关系代词”结构。分析句子可知先行词是名词past mistakes，_____ we can learn withut repeating them.为定语从句，由句中谓语动词can learn知道，要从过去的错误中学习，短语learn frm“从……中学习”，可知应用frm which引导定语从句。故选A。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。
【考例4】（2021年天津卷第二次）In the spring, a seasn ________ we are 1earning new rhythms f life，many f us find cmfrt in the natural wrld.
A. whenB. whereC. whatD. which
答案与解析：A。考查定语从句关系副词。此处先行词是a seasn，后面的定语从句的成分比较完整，因此不可以用关系代词，结合句意看出引导词在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，定语从句由关系副词when引导。故选A。句意：春天是我们学习新的生活节奏的季节，许多人在大自然中找到了舒适感。
【考例5】（2020浙江6月卷）Sme time after 10，000 BC，peple made the first real attempt t cntrl the wrld they lived ，thrugh agriculture.
答案与解析：in。考查介词在定语从句中的运用，即“介词+关系代词”结构。分析可知，“they lived _____”应是之前名词the wrld 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the wrld. live in+名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。句意：公元前10000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。
【要点概述】
引导定语从句的连词叫作关系词，引导定语从句的连接代词叫关系代词，关系代词有that, which, whm, whm, whse等; 引导定语从句的连接副词叫关系副词，关系副词有where, when, why。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，关系副词在从句中作状语；“介词+关系代词”与关系副词相当，在所引导的定语从句中作状语。
定语从句中的关系副词与“介词+关系代词” 关系密切，在有些情况下关系副词与“介词+关系代词二者甚至可以相互转换。对其考查涉及到：关系副词与先行词的关系；关系副词词义辨析；关系副词与关系代词区别；关系副词引导的定语从句与状语从句、名词性从句的区别；关系副词引导的定语从句与“介词+关系代词”转换；定语从句与非谓语动词作定语的转换；“介词+关系代词”中关系代词和介词的使用；定语从句与强调句型等固定句型的辨析等等。
【重难点解读】
一、关系副词
引导定语从句的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，分别指时间、地点和原因。关系副词本身在所引导的定语从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语，其先行词是指时间、地点和原因的名词或代词。但是在解题时一定要清楚，我们不可能仅仅根据先行词来判断用哪一个关系词，首先要看所填的关系词在从句中作什么成分，也就是看从句中缺少什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，即使先行词是指时间、地点或原因的名词或代词，引导词也不可以用when/where/why，而是考虑用which, that。
（一）when
关系副词when可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，先行词是指时间的名词或代词，如time, hur, year, mnth, week, century, night, mrning, evening等。如：
July and August are the mnths when the weather is ht.七八月是天气很热的月份。
I can imagine that the right time might be the beginning f this century, when ur peple are living a fairly cmfrtable life.
可以设想，恰好的时候就是在本世纪初到小康水平的时候。
【考例】（2020年天津卷第一次）Mr. Smith wned this il painting until the early 1990’s, ____________he gave it t his grandsn.
A. which B. when C. where D. wh
答案与解析：B。考查定语从句关系副词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是the early 1990 s，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。故选B。句意：史密斯先生一直拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初才把它送给了孙子。
【考例】（2019年江苏卷）We have entered int an age _______ dreams have the best chance f cming true.
A. whichB. whatC. whenD. that
答案与解析：C。考查定语从句关系副词。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。 故选C。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。
【考例】（XXXX陕西·15）As the smallest child f his family, Alex is always lnging fr the time he shuld be able t be independent.
【答案与解析】when。定语从句的先行词是time，从句中缺少时间状语，用关系副词when。句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。
（二）where
关系副词where可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，先行词是指地点的名词或代词，如place, twn, building, schl, city, cuntry等。另外有些抽象的地点，如case, jb, wrk, situatin, state, pint等，也可以用where引导定语从句。
Many peple mve t the cuntry, where they can enjy peace and fresh air.
许多人迁居到乡村，在那儿他们能呼吸新鲜空气，过上宁静的生活。
New Yrk's Brnx Z has a building where day is turned int night.
纽约的Brnx动物园内有一个建筑，在那里白天会变为晚上。
I have heard f a case where a yung guy riding a bus did nt ffer his seat t a wman with a baby even when it began t cry.
我听说有这样的情况，有个年轻人坐车，一位妇女抱着娃娃，他不让座，娃娃哭了他也不理。
【考例】（2021.3 天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands artists demnstrate their skills and teach the visitrs.
A.where B.which C. that D. when
答案与解析：A。考查定语从句的关系副词。分析句子成分结构可知，stands作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选A。句意︰在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。
【考例】（2020年新课标Ⅰ）Because the mn’s bdy blcks direct radi cmmunicatin with a prbe, China first had t put a satellite in rbit abve the mn in a spt . it culd send signals t the spacecraft and t Earth.
答案与解析：考查定语从句关系副词。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spt，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词应用where引导。故填where。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。
【考例】（2019年天津卷）Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
A. why B. where C. which D. what
答案与解析：B。考查定语从句关系副词。句中she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。
【考例】（改编自XXXX北京卷·24）Oppsite is St.Paul's Church, ______ yu can hear sme lvely music.
【答案与解析】where/ in which。这是一个定语从句，先行词是St. Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。用where, 也可以转换成 in which。句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。
【考例】The bss f the cmpany is trying t create an easy atmsphere ______ his emplyees enjy their wrk. （XXXX·天津卷）
A. where B. whichC. whenD. wh
【答案与解析】A。句中先行词为atmsphere，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。关系副词where除了可以指具体实在的地点、地方，也可以指抽象意义的地点，如state, cnditin, situatin, jb, atmsphere等。句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种员工享受他们工作的轻松气氛。
（三）why
关系副词why引导限制性定语从句, 一般不引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是reasn。可以与fr which转换。如：
The main reasn why he lst his jb was that he drank.
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
I fail t see any reasn why we shuld wrry urselves abut thse peple.
我真不懂我们为什么要替那些人担忧。
The reasn why her brther is fired is that he is ften late fr wrk.
可以转换成：The reasn fr which her brther is fired is that he is ften late fr wrk.
试比较：（上海春招XXXX）Is this the reasn ______ at the meeting fr his carelessness in his wrk?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. hw he explained D. why he explained
答案与解析：选A。本题由于先行词是reasn，不少考生想当然地选D作为正确选项，实际上正确答案应该是A。为什么呢？我们要先从定语从句的谓语动词看起，那么就会发现谓语动词explain是及物动词，而这个及物动词没有宾语，由此可以推断出所填的关系词作定语从句的宾语，所以用关系代词，排除B、C、D，A项认为是省去了作宾语的关系代词。
二、关系副词与关系代词的区别
引导定语从句的关系词到底是用关系副词还是关系代词不是取决于先行词，而是取决于关系词本身在所引导的定语从句中所作的成分，如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语，则用关系代词；如果关系词在所引导的定语从句中作状语，则用关系副词。如：
There was a time when talking abut the weather was a safe tpic f cnversatin.
曾几何时，天气是一个安全的谈论话题。
The reasn (that/which) he gave us fr being late fr schl sunded reasnable.
他给我们讲的迟到原因听起来有道理。(that, which用作定语从句 gave的宾语，由于是作宾语，所以也可省略)
Dn’t frget the time (that/ which) I’ve tld yu the day befre yesterday.
不要忘记我前天告诉你的时间。(that, which在定语从句中作tld的宾语，所以也可省略)
【考例】（改编自XXXX福建·34）China Tday attracts a wrldwide readership, _______ shws that mre and mre peple all ver the wrld want t learn abut China.
【答案与解析】which。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。关系词代指前面的《今日中国》，在定语从句中作主语，that不引导非限制性定语从句，所以用which。句意：《今日中国》有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。
【考例】（改编自XXXX四川卷·3）The bks n the desk, cvers are shiny, are prizes fr us.
【答案与解析】whse。先行词为the bks，和cvers之间存在所有关系，用whse表示 “的”。不要想当然根据desk而用where，定语从句所缺的成分是定语，用关系代词。如果在cvers之前加上定冠词the，则需要用f+which结构。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。
【考例】(XXXX全国课标卷I) Maybe yu are facing an impssible situatin. Maybe yu have a habit __67___is driving yur family crazy.
【答案与解析】that/which。定语从句缺少主语，用关系代词。先行词指物，所以用that或which。句意：也许你面临一种无法应对的处境，也许你有一个让家人抓狂的习惯。
三、介词+关系代词
关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which或whm，形成“介词+关系代词”结构。其中的介词使用要考虑到与从句的动词、名词、形容词等的搭配关系，还要考虑到与先行词之间的搭配关系。其中的关系代词的用which或whm，如果关系代词作定语则会有“介词+whse+名词”结构出现，不会出现that/wh或者关系副词。要注意有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前。关系副词when, where, why可转换成“介词＋which”，表示所属关系的whse可以转换成“f whm”。介词的选择要考虑两个因素：(1) 与先行词的搭配关系；(2)与谓语动词的搭配关系。 “介词+关系代词”结构在所引导的定语从句中作状语。
This is the man t whm I referred. = This is the man (whm) I referred t.
我指的就是这个人。
I wanted t find smene with whm I culd discuss bks and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。(搭配discuss sth with sb.)
He referred me t sme reference bks with which I am nt very familiar. 他我要去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。(搭配be familiar with)
This is ur classrm, in the frnt f which there is a teacher's desk. 这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。(搭配in the frnt f ur classrm)
The treasure, sme f which has been recvered, has been sent t the British Museum.
这些宝藏已送往英国博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。(搭配sme f them)
One generatin plants the trees in whse shade anther generatin rests.前人栽树,后人乘凉。
On the blackbard the teacher wrte a sentence, the meaning f which /whse meaning I dn't understand.
老师在黑板上写了一个句子，句子的意思我不明白。(搭配the meaning f the sentence)
【考例】（改编自XXXX重庆·14) He wrte many children’ s bks, nearly half f ____ were published in the 1990s.
【答案与解析】which。先行词bks指物，定语从句中f缺少宾语，是“介词+关系代词”结构。
【考例】（改编自XXXX安徽卷·28）Sme experts think reading is the fundamental skill upn______ schl educatin depends.
【答案与解析】which。根据句子结构看出是“介词+关系代词”，先行词skill指物，用关系代词which。句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
四、关系副词与“介词+关系代词”转换
由于关系副词与“介词+关系代词”都在所引导的定语从句中作状语，因此二者大部分情况下是可以相互转换，即：why=fr which；where=in/ at/ n/ ... which；when=during/ n/ in/ ... which。如：
I'll never frget the day when/n which she said gdbye t me.
我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。(when=n which)
That’s the huse where /in which he lived 10 years ag.
那就是他10年前住过的房子。(where =in which)
Please tell me the reasn why yu were absent.
请告诉我你为什么缺席。(why =fr which)
. 【考例】（2015年浙江卷）Creating an atmsphere emplyees feel part f a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whse C. in which D. at which
答案与解析：C。考查定语从句。in the atmsphere “在氛围中”是一个固定搭配，根据句子的意思看出这是一个定语从句，先行词是名词atmsphere。此处也可以是where. 分析句子结构和结合四个选项，知道在这里面所需要填的是连词。然后空格之前是一个名词，这种情况首先考虑的是定语从句。然后分析之后的句子是具备完整的结构（有了主语emplyees和宾语part f a team）所以这应该是需要一个充当状语的连词，如where, when , why. 由于when用于时间，why用于原因，剩下的使用where，所以这里填where。但是答案没有这个选项，根据搭配介词+which=where 及in atmsphere 是固定搭配，不难得出答案。句意：创造一种雇员感觉是其中一员的氛围是一个大的挑战。
五、where引导的定语从句与其它从句区别
where引导定语从句时典型的特点是有先行词，可以与“介词+关系代词”转换，同时where也可以引导状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。如：
I wnder wh he is, where he came frm and why he came.
我很想知道他是谁, 从哪里来, 来干什么。（where引导宾语从句,不用in which）
比较：This is where the waters f the Amazn flw ut int the sea.
这里是亚马逊河水流入大海的地方。（where引导表语从句，不用in which）
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjing River meet.
武汉位于长江与汉江的交汇口。（where引导地点状语从句，不用in which，没有先行词）
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。（where引导地点状语从句）
It was in the street that I met yur brther the day befre yesterday.前天我在在街上遇见你哥哥的。
（本句是“it be +被强调部分+that+原句剩余部分”，是一个强调句型，尽管被强调部分是指地点，前面有地点的名词，由于不是定语从句，因此不可以用where。同理，如果被强调的部分指时间，也不用when。）
【典题】The wall is 12 meters high and frm _______here yu can see streams f peple mving inside and utside the City Wall.
A.where B. here C. which D. it
答案与解析：B。考查副词与关系副词的区别。根据句子中的并列连词and可以看出不可以用连词where和which，and连接两个分句。短语frm here的意思是从这里，本句语境看出指从城墙所在的地方，所以不用it，强调的是这个地方，而不是城墙本身。本句依照句意转换为：The wall is 12 meters high, frm where yu can see streams f peple mving inside and utside the City Wall.。此处的frm where引导定语从句，where代指的相当于n the tp f the wall，而不是the wall本身，所以frm where与frm which意思不同。类似的还有since then对应的since when。句意是：城墙有12米高，从这里可以看到城墙内外川流不息的人群。
六、先行词是way时定语从句的引导词
当先行词是way时，引导定语从句中的in which可以用that代替，而且that也可以省掉。此时的in which在所引导的定语从句中作方式状语。如：
Talk t us, and yu'll get t knw smething abut what we d and the way (that/in which) we d it.
双方交谈能使你们了解我们的工作及工作的方式。
The way (that/in which) the New Year is celebrated in the West tday is nt actually that ld.
现代西方庆祝新年的方式其实并没有那么久远的历史。
【典题】The nly way ________ he thught f t slve the prblem sunded reasnable thugh it was a bit difficult fr him t finish the task.
A.in which B. which C. that D. what
答案与解析：考查定语从句的关系词。按照先行词是way的通常做法是理解为用in which或 that，但是本题的定语从句缺少宾语，把句子还原看出是：He thught f the nly way t slve...，这样就可以看出先行词way与从句的谓语动词thught f是动宾关系，所以引导定语从句的关系词在从句中作宾语，需要用关系代词。结合先行词指物，再根据先行词被形容词nly所修饰，所以只能用that。注意what不引导定语从句，what的含义相当于all that。故选C。句意是：虽然对他来说，要完成这项任务有点困难，但是他所想到的解决问题的唯一的方法听起来有道理。
【考例】 (湖北XXXX) What surprised me was nt what he said but ______ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
答案与解析：A。此处the way后面省掉了引导词that，即相当于the way (in which/ that）。
【巩固练习】
一、填空：在横线上填上适当的词。每空一词。
1. Students shuld invlve themselves in cmmunity activities ( ______ _______) they can gain experience fr grwth.
2. Is this the reasn ( ______ _______) he refused ur ffer?
3. He is unlikely t find the place ( ______ _______) he lived frty years ag.
4. One change ______ gives me particular encuragement is the way ( ______ _______) Sine-British relatin have develped.
5. The truth was that the peple ______ _______ I lked fr help were by n means my favurite.
6. We'll never frget the day ______ we spent in the village.
7. He will always remember the day ( ______ _______) his father returned frm America.
8. That is why ur plicy will nt lead t a situatin ( ______ _______) the rich get richer while the pr get prer.
9. I've becme gd friends with several f the students in my schl _____ I met in the English speech cntest last year.
10. That’s the new machine ______ parts are t small t be seen.
11. Where can I buy the bk ______ yu are talking abut?
12. The writer and his nvel ______ yu have just talked abut are really well knwn.
13. The reasn ______ he didn't pass the driving test is lacking f practice.
14. It is als a market twn ______ many farmers bring their prduce t sell.
15. I thught f the night ______ I first came t his hme, three mnths befre.
16. He wuld never tell me the reasn fr ______ he was late.
二、单项选择题：从所给的ABCD四个选项中选择最佳答案。
第一组：I. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入句中空白处的最佳答案。
1. September 30 is the day ______ which yu must pay yur bill. (XXXX·全国大纲卷)
A. by B. fr C. with D. in
2. Amng the many dangers________ sailrs have t face, prbably the greatest f all is fg. (XXXX·江西卷)
A. which B. what C. where D. when
3. I am lking frward t the day my daughter can read this bk and knw my feelings fr her. (XXXX湖南卷)
A. asB. whyC. when D. where
4. He wrte a letter ______ he explains what had happened in the accident. (XXXX·江西卷)
A. whatB. whichC. whereD. hw
5. Happiness and success ften cme t thse ________ are gd at recgnizing their wn strengths. (XXXX·湖南卷)
A. whmB. whC. whatD. which
6. The writer and his nvel ______ that yu have just talked abut are really well knwn.
A. whichB. thatC. whmD. they
7. She has a gift fr creating an atmsphere fr her students ____ allws them t cmmunicate freely with each ther. （XXXX·福建卷）
A. wh B. where C. what D. which
8. The prize will g t the writer stry shws the mst imaginatin. （XXXX·全国新课标卷）
A. that B. which C. what D. whse
第二组：从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入句中空白处的最佳答案。
1. The yung cuple have chsen the day ______ they will get married.
A. n which B.in which C. n what D. in
2. He studied at Mrehuse Cllege ______ he met many famus men.
A. fr whichB. which C. where D. when
3. The nly bk _____ I have in my library is the ne she has lent me.
A. what B. which C. that D. why
4. Listen t yur father _____ child yu are, and d nt keep hnur frm yur mther when she is ld.
A. wh B. whm C. f that D. whse
5. She explained t me the reasn _____ she wanted t send her child t nursery.
A. whichB. whyC. where D. whse
6. The writer and his nvel ______ yu have just talked abut are really well knwn.
A. whichB. thatC. whmD. they
7. There is nthing _____ we pay less attentin than time and air.
A. fr which B. in which C. t that D. t which
8. The best time t see stars is n a clear night _______ there is n mn.
A. when B. in which C. where D. then
三、填空：根据汉语意思完成下列句子， 每空一词。
1. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
The______ ______ we have t grw trees is _______ they can prvide us with fresh air.
2. 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
That is ne f the mst interesting bks ______ _____ _____ in the bkshp.
3. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
They rushed ver t help the man ______ ______ _____ _____ _____..
4. 许多国家建立了国家公园，在那里动植物可以得到保护。
Many cuntries are nw setting up natinal parks animals and plants _____ ____ ______.
5. 鲁迅曾经居住过的房子现在是鲁迅博物馆的一部分。
The huse in ______ ______ _____ ______ is nw part f the Lu Xun Museum.
6. 图书管理员忘了告诉我借的书要归还的日期了。
The librarian frgt t tell me the date ______ ______ the bks shuld _____ ______.
7. 在这的所有人中谁和你一起去？
Is there anyne here_____ ______ ______ ______ ______?
8. 他在寻找一位姑娘，一位佩带玫瑰的姑娘，一位他只知其心，不知其貌的姑娘。
He lked fr the girl _____ _____ _____ _____, but _____ _____ ____ ______, the girl with the rse.
Suggested Answers:
一、
1.where/ in which 2.why /fr which
3.where / in which 4. that/which; that/ in which
5.frm whm 6.that / which
7.when/n which 8.where/ in which
9. wh 10. whse
11. that/which 12. that
13. why 14. where
15. when 16. which
二、第一组 1-4 AACC 5-8 BBDD 第二组 1-4 ACCD 5-8 BBDA
三、
1. reasn why; that 2. that are sld 3. whse car had brken dwn
4. Where; can be prtected 5. which Lu Xun nce lived 6. n which; be returned
7. wh will g with yu 8. whse heart he knew; whse face he didn’t