新高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题08 阅读理解之主旨题（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

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主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
类型一 标题归纳题
一、提问方式
·The best title f the passage is ________.
·Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
·What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
·The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、解题必备知能
(一)理解标题的3大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
例子1
Gd Mrning Britain's Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she's been able t put a lt f what she's learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 fr a prtin (一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we're nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves.”
The eight­part series (系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV's Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight's Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family's lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yurself a Perfect Chef
D．Cking Well fr Less
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Mney: Gd Fd，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
提问方式
·What's the main idea/pint f the passage?
·The passage is mainly abut ________.
·The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
·Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
·In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等词，通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter­gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin­state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (tw r three) r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin­mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31．What is the main idea f the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．Peple's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D．Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
·The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
·What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的2种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transitin — has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23­galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．The basic data f the Transitin.
B．The advantages f flying cars.
C．The ptential market fr flying cars.
D．The designers f the Transitin.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transitin的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：cmpleted its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transitin
⑤飞车构成：tw seats, fur wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallns per hur in the air; On the grund, 35 miles per galln
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transitin的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
[答案] A
三、高考真题
2022年6月新高考1卷 D篇
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.

2022年6月全国甲卷B篇
Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
27. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters

2022年6月全国甲卷C篇
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins (企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career (职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided I wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.

2022年6月全国甲卷D篇
Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.

2022年6月全国乙卷C篇
Can a small grup f drnes (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient (高效) acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
31. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D. Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways

2022年6月北京卷D篇
Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?

2022年1月浙江卷C篇
The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there's a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.New research fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.”
Fr the study,191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were tired ut t measure their peak（最大值的）cardivascular capacity.The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level with a capacity f 120 watts r higher. While 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; A ttal f 59 were f lw fitness level ,with a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less,r having their tests stpped because f health prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades.During that time,44 f the wmen develped dementia.Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia,cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever,this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin.said Hrder. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant." She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied,all f whm were frm Sweden,s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
30.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A.Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C.Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
D.Biking Imprves Wmen's Cardivascular Fitness

2021年6月天津卷D篇
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be "the easy subject" at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn't just want material things anymre, they want t experience life一the arts are a perfect crssver（交迭）between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple's wellbeing. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.
55．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Hw Art Cures Our Hearts B.Art: A Blessing t Humankind
C.Hw Art Benefits Cmmunities D.Art: A Bridge Between Cultures

2021年6月新高考Ⅰ卷C篇
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans have taken care f these precius natural resurses wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl（水禽）were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry（迁徙的）waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
4.Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Stry
B.The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits f Saving Waterfwl
D.The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting

2021年6月新高考二卷C篇
A British wman wh wn a S1 millin prize after she was named the Wrld's Best Teacher will use the cash t bring inspiratinal figures int UK schls.
Andria Zafiraku,a nrth Lndn secndary schl teacher, said she wanted t bring abut a classrm revlutin (变革). “We are ging t make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a prject t prmte the teaching f the arts in ur schls.”
The prject results frm the difficulties many schls have in getting artists f any srt - whether an up-and-cming lcal musician r a majr mvie star - int schls t wrk with and inspire children.
Zafiraku began the prject at Alpertn Cmmunity Schl, her place f wrk fr the past twelve years. “I've seen thse magic mments when children are talking t smene they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . mre than ever in ur schls."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant prject t bring artists frm all fields int direct cntact with children is particularly welcme at a time when the arts are being dwngraded in schls." It was a mistake t see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Histrian Sir Simn Schama is als a supprter f the prject. He said that arts educatin in schls was nt just an add-n. “It is abslutely necessary. The future depends n creativity and creativity depends n the yung. What will remain f us when artificial intelligence takes ver will be ur creativity, and it is ur creative spirit, ur visinary sense f freshness,that has been ur strength fr centuries."
11. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bring Artists t SchlsB. When Histrians Meet Artists
C. Arts Educatin in BritainD. The Wrld's Best Arts Teacher

2021年6月全国甲卷D篇
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are "really, really smart." Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs（因素） like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld."
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike B.Genius Takes Many Frms
C.Genius and Intelligence D.Genius and Luck
2021年6月全国乙卷B篇
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes, accrding t a survey（调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）—nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn't the nly factr; I'd say it's als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne (using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it).
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
1.What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A.Their target users. B.Their wide ppularity.
C.Their majr functins. D.Their cmplex design.
2021年6月全国乙卷C篇
Yu've heard that plastic is plluting the cean—between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpcalypse, " a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168, 000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源）f plastic pllutin, but they've recently cme under fire because mst peple dn't need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that's part f Vn Wng's artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad's wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled "Trucklad f Plastic, " Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10, 000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they'd been dumped（倾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
4.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A.Artists' Opinins n Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C.Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D.Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
2021年6月浙江卷C篇
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study.
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images（图像） f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish hetween the pictures bused n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth, " said study anthr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the surcessful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans."T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, ” and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A.A suggestin fr future studies. B.A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C.A majr limitatin f the study. D.An explanatin f the research methd.
A trial prject by the Mntreal Children's Hspital suggested that the use f medical hypnsis （催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The prject als resulted in a reductin in the amunt f medicines used t perfrm medical-imaging （医学影像） prcedures.
"During the examinatin children dn't mve. It wrks perfectly. It's amazing," said Jhanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technlgist at the hspital.
The prject was inspired by a French team frm Ruen University Hspital Centre where examinatins are dne under hypnsis instead f general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technlgist—als a hypntist—was invited t train a few members in the medical-imaging department f the children's hspital. In all, 80 examinatins were cnducted fr the prject between January and September, 2019, fcusing n the imaging prcedures that wuld cause anxiety.
Hypnsis is nt a state f sleep: It is rather a mdified （改变的）state f cnsciusness. The technlgist will guide the patient t this mdified state—an imaginary wrld that will disassciate itself mre and mre frm the prcedure that fllws.
"The technlgist must build up a stry with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the pwer t chse what he wants t talk abut. D yu play sprts? D yu like ging t the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss thrughut the prcedure."
Everything that happens next during the prcedure must be related t this stry—an injectin （注射）becmes the bite f an insect; the heat n the skin becmes the sensatin f the sun and a machine that rings becmes a plice car passing nearby.
"The imprtant thing is that the technlgist assciates what is happening utside the patient's bdy with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity n the part f the technlgist, imaginatin, a lt f patience and kindness."
The prcedure appealed t the staff a lt when it was intrduced in January. "It spread like wildfire that smene frm France was here t train the technlgists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line f staff at her dr wanting t take the training.
6.What is the passage mainly abut?
A.An easy way t cmmunicate with patients.
B.The standard methd f cnducting hypnsis.
C.An intrductin f medical-imaging technlgy.
D.The use f hypnsis in medical-imaging prcedures.
2020年全国卷1-D篇
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy（MIT）have taken it a step further—changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse, even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. "We're thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day, " explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw（发光） in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran's team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light, abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by, is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future, the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff "switch" where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce（电源）—such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway—a lt f energy is lst during transmissin（传输）. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces
D. Benefits frm green plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
2020年(全国2卷B篇)
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children at the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin（认知） after cntrlling fr differences in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
"The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate（旋转） and translate shapes, " Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f the children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than the parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd
B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgist
D. A teaching prgram.

2020年(全国2卷D篇)
I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids plaved ball r went t parties. I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld .It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce(来源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read ,using different vices , as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it !It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks.
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I've fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can't affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
35. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Reading: A Surce f Knwledge
B. My Idea abut writing
C. Library: A Haven fr the Yung
D. My Lve f the Library

2020年(全国3卷B篇)
When "Rise f the Planet f the Apes" was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren't there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks fr nt using real apes（猿）!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture（动作捕捉） technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr's perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image（图像）. In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2, 000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants", "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper", have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it's nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it's the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
25. What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut:
A. The cst f making "Apes"
B. The creatin f digitalized apes.
C. The publicity abut "Apes."
D. The perfrmance f real apes.

2020年(全国3卷C篇)
With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin（孤独）, mre families are chsing t live tgether.
The drway t peace and quiet, fr Nick Bright at least, leads straight t his mther-in-law, she lives n the grund flr, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their tw daughters.
Fur years ag they all mved int a three-strey Victrian huse in Bristl—ne f a grwing number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf. They share a frnt dr and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.
"We flated the idea t my mum f sharing at a huse, " says Kathryn Whitehead. Ria cuts in: "We spke mre with Nick because I think it's a big thing fr Nick t live with his mther-in-law."
And what des Nick think? "Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld."
It's hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325, 000 in 2002 t 419, 000 in 2013.
Other varieties f multigeneratinal family are mre cmmn. Sme peple live with their elderly parents; many mre adult children are returning t the family hme, if they ever left. It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year-lds live with their parents, cmpared with 16% in 1991. The ttal number f all multigeneratinal husehlds in Britain is thught t be abut 1.8 millin.
Stries like that are mre cmmn in parts f the wrld where multigeneratinal living is mre firmly rted. In India, particularly utside cities, yung wmen are expected t mve in with their husband's family when they get married.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.
B. Cnflicts between generatins.
C. A husing prblem in Britain.
D. A rising trend f living in the UK.

2020年(全国3卷D篇)
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes（基因）, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin（突变） that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin—nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts（支柱） in castal waters. "They are simply a stranger t the land, " said Rdney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. "We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders, " Dr. Jubilad said. "I culd see them actually walking under the sea."
In 2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. "it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin, " said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
4.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea B.Highlanders' Survival Skills
C.Basic Methds f Genetic Research D.The Wrld's Best Divers

2020年(新高考全国卷1-B篇)
Jennifer Mauer has needed mre willpwer than the typical cllege student t pursue her gal f earning a nursing degree. That willpwer bre fruit when Jennifer graduated frm University f Wiscnsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family t earn a bachelr's degree.
7. What can we learn frm Jennifer's stry?
A. Time is mney.
B. Lve breaks dwn barriers.
C. Hard wrk pays ff.
D. Educatin is the key t success.
2020年(新高考全国卷1-C篇)
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea. Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destrved by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders. while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral (葬礼) fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rcanizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
11. What is the purpse f this text?
A. T intrduce a bk
B. T explain a cultural phenmenn.
C. T remember a writer.
D. T recmmend a travel destinatin.
2020年(天津卷-B篇)
"They tell me that yu'd like t make a statue (塑像) f me-is that crrect, Miss Vinnie Ream?"
The deep, gentle vice helped calm the nervus girl. Asking a favr f the President f the United States was n casual matter, especially fr a seventeen-year-ld girl.
"Yes, sir"” she replied, her dark eves meeting his. "I wuldn't have dared t ask yu, but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan t make it in an admirable manner.”
President Lincln smiled. "Painters, sculptrs they've all tried t make the best f this rdinary face, but I'm afraid there's nt much hpe. What did yu have in mind, Miss Ream? A bust (半身像)?"
Befre Vinnie culd say yes, the President hurried n, a shade f aplgy in his vice, "Of curse -I shuldn't have asked. A full-length pse wuld be much t big a prject fr a yung wman yur size."
Vinnie's face turned red. She realized she lked like a child, with her tiny figure. "Small des nt mean weak, sir," She defended herself, " was brn in the cuntry f Wiscnsin. I've driven teams f huses and carried water. Making a full-ength clay (粘土) figure wuld nt exhaust my strength — and that is what I intend t d!"
The President's eyes, brightened at her shw f spirit. "Srry, madam. I have underestimated yu as I didn't knw yur backgrund
But his smile faded as he rubbed his beard with bny fingers, in thught. "Miss Ream," he sighed. "I'd like t let vu d it. but as vu knw. we are in the middle f a war. Hw culd I pssibly take the time t pse fr a sculpture nw? I hardly have a minute t myself"
Vinnie glanced arund and nted the size f his ffice. "I wrk quickly," she said. Her vice was sft but cnfident as she pinted t the crner near the windws. "If I were t bring my clay here and wrk fr three hurs every afternn, I culd cmplete mst f the prject while yu are at yur desk."
The President seemed t cnsider her idea seriusly. He gt up and shk Vinnie's hand warmly, "I've heard that yu are a talented yung wman, and I have fund yu charming and intelligent as well. I cannt make my decisin immediately, but yu will hear frm me sn."
The very next day, Vinnie received an invitatin frm the President.
45. What message des the stry cnvey?
A. A strng-willed sul can reach his gal.
B. Experience helps t prmte excellence.
C. Ups and dwns make ne strng.
D. Devtin requires enthusiasm.

2020年(天津卷-C篇)
Fr peple wh are interested in sund, the field f sund technlgy is definitely making nise in the past, sund engineers wrked in the back rms f recrding studis, but many f tday's sund prfessinals are sharing their knwledge and experience with prfessinals in ther fields t create new prducts based n the phenmenn we call sund.
Sund can be used as a weapn. Imagine that a plice fficer is chasing thief. The thief tries t escape. And the fficer can't let him get away. He pulls ut special device, pints it at the suspect, and switches it n. The thief drps t the grund. This new weapn is called a Lng Range Acustic Device (LRAD,远程定向声波发射器). It prduces a deafening sund s painful that it temprarily disables a persn. The nise frm the LRAD is directed like a ray f light and travels nly int the ears f that persn. but it is nt deadly.
Fr thse wh hunger fr sme peace and quiet, sund can nw create silence. Let's say yu are at the airprt, and the little by n the seat next t yu is humming (哼唱) a shrt cmmercial sng. He hums it ver and ver again, and yu are abut t g crazy. Thanks t the Silence Machine. a British inventin, yu can get rid f the sund withut upsetting the by r his parents. One may wnder hw the Silence Machine wrks. Well, it functins by analyzing the waves f the incming sund and creating a secnd set f utging waves. The tw sets f waves cancel each ther ut. Simply turn the machine n pint it at the target, and yur peace and quiet cmes back.
Directed sund is a new technlgy that allws cmpanies t use sund in much the same way sptlights (聚光灯) are used in the theater. A sptlight lights up nly ne sectin f a stage; similarly, a "sptsund" creates a circle f sund in ne targeted area. This can be useful fr businesses such as restaurants and stres because it ffers a new way t attract custmers. Restaurants can ffer a chice f music alng with the varius fd chices n the menu, allwing custmers mre cntrl ver the atmsphere in which they are dining. Directed sund is als beginning t appear in shpping centers and even at hmes.
50. What des the passage fcus n?
A. Hw prfessinals invented sund prducts.
B. Inventins in the field f sund technlgy.
C. The grwing interest in the study f sund
D. Hw sund engineers wrk in their studis.

2020.7(天津卷-D篇)
After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curiusly and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.
Tgether, these deep human urges（驱策力） cunt fr much mre than ambitin. Galile was nt merely ambitius when he drpped bjects f varying weights frm the Leaning Twer at Pisa and timed their fall t the grund. Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, "Why? Why? Why? "
Frtunately, curisity and discntent dn't have t be learned. We are brn with them and need nly recapture them.
"The great man, " said Mencius（孟子）, "Is he wh des nt lse his child's heart." Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd. And the crwd desires nly the calm and restful average. It encurages us t ccupy ur wn little crner, t avid flish leaps int the dark, t be satisfied.
Mst f us meet new peple, and new ideas, with hesitatin. But nce having met and liked them, we think hw terrible it wuld have been, had we missed the chance. We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
Hw shuld yu start? Mdestly, s as nt t becme discuraged. I think f ne friend wh culdn't arrange flwers t satisfy herself. She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.
One way t begin is t answer yur wn excuses. Yu haven't any special ability? Mst peple dn't; there are nly a few geniuses. Yu haven't any time? That's gd, because it's always the peple with n time wh get things dne. Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts f Uncle Tm's Cabin while cking. Yu're t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.
Hwever yu start, remember there is n better time t start than right nw, fr yu'll never be mre alive than yu are at this mment.
5.What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A.Curius Minds Never Feel Cntented B.Reflectins n Human Nature
C.The Keys t Achievement D.Never T Late t Learn

2020年(江苏卷-D篇)
I was in the middle f the Amazn (亚马逊) with my wife, wh was there as a medical researcher. We flew n a small plane t a faraway village. We did nt speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms, and mre ften than nt, did nt entirely recgnize the fd. We culd nt have felt mre freign.
We were raised n bks and cmputers, highways and cell phnes, but nw we were living in a village withut running water r electricity. It was easy fr us t g t sleep at the end f the day feeling a little misunderstd.
Then ne perfect Amaznian evening, with mnkeys calling frm beynd the village green, we played sccer. I am nt gd at sccer, but that evening it was wnderful. Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly. As darkness came ver the field and the match ended, the gal keeper, Juan, walked ver t me and said in a matter-f-fact way, "In yur hme, d yu have a mn t?" I was surprised.
After I explained t Juan that yes, we did have a mn and yes, it was very similar t his, I felt a srt f awe (敬畏) at the pssibilities that existed in his wrld, In Juan's wrld, each village culd have its wn mn. In Juan's wrld, the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus. Anything was pssible.
In ur sciety, we knw that Earth has nly ne mn. We have lked at ur planet frm every angle and fund all f the wildest things left t find. I can, frm my cmputer at hme, pull up satellite images f Juan's village. There are n mre cntinents and n mre mns t search fr, little left t discver. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thught abut Juan's questin, I was nt sure hw much mre we culd really rule ut. I am, in part, an ant bilgist, s my thughts turned t what we knw abut insect life and I knew that much in the wrld f insects remains unknwn. Hw much, thugh? Hw ignrant (无知的) are we? The questin f what we knw and d nt knw cnstantly bthered me.
I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new mnkey, new spider…, and n and n they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species, fur hundred species f bacteria fund in the human stmach. The secnd drawer began t fill and as it did, I wndered whether there were bigger discveries ut there, nt just species, but life that depends n things thught t be useless, life even withut DNA. I started a third drawer fr these big discveries. It fills mre slwly, but all the same, it fills.
In lking int the stries f bilgical discvery, I als began t find smething else, a cllectin f scientists, usually brilliant, ccasinally half-mad, wh made the discveries. Thse scientists very ften see the same things that ther scientists see, but they pay mre attentin t them, and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin (穷尽), and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers. In lking fr the stries f discvery, I fund the stries f these peple and hw their lives changed ur view f the wrld.
We are repeatedly willing t imagine we have fund mst f what is left t discver. We used t think that insects were the smallest rganisms (生物), and that nthing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when smething new turns up, mre ften than nt, we d nt even knw its name.70. What culd be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A. The Pssible and the Impssible
B. The Knwn and the Unknwn
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized
D. The Ignrant and the Intelligent

2020年(浙江卷1月-A篇)
I never knew anyne wh'd grwn up in Jacksn withut being afraid f Mrs. Callway, ur librarian. She ran Jacksn's Carnegie Library abslutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was n signs hung everywhere. If she thught yu were dressed imprperly, she sent yu straight back hme t change yur clthes. I was willing; I wuld d anything t read.
My mther was nt afraid f Mrs. Callway. She wished me t have my wn library card t check ut bks fr myself. She tk me in t intrduce me. "Eudra is nine years ld and has my permissin t read any bk she wants frm the shelves, children r adults." Mther said.
Mrs. Callway made her wn rules abut bks. Yu culd nt take back a bk t the library n the same day yu'd taken it ut; it made n difference t her that yu'd read every wrd in it and needed anther t start. Yu culd take ut tw bks at a time and tw nly. S tw by tw, I read library bks as fast as I culd g, rushing them hme in the basket f my bicycle. Frm the minute I reached ur huse, I started t read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mther shared this feeling f mine. Nw, I think f her as reading s much f the time while ding smething else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part f the Wlf in a game f "Little Red Riding Hd" with my brther's tw daughters. She'd just lk up at the right time, lng enugh t answer—in character—"The better t eat yu with, my dear, " and g back t her place in the magazine article.
3.Where is the text prbably frm?
A.A guidebk. B.An autbigraphy.
C.A news reprt. D.A bk review.

2020年(浙江卷1月-C篇)
Tday's wrld is nt an easy adjustment fr yung adults. A key skill set fr success is persistence（毅力）, a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.
BYU prfessrs Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after fllwing 325 American families ver several years. And ver time, the persistence gained thrugh fathers led t higher achievement in schl.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique rle f fathers." Padilla-Walker said. "This research als helps t prve that characteristics such as persistence-which can he taught-are key t a child's life success."
Researchers determined that dads need t practice an "authritative" parenting style. Authritative parenting is nt authritarian: rigid, demanding r cntrlling. Rather, an authritative parenting style includes sme f the fllwing characteristics: children feel warmth and lve frm their father; respnsibility and the reasns behind rules are stressed; children are given an apprpriate level f autnmy（自主权）.
In the study, abut 52 percent f the dads exhibited abve-average levels f authritative parenting. A key finding is that ver time, children raised by an authritative father were significantly mre likely t develp persistence, which leads t better utcmes in schl.
This particular study examined la t 14-year-lds living in tw-parent hmes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a rle in teaching the benefits f persistence, which is an avenue f future research.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Three Characteristics f Authritative Fathers
B. Key Skills fr Yung Adults t Succeed in Future
C. Children Tend t Learn Determinatin frm Father
D. Family Relatinship Influences Schl Perfrmance

2020年(浙江卷7月-C篇)
Challenging wrk that requires lts f analytical thinking, planning and ther managerial skills might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age, a study published Wednesday in the jurnal Neurlgy suggests.
Researchers frm the University f Leipzig in Germany gathered mre than 1, 000 retired wrkers wh were ver age 75 and assessed the vlunteers' memry and thinking skills thrugh a battery f tests. Then, fr eight years, the scientists asked the same grup t cme back t the lab every 18 mnths t take the same srts f tests.
Thse wh had held mentally stimulating（刺激）, demanding jbs befre retirement tended t d the best n the tests. And they tended t lse cgnitive（认知） functin at a much slwer rate than thse with the least mentally challenging jbs. The results held true even after the scientists accunted fr the participants' verall health status.
"This wrks just like physical exercise, " says Francisca Then, wh led the study. "After a lng run, yu may feel like yu're in pain, yu may feel tired. But it makes yu fit. After a lng day at wrk—sure, yu will feel tired, but it can help yur brain stay healthy. "
It's nt just crprate jbs, r even paid wrk that can help keep yur brain fit, Then pints ut. A waiter's jb, fr example, that requires multitasking, teamwrk and decisin-making culd be just as stimulating as any high-level ffice wrk. And "running a family husehld requires high-level planning and crdinating（协调）, " she says. "Yu have t rganize the activities f the children and take care f the bills and grceries."
Of curse, ur brains can decline as we grw lder fr lts f reasns—including ther envirnmental influences r genetic factrs. Still, cntinuing t challenge yurself mentally and keeping yur mind busy can nly help.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Retired Wrkers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old Peple Shuld Take Challenging Jbs
C. Yur Tugh Jb Might Help Keep Yu Sharp
D. Cgnitive Functin May Decline As Yu Age

2020海南D篇
Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals. Can yu believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazn may have mre species f ants than the whle f Britain! Abut 480 varieties f trees may be fund in just ne hectare f rainfrest.
Rainfrests are the lungs f the planet—string vast quantities f carbn dixide and prducing a significant amunt f the wrld's xygen. Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy（树冠层）f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.
Amazingly, the trees grw in such a way that their leaves and branches, althugh clse tgether, never actually tuch thse f anther tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. T survive in the frest, animals must climb, jump r fly acrss the gaps. The grund flr f the frest is nt all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn int fd fr the trees and ther frest life.
They are nt called rainfrests fr nthing! Rainfrests can generate 75% f their wn rain. At least 80 inches f rain a year is nrmal—and in sme areas there may be as much as 430 inches f rain annually. This is real rain—yur umbrella may prtect yu in a shwer, but it wn't keep yu dry if there is a full rainstrm. In just tw hurs, streams can rise ten t twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）f large rainfrests cntributes t the frmatin f raincluds that may travel t ther cuntries in need f rain.
4.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Life-Giving Rainfrests B.The Law f the Jungle
C.Animals in the Amazn in Rainfrests

2019江苏B篇
In the 1960s, while studying the vlcanic histry f Yellwstne Natinal Park, Bb Christiansen became puzzled abut smething that, ddly, had nt trubled anyne befre: he culdn't find the park's vlcan. It had been knwn fr a lng time that Yellwstne was vlcanic in nature—that's what accunted fr all its ht springs and ther steamy features. But Christiansen culdn't find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.
Mst f us, when we talk abut vlcanes, think f the classic cne（圆锥体）shapes f a Fuji r Kilimanjar, which are created when erupting magma（岩浆）piles up. These can frm remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised t see smke rising frm a small part f his land. In ne week he was the cnfused wner f a cne five hundred feet high. Within tw years it had tpped ut at almst furteen hundred feet and was mre than half a mile acrss. Altgether there are sme ten thusand f these vlcanes n Earth, all but a few hundred f them extinct. There is, hwever, a secnd less knwn type f vlcan that desn't invlve muntain building. These are vlcanes s explsive that they burst pen in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hle, the caldera. Yellwstne bviusly was f this secnd type, but Christiansen culdn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs' centers. As sn as Christiansen saw the phts, he realized why he had failed t spt the caldera; almst the whle park—2.2 millin acres—was caldera. The explsin had left a hle mre than frty miles acrss—much t huge t be seen frm anywhere at grund level. At sme time in the past Yellwstne must have blwn up with a vilence far beynd the scale f anything knwn t humans.
2.What des the secnd paragraph mainly talk abut?
A.The shapes f vlcanes. B.The impacts f vlcanes.
C.The activities f vlcanes. D.The heights f vlcanes.

2019.江苏D篇
The 65-year-ld Steve Gdwin was fund suffering frm early Alzheimer's（阿尔兹海默症）. He was lsing his memry.
A sftware engineer by prfessin, Steve was a keen lver f the pian, and the nly musician in his family. Music was his true passin, thugh he had never perfrmed utside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it mre than wrthwhile t save his music, t which she fell asleep catch night when she was yung. She thught abut hiring a prfessinal pianist t wrk with her father.
Nami, Melissa's best friend and a talented pianist, gt t knw abut this and shwed willingness t help.
"Why d this? " Steve wndered.
"Because she cares." Melissa said.
Steve ndded, tears in eye.
Nami drve t the Gdwin hme. She tld Steve she'd lve t hear him play. Steve mved t the pian and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers n the keys.
Nami put a small recrder near the pian, starts and stps and mistakes. Lng pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed n, playing fr the first time in his life fr a stranger.
"It was beautiful." Nami said after listening t the recrding. "The music was wrth saving."
Her respnsibility, her privilege, wuld be t rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Gdwin. It was bidden in rms with drs abut t be lcked.
Nami and Steve met every ther week and spent hurs tgether. He'd mve his fingers clumsily n the pian, and then she'd take his place. He struggled t explain what he heard in his head. He std by the pian, eyes clsed, listening fr the first time t his wn wrk being played by smene else.
Steve and Nami spke in musical cde lines, beats, intervals, mving frm the rt t end a sng in a new key. Steve heard it. All f it. He just culdn't play it.
Wrking with Nami did wnders fr Steve. It had excited within him the belief he culd write ne last sng. One day, Nami received an email. Attached was a recrding, a recrding f lss and lve, f the fight. Steve called it "Melanchly Flwer" .
Nami heard multiple stps and starts, Steve struggling, searching while his wife Jni called him "hney" and encuraged him. The task was s hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Jni praised him, telling her husband this culd be his signature piece.
Nami managed t figure ut 16 f Steve's favrite, and mst persnal sngs. With Nami's help, the Gdwin family fund a sund engineer t recrd Nami playing Steve's sngs. Jni thught that wuld be the end. But it wasn't.
In the mnths leading up t the 2016 Oregn Repertry Singers Christmas cncert, Nami tld the directr she had a special ne in mind: "Melanchly Flwer".
She tld the directr abut her prject with Steve. The directr agreed t add it t the playing list. But Nami wuld have t ask Steve's permissin. He cnsidered it an hnr.
After the cncert, Nami tld the family that Steve's music was beautiful and prfessinal. It needed t be shared in public.
The family rented a frmer church in dwntwn Prtland and scheduled a cncert. By the day f the shw, mre than 300 peple had said they wuld attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names f sme f his friends. He knew the path his life was nw taking. He tld his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the frnt rw, surrunded by his family. The huse lights faded. Nami tk the stage. Her fingers. His heart.
6.What can be a suitable title fr the passage?
A.The Kindness f Friends. B.The Pwer f Music.
C.The Making f a Musician. D.The Value f Determinatin.

2019全国1.D篇
During the rsy years f elementary schl（小学）, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund.Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there's the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed. Dr. Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are "mst likely t engage（从事）in dangerus and risky behavir."
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys（ 调查研究）. "We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us.
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness-carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research, Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, " he said.
2.What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A.The classificatin f the ppular. B.The characteristics f adlescents.
C.The imprtance f interpersnal skills. D.The causes f dishnrable behavir.
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.Be Nice-Yu Wn't Finish Last B.The Higher the Status, the Better
C.Be the Best-Yu Can Make It D.Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness

2019全国2 D篇
Bacteria are an annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms（微生物） frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week. Hw is NASA vercming this very tiny big prblem? It's turning t a bunch f high schl kids. But nt just any kids. It is depending n NASAHUNCH high schl classrms, like the ne science teachers Gene Grdn and Dnna Himmelberg lead at Fairprt High Schl in Fairprt, New Yrk.
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Fr the past tw years, Grdn's students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity, and they think they're clse t a slutin（解决方案）. "We dn't give the students any breaks. They have t d it just like NASA engineers, " says Flrence Gld, a prject manager.
"There are n tests, " Grdn says. "There is n graded hmewrk. There almst are n graded, ther than 'Are yu wrking twards yur gal? ' Basically, it's 'I've gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f year, present it t NASA.' Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review, and… it's nt a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review f yur prduct."
Grdn says the HUNCH prgram has an impact（影响）n cllege admissins and practical life skills. "These kids are s absrbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dn't teach." And that annying bacteria? Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem, readying a wrkable slutin t test in space.
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.NASA: The Hme f Astrnauts B.Space: The Final Hmewrk Frntier
C.Nature: An Outdr Classrm D.HUNCH: A Cllege Admissin Refrm

2019全国3 B篇
Fr Western designers, China and its rich culture have lng been an inspiratin fr Western creative.
"It's n secret that China has always been a surce（来源）f inspiratin fr designers, " says Amanda Hill, chief creative fficer at A+E Netwrks, a glbal media cmpany and hme t sme f the biggest fashin（时尚）shws.
Earlier this year, the China Thrugh A Lking Glass exhibitin in New Yrk exhibited 140 pieces f China-inspired fashinable clthing alngside Chinese wrks f art, with the aim f explring the influence f Chinese aesthetics（美学）n Western fashin and hw China has fueled the fashinable imaginatin fr centuries. The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impssible t verlk, " says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin—they are central t its mvement." "Of curse, nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China—sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Galian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs—and beating them hands dwn in design and sales, " adds Hill.
Fr Hill, it is impssible nt t talk abut China as the leading player when discussing fashin. "The mst famus designers are Chinese, s are the mdels, and s are the cnsumers, " she says. "China is n lnger just anther market; in many senses it has becme the market. If yu talk abut fashin tday, yu are talking abut China—its influences, its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."
4.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Yung Mdels Selling Dreams t the Wrld
B.A Chinese Art Exhibitin Held in New Yrk
C.Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D.Chinese Culture Fueling Internatinal Fashin Trends

2019北京卷C篇
The prblem f rbcalls has gtten s bad that many peple nw refuse t pick up calls frm numbers they dn't knw. By next year, half f the calls we receive will be scams（欺诈）. We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls, apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately, it's t little, t late. By the time these "slutins" （解决方案）becme widely available, scammers will have mved nt cleverer means. In the near future, it's nt just ging t be the number yu see n yur screen that will be in dubt. Sn yu will als questin whether the vice yu're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number f pwerful vice manipulatin（处理）and autmatin technlgies that are abut t becme widely available fr anyne t use. At this year's I/O Cnference, a cmpany shwed a new vice technlgy able t prduce such a cnvincing human-sunding vice that it was able t speak t a receptinist and bk a reservatin withut detectin.
These develpments are likely t make ur current prblems with rbcalls much wrse. The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin. A decade f data breaches（数据侵入）f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther's name, and far mre. Armed with this knwledge, they're able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means, fr example, that a scammed culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller's, tricking yu int "cnfirming" yur address, mther's name, and card number. Scammers fllw mney, s cmpanies will be the wrst hit. A lt f business is still dne ver the phne, and much f it is based n trust and existing relatinships. Vice manipulatin technlgies may weaken that gradually.
We need t deal with the insecure nature f ur telecm netwrks. Phne carriers and cnsumers need t wrk tgether t find ways f determining and cmmunicating what is real. That might mean either develping a unifrm way t mark vides and images, shwing when and wh they were made by, r abandning phne calls altgether and mving twards data-based cmmunicatins-using apps like Face Time r WhatsApp, which can be tied t yur identity.
Credibility is hard t earn but easy t lse, and the prblem is nly ging t get harder frm here n ut.
4.Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A.Where the Prblem f Rbcalls Is Rted
B.Wh Is t Blame fr the Prblem f Rbcalls
C.Why Rbcalls Are Abut t Get Mre Dangerus
D.Hw Rbcalls Are Affecting the Wrld f Technlgy

2019北京卷 D篇
By the end f the century, if nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms（海洋微生物）called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms, these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue, depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas, while reducing it in ther spts, leading t changes in the cean's appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface, where they pull carbn dixide（二氧化碳）int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die, they bury carbn in the deep cean, an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw, but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center fr Glbal Change Science, built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃, it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters, such as thse f the Arctic, a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn, and these areas will turn greener. "Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing, " she said, "but the type f phytplanktn is changing."
And why des that matter? Phytplanktn are the base f the fd web. If certain kinds begin t disappear frm the cean, Dutkiewicz said, "it will change the type f fish that will be able t survive." Thse kinds f changes culd affect the fd chain.
Whatever clur changes the cean experiences in the cming decades will prbably be t gradual and unnticeable, but they culd mean significant changes. "It'll be a while befre we can statistically shw that the changes are happening because f climate change, " Dutkiewicz said, "but the change in the clur f the cean will be ne f the early warning signals that we really have changed ur planet."
1.What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A.The varius patterns at the cean surface.
B.The cause f the changes in cean clur.
C.The way light reflects ff marine rganisms.
D.The effrts t fuel the grwth f phytplanktn.

2019浙江卷 B篇
Mney with n strings attached. It's nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need."
Peple quickly caught n. And while many tk dllars, many thers pinned their wn cash t the bard. "Peple f all ages, races, and sci-ecnmic （社会经济的）backgrunds gave and tk, " said Tyler Bridges f The Tlbx, which created the prject. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress cme up t the bard and take a few dllars." Mst f the bills n the bard were singles, but a few peple left fives, tens and even twenties. The vide clip （片段）shws ne man wh had fund a $ 20 bill pinning it t the bard.
"What I can say fr the flks that gave the mst, is that they were full f smiles, " Bridges said. "There's a certain feeling that giving can d fr yu and that was apparent in thse that gave the mst." Mst peple wh tk dllars lk nly a few, but Bridges said a very small number tk as much as they culd.
While the clip might lk like part f a new ad campaign, Bridges said the nly gal was t shw genersity and sympathy. He added that he hpes peple in ther cities might try similar prjects and pst their wn vides n the Internet.
"After all, everyne has bad days and gd days, " he said. "Sme days yu need a helping hand and sme days yu can be the ne giving the helping hand."
3.Why did Bridges carry ut the prject?
A.T d a test n peple's mrals. B.T raise mney fr his cmpany.
C.T earn himself a gd reputatin. D.T prmte kindness and sympathy.

2019浙江卷 C篇
Califrnia has lst half its big trees since the 1930s, accrding t a study t be published Tuesday and climate change seems t be a majr factr（因素）.
The number f trees larger than tw feet acrss has declined by 50 percent n mre than 46, 000 square miles f Califrnia frests, the new study finds. N area was spared r unaffected, frm the fggy nrthern cast t the Sierra Nevada Muntains t the San Gabriels abve Ls Angeles. In the Sierra high cuntry, the number f big trees has fallen by mre than 55 percent; in parts f suthern Califrnia the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factrs cntributed t the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an eclgist wh was the lead authr f the study. Wdcutters targeted big trees. Husing develpment pushed int the wds. Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces（资源）.
But in cmparing a study f Califrnia frests dne in the 1920s and 1930s with anther ne between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his clleagues dcumented a widespread death f big trees that was evident even in wildlands prtected frm wdcutting r develpment.
The lss f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shrtage. The researchers figured ut water stress with a cmputer mdel that calculated hw much water trees were getting in cmparisn with hw much they needed, taking int accunt such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness f sil, and the timing f snwmelt（融雪）.
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees t lse mre water t the air, and earlier snwmelt, which reduces the water supply available t trees during the dry seasn.
1.What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A.The seriusness f big-tree lss in Califrnia.
B.The increasing variety f Califrnia big trees.
C.The distributin f big trees in Califrnia frests.
D.The influence f farming n big trees in Califrnia.

2019.6天津卷 B篇
I must have always knwn reading was very imprtant because the first memries I have as a child deal with bks. There was nt ne night that I dn't remember mm reading me a strybk by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the wrds sunded.
I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading. Hearing mm say, "I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this mrning, " made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself. I wanted t be like my mm and knw all f the things she knew. S I carried arund a bk, and each night, just t be like her, I wuld pretend t be reading.
This is hw everyne learned t read. We wuld start ff with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stries. It seemed an unbending jurney, but even as a six-year-ld girl I realized that knwing hw t read culd pen many drs. When mm said, "The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden n the tp shelf, " I knew where the candy was. My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything. I ften fund myself telling my mm t drive mre slwly, s that I culd read all f the rad signs we passed.
Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A's n my tests. Occasinally, I wuld read a nvel that was assigned, but I didn't enjy this type f reading. I liked facts, things that are cncrete. I thught anything abstract left t much rm fr argument.
Yet, nw that I'm grwing and the wrld I nce knew as being s simple is becming mre cmplex, I find myself needing a way t escape. By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrld I can becme anyne. I dn't have t write dwn what happened r what technique the authr was using when he r she wrte this. I just read t relax.
We're taught t read because it's necessary fr much f human understanding. Reading is a vital part f my life. Reading satisfies my desire t keep learning. And I've fund that the pssibilities that lie within bks are limitless.
5.What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A.The Magic f Reading B.The Pleasure f Reading
C.Grwing Up with Reading D.Reading Makes a Full Man

2019.6天津卷 C篇
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man? He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining, and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives, he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes, and the bk was Dn Quixte （《堂吉诃德》） . And the stry pses an interesting questin why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days, while thers g t seek lng befre?
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us, in fact, prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can't change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us—an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm, we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever, we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs （自我）, whether t lved nes, t fellw humans, t wrk, r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate （视……等同于） "cmmitment" with such "caring" ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, r running a stre—make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They've learned life's mst valuable lessn.
5.What is the authr's purpse in writing the passage?
A.T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B.T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C.T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D.T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.

2019.3天津B篇
An unpleasant smell flated int my nse as the bwl f fried stinky tfu （臭豆腐）settled nt my grandmther's dinner table. I immediately sat back. The smell ruined my appetite, and I pushed the dish away.
"It's suppsed t stink. Just give it a try!" my grandmther said.
Hlding my breath, I unwillingly tk a bite. T my surprise, the tfu beneath the fried skin was warm, sft, and muthwatering. Since then, whenever I visited my grandmther's huse, I wuld rush t the kitchen fr the stinky tfu with excitement. Thus, stinky tfu became mre than a husehld traditin. It became my favrite dish.
Alng with the stinky tfu, I wuld meet my Uncle Chan n every visit. As an immature by, I never understd my uncle's cnditin f Dwn syndrme（唐氏综合征）. He was an unfriendly and terrible creature in my eyes. He cnstantly walked arund the huse, talking t himself. Whenever he was within view, I wuld run away in fear.
Hwever, ne day, my view f my uncle suddenly changed. I was just getting ut f my bed when I heard sft steps appraching. It was my uncle. My muscles frze. He slwly sat next t me and tuched my face gently, as a mther wuld strke（抚摸） a baby. A wide smile emerged frm his blank expressin. Hw beautiful his smile was! I culd nt help but smile back. My fear disappeared gradually, and my muscles relaxed. Fr the first time, I culd see sftness and warmth in his eyes.
My uncle very much resembled stinky tfu. Stinky tfu smells unpleasant n the utside, yet feels warm and sft n the inside. Like stinky tfu, my uncle's Dwn syndrme made me keep my distance at first. Yet, I learned that deep inside, he is harmless and has a lving nature.
Sme peple tend t lk dwn upn disabled peple and regard them as unfit fr a regular life. As I was unable t see thrugh the uter surface f the tfu, these peple are unable t see thrugh the surface f prejudice （偏见）. As a result, they judge the disabled with ne glance.
The utside and inside f the stinky tfu exist as tw extremely different wrlds. Perhaps that is what makes it such a tasty dish. Nt nly is it delicius, stinky tfu ffers a valuable lessn: never judge peple at first glance, fr true beauty cmes frm the inside.
5.What des the authr mainly want t tell us in the passage?
A.We shuldn't judge by appearances. B.Persn's taste changes ver time.
C.Bld is thicker than water. D.Yu are what yu eat.
四、实战演练
1.
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e-bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel’s "me" time. And like mre Americans, she’s nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half（53 percent）have breakfast alne and nearly half（46 percent）have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating tgether anymre, 74 percent, accrding t statistics frm the reprt.
"I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne, but tgether, yu knw?" Bechtel said, lking up frm her bk. Bechtel, wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach, has lunch with cwrkers smetimes, but like many f us, t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling energized. "Tday, I just wanted sme time t myself," she said.
Just tw seats ver, Andrew Mazleny, a lcal videgrapher, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin（交流）. "I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week," he said. "It's a chance fr self-reflectin, Yu return t wrk recharged and with a plan."
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt awkward abut asking fr a table fr ne, but thse days are ver. Nw, we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. "It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre all the advances in technlgy," said Laurie Demeritt, whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
8. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The trend f having meals alne.B. The imprtance f self-reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
2.
Benjamin West, the father f American painting, shwed his talent fr art when he was nly six years f age. But he did nt knw abut brushes befre a visitr tld him he needed ne. In thse days , a brush was made frm camel's hair. There were n camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair wuld wrk instead. He cut sme fur frm the family cat t make a brush.
The brush did nt last lng. Sn Benjamin needed mre fur. Befre lng, the cat began t lk ragged （蓬乱）. His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was frced t admit what he had been ding.
The cat's lt was abut t imprve. That year, ne f Benjamin's cusins, Mr. Penningtn, came t visit. He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings. When he went hme, he sent Benjamin a bx f paint and sme brushes. He als sent six engravings（版画）by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years ld, Mr. Penningtn returned fr anther visit .He was amazed at what Benjamin had dne with his gift. He asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the by t Philadelphia fr a visit.
In the city, Mr. Penningtn gave Benjamin materials fr creating il paintings. The by began a landscape (风景) painting. Williams, a well-knwn painter, came t see him wrk. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him tw classic bks n painting t take hme .The bks were lng and dull. Benjamin culd read nly a little, having been a pr student. But he later said,” Thse tw bks were my cmpanins by day, and under my pillw at night.” While it is likely that he understd very little f the bks, they were his intrductin t classical paintings. The nine-year-ld by decided then that he wuld be an artist.
21. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Benjamin's visit t Philadelphia.
B. Williams' influence n Benjamin.
C. The beginning f Benjamin's life as an artist.
D. The friendship between Benjamin and Penningtn.

3.
Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
4.
Teens and yunger children are reading a lt less fr fun, accrding t a Cmmn Sense Media reprt published Mnday.
While the decline ver the past decade is steep fr teen readers, sme data in the reprt shws that reading remains a big part f many children's lives, and indicates hw parents might help encurage mre reading.
Accrding t the reprt's key findings, “the prprtin (比例) wh say they ‘hardly ever' read fr fun has gne frm 8 percent f 13-year-lds and 9 percent f 17-year-lds in 1984 t 22 percent and 27 percent respectively tday.”
The reprt data shws that pleasure reading levels fr yunger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amunt f time spent in reading each sessin has declined, frm clser t an hur r mre t clser t a half hur per sessin.
When it cmes t technlgy and reading, the reprt des little t cunsel(建议) parents lking fr data abut the effect f e-readers and tablets n reading. It des pint ut that many parents still limit electrnic reading, mainly due t cncerns abut increased screen time.
The mst hpeful data shared in the reprt shws clear evidence f parents serving as examples and imprtant guides fr their kids when it cmes t reading. Data shws that kids and teens wh d read frequently, cmpared t infrequent readers, have mre bks in the hme, mre bks purchased fr them, parents wh read mre ften, and parents wh set aside time fr them t read.
As the end f schl appraches, and schl vacatin reading lists lm(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance t step in and make their wn summer reading list and plan a family trip t the library r bkstre.
28. What is the Cmmn Sense Media reprt prbably abut?
A. Children's reading habits.
B. Quality f children's bks.
C. Children's after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relatinships.

5.
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smart phnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What's the prblem? It's pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It's mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it's awkward and challenging, r we think it's annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it's an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can't frget that deep relatinships wuldn't even exist if it weren't fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. “Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互动) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. “It's nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,” says Dunn. “But interactins with peripheral(边缘的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.”
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis f gd manners,” he says.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence

6.
Measles(麻疹), which nce killed 450 children each year and disabled even mre, was nearly wiped ut in the United States 14 years ag by the universal use f the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a cmeback, caused by a grwing anti-vaccine mvement and misinfrmatin that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reprted in the USA, cmpared with 189 fr all f last year.
The numbers might sund small, but they are the leading edge f a dangerus trend. When vaccinatin rates are very high, as they still are in the natin as a whle, everyne is prtected. This is called “herd immunity”, which prtects the peple wh get hurt easily, including thse wh can't be vaccinated fr medical reasns, babies t yung t get vaccinated and peple n whm the vaccine desn't wrk.
But herd immunity wrks nly when nearly the whle herd jins in. When sme refuse vaccinatin and seek a free ride, immunity breaks dwn and everyne is in even bigger danger.
That's exactly what is happening in small neighbrhds arund the cuntry frm Orange Cunty, Califrnia, where 22 measles cases were reprted this mnth, t Brklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-ld caused an utbreak last year.
The resistance t vaccine has cntinued fr decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Thse wh refuse t take that risk selfishly make thers suffer.
Making things wrse are state laws that make it t easy t pt ut(决定不参加) f what are suppsed t be required vaccines fr all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allw parents t get an exemptin（豁免), smetimes just by signing a paper saying they persnally bject t a vaccine.
Nw, several states are mving t tighten laws by adding new regulatins fr pting ut. But n ne des enugh t limit exemptins.
Parents ught t be able t pt ut nly fr limited medical r religius reasns. But persnal pinins? Nt gd enugh. Everyne enjys the life-saving benefits vaccines prvide, but they'll exist nly as lng as everyne shares in the risks.
66. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T intrduce the idea f exemptin.
B. T discuss methds t cure measles.
C. T stress the imprtance f vaccinatin.
D. T appeal fr equal rights in medical treatment.

正确选项特征
干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
1.过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
A
通过明智的吃来保持健康
文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。
以偏概全，主次不分
B
平衡我们的日常饮食
文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
让你自己成为一个完美的厨师
文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。
以偏概全，主次不分
D
用的少，烹饪好
文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
A
新语言将会被创造。
文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。
移花接木，偷换概念
B
人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。
文中没有这种说法。
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
人类的发展导致语言越来越少。
文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D
地理决定语言的发展。
文中没有这种说法。
无中生有，生搬硬套
A
飞车the Transitin的基本数据。
A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B
飞车的一些优点。
该选项错误在于以下两点：
①该段介绍了名字为the Transitin的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。
②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。
无中生有，生搬硬套
C
飞车的潜在市场。
原文没有提及。
无中生有，生搬硬套
D
飞车the Transitin的设计商。
该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。
以偏概全，主次不分