新高考英语一轮复习练习考向44 概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

这是一份新高考英语一轮复习练习考向44 概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义（2份打包，原卷版+解析版），文件包含新高考英语一轮复习练习考向44概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义原卷版doc、新高考英语一轮复习练习考向44概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义解析版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共24页， 欢迎下载使用。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
·明确全文的篇章结构后， 就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。
第三步：归纳要点 合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。 为避免和原文的句子重复， 可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。
转换表达注意遵循2个原则
①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。
第四步：句式多样 注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2018年11月，浙江卷)It's a really eq \a\vs4\al(gd idea) t eq \a\vs4\al(visit clleges) befre yu apply because their websites can all start t lk and sund the same. Nthing will give yu the sense f what it will actually be like t live n a cllege campus (校园) like visiting_and_seeing_fr_yurself_the_drms,_classrms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_f_curse,_the_students. It seems a little crazy nce senir year hits t find the time t visit cllege campuses, and it can als be pricey if eq \a\vs4\al(the schls yu are applying t) eq \a\vs4\al(happen t be mre than a car ride away). But keep in mind that yu are making a decisin abut the next fur years f yur life, and d all the research yu can t make sure yu are making the right ne.
There's eq \a\vs4\al(n excuse) nt t eq \a\vs4\al(visit) the eq \a\vs4\al(schls) in yur lcal area. In fact, a lt f cllege applicatins even ask if yu have visited campus, and bviusly, if yu live acrss the cuntry that wn't be as much f a pssibility, but if yu live nearby, eq \a\vs4\al(g t check it ut)！
If campus visits aren't ging t happen befre yu apply, at the very least yu shuld eq \a\vs4\al(find sme time) between applying and getting yur acceptance letters t eq \a\vs4\al(visit) the eq \a\vs4\al(schls) yu'd like t attend. It_can_save_yu_a_lt_f_heartache if yu rule ut nw the things that yu dn't like abut certain campuses, things that yu wuldn't knw unless yu actually visit.
Nw, if time and mney are making it impssible, then eq \a\vs4\al(check ut) the eq \a\vs4\al(nline cllege fairs) at CllegeWeekLive. It's a chance t chat nline with admissins fficers, students, and cllege cunselrs (顾问), and it wn't cst yu a penny! Yu can register fr its nline cllege fair at cllegeweeklive.cm. While visiting an nline cllege fair can't take the place f an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tl that alng with all yur ther research will help yu make an infrmed decisin abut which clleges r universities yu'd like t attend.
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【思路点拨】
第1步 读懂原文，明确篇章结构
原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。
第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。
第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。
第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。
第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。
分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。
第2步 去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现， 其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信息。
第3步 归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“gd idea”可用wise chice转述；“in yur lcal area”可转换为 where yu live。
②第三段主题句可概括为要点2: 该要点中的“visiting and seeing fr yurself”可转换为pay a persnal visit。
③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“time and mney are making it impssible”可转换为all the abve is nt affrdable。
第4步 句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。
【参考范文】
As a senir year student, it's a wise chice t visit wuld­be clleges near where yu live befre attending them fr seeing is believing. (要点1) Yu shuld find a chance t pay a persnal visit even at yur waiting in case yu feel disappinted afterwards. (要点2)If all the abve is nt affrdable, yu are advised t search the nline cllege fair at CllegeWeekLive where yu can get the necessary infrmatin. (要点3)
【检测训练】
1. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Chsing the right cllege can be a difficult task. There are thusands f clleges and universities fr yu t chse frm and many are wrthy f being cnsidered. Fr each ptential cllege, find ut the success rate f students' getting their jbs, especially thse related t yur majrs. Here are sme strategies（策略）fr yu t make the right chice.
Clleges which ffer practice in sme f the fields are wrthy f yur attentin. It can prvide yu with a large amunt f infrmatin n jb hunting. Cmpanies ften prefer emplyees that perfrm well. Practice gives yu the valuable experience and necessary pprtunities. Sme practical skills that yu learn will really prepare yurself fr the certain jbs. Besides, chsing a cllege that has teacher members with gd reputatins in their fields can als be very useful since these teacher members can prvide yu with steps int the wrking wrld by practice.
Schl rankings and a natinal reputatin f academic success are ften the imprtant factrs（因素）fr yur ptential emplyers. This type f infrmatin can be fund easily n the Internet and in magazines. T the emplyers, graduates frm high ranking clleges are ften cnsidered mre reliable. They have a strnger ability t learn and are mre likely t create wealth fr the cmpany. Smetimes it can even be a mre imprtant factr in lking fr a jb than the actual quality f educatin the cllege prvides.
After narrwing dwn yur chices t a few clleges, it's time t visit them. Taking a lk at the campus（校园）can change yur attitude t a particular schl. Plan yur tur and then d sme research n yur wn. It is als imprtant t talk t as many students as yu can and find ut if earning a degree frm the schl is helpful in getting a jb. Meanwhile, yu can speak t the students in the majrs yu're cnsidering t knw what the curses are like, what yu'll learn, and what yur expected utcme will be.
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2. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
High schl exit tests are tests that students must pass t graduate frm high schl. In the last few years, hwever, a number f states in America have drpped them. Althugh sme states still use them fr diplmas, the number is dwn frm a high f 27 states during the testing craze prmted by N Child Left Behind (NCLB).
The appearance f this phenmenn is small wnder. Researches clearly shw that exit tests have little psitive effects n students. A 2014 reprt fund exit testing was assciated with lwer graduatin rates, negatively affected labr market utcmes, and, mst alarmingly, prduced a 12.5 percent increase in incarceratin(监禁) rates. Exit exams, the study cncluded, had tended t add little value fr mst students.
Exit testing relies n the fllwing assumptins. One is that standardized testing can serve as a kind f “quality cntrl” fr high schl graduates, guaranteeing that graduates are cllege ready. The ther is that they have predicting value fr future success in academic situatins.
But there is little evidence. The tests dn’t exactly measure what they pretend t measure. Fr example, qualities such as intelligence, academic ability, cllege readiness are nt determined. Thse that shuld be develped in all yung peple, like respnsibility, critical thinking, and empathy(移植), are nt measured, either. Even supprters f exit tests have acknwledged that they dn’t ffer reliable data.
Thus, mre and mre peple are suggesting that exit test scres ught t be just ne cmpnent f the high schl diplma. Schls shuld cnsider many ther recrds including credits earned, curses taken, activities, service, prjects and ther elements f academic accmplishment s that students can be evaluated flexibly. In ther wrds, exit test scres shuld never be the nly criterin fr high schl diplmas.
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3. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We already knw that the underwater wrld is anything but silent. It is full f natural sunds prduced by animals and by the mtin f the atmsphere and water. But tday’s researchers are increasingly cncerned abut the man-made nises under the water. They are cnfusing whales and ther marine animals
Althugh hearing is imprtant t all animals, the special qualities f the undersea wrld emphasize the use f sund. Underwater sund allws marine animals t gather infrmatin and cmmunicate at great distances and frm all directins. Lud underwater nises can cause damage t their hearing. And nwadays it's becming t much fr marine wildlife. Evidence shws that whales will swim hundreds f miles, rapidly change their depth, and even beach themselves t get away frm the sunds f snar.
Yu might think lwer nises, typically caused by shipping r cnstructin, d nt pse a threat t marine animals. In fact, while they may nt kill the animals directly, they can disturb their ability t lcate fd, find mates and avid predatrs (掠食动物)).Scientists lked at the effects f nise frm small mtrbats n cral-reef fish at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. In the lab, the fish had been trained t recgnize the smell f three cmmn predatrs as a threat. Sme fish were trained in the presence f bat nise, while the thers had training with the natural sunds f the cean. It turned ut that the first grup shwed n fright reactins when expsed t the predatr. Hwever, the ther grup was scared. And under the influence f underwater nise n this grup, nly 20 percent f fish survived, cmpared t almst 70 percent f unexpsed fish.
Humans rely n the cean fr its natural resurces and bidiversity. The cean als plays an imprtant rle in regulating( 调节)temperatures, As Custeau said, "Fr mst f histry, man has had t fight nature t survive; in this century he is beginning t realize that, in rder t survive, he must prtect it.
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4. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
There are sme imprtant regulatins parents can take t make sure their kids use cell phnes in a safe and respnsible way. When kids knw what the cnsequences are when rules aren’t fllwed, that makes life mre predictable fr them.
Mst kids are nt paying fr their cell phnes r their cell phne plans, s if yu pay fr it, yu wn it, which means yu have the right t take it away anytime if they disbey the rules yu set up earlier.
After a kid has a cell phne, suddenly parents discver data runs ut half way thrugh the mnth. This can get expensive and yur kids need t knw hw t mnitr their use. Als, teen cell phne addictin shuld be limited. Generally, it’s a gd idea t have n cell phne plicy while they are ding hmewrk and at bedtime. Cme t agreement in advance abut what they are and aren’t allwed t dwnlad n their cell phne. There are sme really bad apps fr kids that yu dn’t want n their phnes.
Make sure yur kids understand hw t set up their privacy. Talk with them abut why guarding their privacy is s imprtant. Many teens truly have n cncept abut everything that a cell phne can share abut them including persnal infrmatin and their lcatin.
Yu want t cver what is and isn’t apprpriate t share via a cell phne. This definitely means phts and language used in emails and n scial media. But dn’t frget simpler things like prviding their address, their age r what schl they g t nline.
Lastly, there are times and places when using ne’s cell phne is nt apprpriate. In mvie theaters r during class time at schl the phne shuld be n silent and put away. Additinally, when smene is having a face t face cnversatin with them, they need t be lking at the persn, nt their phne.
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5. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Until 2017, the Emperr penguin was listed as Least Cncern by the Internatinal Unin fr Cnservatin f Nature, but as f 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted t suffer a mderately rapid ppulatin decline ver the next three generatins wing t the effects f climate change. The number ne threat t their survival is glbal warming. Here’s hw it has affected Emperr penguins and what we shuld d.
A decrease in the amunt f sea ice frmatin, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future f the Emperr penguin. Many Emperr penguins breed n ice shelves that nly frm during the Antarctic winter. There have been times in recent years when the ice shelves have melted back faster r sner than usual. Many f the chicks haven’t cmpletely fledged (长出飞羽) int their waterprf feathers by the time the ice melts back t their habitats, and they are frced int the cld cean waters, where they die f cld expsure r drwning.
One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is fd fr the penguins. One f their fd surces is krill (磷虾), and the sea-ice shelves serve as a nursery fr the krill. The newly-brn krill feed n the algae (水藻) that grw n the underside f the sea ice. When there is less sea ice, there is less algae fr the krill t feed n, and cnsequently less krill is prduced.
Measures shuld be taken t prtect these animals. Peple can dnate t rganizatins that are wrking t prtect Emperr penguins and ther penguin species, and ur ceans in general. Reducing yur impact n the envirnment, in particular, is smething yu can d—yu can make these tiny changes t lwer yur carbn ftprint every day. Yu can als be mindful abut reducing seafd cnsumptin and eating sustainably caught seafd, as verfishing is the secnd greatest threat t nearly every penguin species tday. Als, avid using supplements and ther prducts that cntain krill r krill il.
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6. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Australia’s greatest engineering accmplishment t date is the Snwy Muntains Hydr-Electric Scheme. It tk 25 years t build and was cmpleted in 1974 at a cst f $820 millin. The aims f the scheme were t prduce lts f electricity, and t supply water t husehlds and fr farming irrigatin. The scheme wrks by cllecting rain and melting snw frm the Snwy Muntains and string it in dams. This is then diverted (转移) thrugh tunnels (隧道) and pipelines t pwer statins that prduce electricity. The water used t prduce the electricity then flws int the Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers.
The Snwy Muntains Hydr-Electric Scheme is made up f sixteen large dams; seven majr pwer statins; a pumping statin; and 225 kilmetres f tunnels and pipelines. It cvers ver 5,000 square kilmetres f suthern New Suth Wales (NSW). Seven reginal twnships and mre than 100 temprary camps were established fr the peple wh wrked n the scheme.
When the scheme began in 1949, Australia did nt yet have a wrkfrce with the required scientific and engineering skills needed t cmplete the prject. Many migrants with experience in skills like surveying, tunnelling and gelgy were emplyed frm verseas. Hmeless persns frm Eurpe als wrked n the scheme n tw-year cntracts as part f their required wrk assignments. The largest grup f wrkers were unassisted migrants wh were drawn t the prject by the high wages.
Mre than 100,000 peple wrked n the prject in ttal. Seventy percent f thse were migrants. Wrkers came frm mre than 30 cuntries, including Germany, Italy, Austria and Pland. Mst migrants were frm Eurpe because the White Australia Plicy discuraged the immigratin f peple f nn-white r nn-Eurpean rigin. Tunnelling in the Snwy Muntains was dangerus and dirty wrk. Even thugh the wrkers came frm very different ethnic (种族的) backgrunds that may have fught against each ther in Wrld War I and Wrld War II, living and wrking in these difficult cnditins brught them tgether. This was cnsidered the beginning f Australia’s multiculturalism.
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例如：eq \a\vs4\al(Dn't frget the clck)—r the radi. Peple wh eq \a\vs4\al(eat slwly) tend t eq \a\vs4\al(cnsume) abut 70 eq \a\vs4\al(fewer calries) (卡路里) per meal than thse wh rush thrugh their meals. eq \a\vs4\al(Begin keeping track f the time)， and try t eq \a\vs4\al(make dinner last at least 30 minutes). And while yu're at it, actually sit dwn t eat. If yu need sme help slwing dwn, turn relaxing music. It makes yu less likely t rush thrugh a meal.(画线部分为主题句)
本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Recrd the time and set dinner time fr half an hur as eating slwly helps take in less calries.
例如：Yur huse may have an eq \a\vs4\al(effect) n yur eq \a\vs4\al(figure). Experts say the way yu eq \a\vs4\al(design) yur eq \a\vs4\al(hme) culd eq \a\vs4\al(play a rle in) whether yu pack n the punds r keep them ff. Yu can make yur envirnment wrk fr yu instead f against yu. Here are sme eq \a\vs4\al(ways) t turn yur eq \a\vs4\al(hme) int part f yur eq \a\vs4\al(diet) plan.(画线句为主题句)
主题句关键词如画线所示：The_way yu design yur hme may have an effect n yur figure. Here are sme ways t turn yur hme int part f yur diet plan.
转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way yu design yur hme改为Hw t have yur hme designed。主题句转换为Hw t have yur hme designed affects yur figure. Belw are tips t design yur hme t help diet.