新高考英语二轮复习题型专练14 说明文体类阅读理解（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

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【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】
所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
【得分要点】
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t_________.
A.freefrmanxiety B.anxius C.nervus D.happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn’t his fault.通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng，lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there，semi-cnscius，fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
【真题再现】 【2020·新高考全国卷I（山东），D】
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
13. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
15. On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C. Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanples with big appetites。由cntrary t可推断出，画线词和heavier peple（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier peple正好相反。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I’ll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I’ll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
【题型演练】
1
Smart phnes, tablets, fitness trackers, headphnes and mst f the electrnic devices we use tday are made f metal, plastic and glass. But electrnics dn’t have t be. Sala de Medeirs and her clleagues fund a way t turn an rdinary piece f paper int a simple electrnic keypad. Many teams arund the wrld are wrking n paper-based electrnics. But this new device is different frm any ther device. It’s the first t pwer itself and als resist water and dust. The user’s tuch gives it all the pwer it needs t run.
N single mment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she fcused n devices ther engineers have been wrking n. Then she discvered that high cst was a prblem with sme flexible electrnics. S she decided t wrk with lw-cst materials.
Tefln(聚四氟乙烯) is a chemical cating that keeps fd frm sticking t pts and pans. Similar cm-punds(复合物) can als make paper waterprf. S she started testing the chemical but the ne that was sup-psed t d the best jb didn’t wrk at all. After sme research, Sala de Medeirs fund ut that this chemical reacts with air. She had t buy special equipment that frbade any air getting in the way. Nw, the chemical wrks as planned. Then the team placed a stencil(钢板) with the shape f a circuit(电路) nt the back f the paper and sprayed n several layers f materials. Finally, the team flipped ver the paper and printed a keypad f numbers n the ther side. They als added a tiny Bluetth chip, which let their paper device talk t a cmputer. The surce f electricity cmes frm the tap f a finger. When yu’re typing we can create the energy by tuching r rubbing.
The electrnic keypad is regular paper mst peple culd affrd but wuldn’t easily get wet r dirty. It als shuld fit in yur pcket.
1. Which f the fllwing is the unique feature f the new device?
A. It’s the first device made f paper.B. It has little electricity r metal.
C. It gets pwered thrugh tuch.D. It has n truble cleaning itself.
2. Why did Tefln fail t wrk at first?
A. It was expsed t the air.B. It was f lw quality.
C. It damaged the equipment.D. It kept fd stuck t pts.
3. What is the third paragraph mainly abut?
A. The prcess f creating the device.B. The significance f the research.
C. The applicatin f the device.D. The way t develp Tefln.
4. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrds “flipped ver” in Para. 3?
A. Cleaned up.B. Cut up.C. Held nt.D. Turned ver.
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的电子设备。这种电子设备由一张纸制成，能通过用户触摸提供能量并且防水防尘。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s the first t pwer itself and als resist water and dust. The user’s tuch gives it all the pwer it needs t run.”（ 它是第一个能自己发电，也能防水防尘的。用户的触摸给了它运行所需的所有能量。）可知，这个设备独特的功能是它通过触摸起电。故选C项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Sala de Medeirs fund ut that this chemical reacts with air.”（萨拉·德·梅德罗斯发现这种化学物质与空气发生反应。）可知这种化学物质与空气发生反应，所以Tefln不能正常工作的原因是它接触到了空气。故选A项。
3. 主旨大意题。第三段介绍了Sala de Medeirs解决了材料使用的问题以及设备的组装过程，可知本段主要介绍这个设备是如何制造的。故选A项。
4. 词义猜测题。根据第三段“printed a keypad f numbers n the ther side”（将数字键盘打印到另一边）可知这个团队将这张纸反过来，从而猜测flipped ver是“翻转”之意。故选D项。
2
We talk a lt abut air pllutin. Here in Hng Kng we always cmplain abut light pllutin as well. Then, there is nise pllutin. It's the same in many cities arund the wrld, and in Kathmandu, the capital city f Nepal, peple have been cmplaining abut the nise made by drivers wh cntinually sund their car hrns (喇叭). That is until recently, when smething was finally dne abut it.
The Chief District Officer f Kathmandu had received many cmplaints abut hrn pllutin. He said that everyne felt the use f the car hrn in recent years had becme excessive. Researchers in Kathmandu fund that fr abut 80 percent f the time, it really was nt necessary fr drivers t use their car hrns. Sunding the hrn t make a nise had becme mre f a habit. It was n lnger being used as it was suppsed t be used: t warn peple f danger.
At the beginning f the Nepali New Year in 2017, the lcal gvernment passed a law t ban the use f car hrns unless used crrectly. Within six mnths, 11,000 fines had been cllected by the lcal traffic plice. The fine was abut HK $360. A taxi driver in Kathmandu can make abut HK $1,000 per day, s he culd lse abut ne-third f his mney if he brke the law.
As usual, there were many cmplaints frm drivers. They said that cws and dgs were free t walk n the rads. They always caused danger. Sunding a car hrn was the nly way t get them t mve ut f the way. And while there were quite a few traffic lights in the streets f Kathmandu, very few f them wrked. This meant there was ften a traffic mess.
The ban n using a car hrn went ahead, and within a few weeks the streets f Nepal's capital were quieter — even thugh they were still just as busy. Because f the ban, drivers are a little mre careful when they drive. Fewer accidents have been reprted. The lcal gvernment says the hrn ban will nw be cpied in ther areas f Nepal.
5. What d Hng Kng and Kathmandu have in cmmn?
A. Bth have been trubled by light pllutin.
B. Bth have succeeded in fighting air pllutin.
C. Bth have been faced with the prblem f nise pllutin.
D. Bth have received many cmplaints abut hrn pllutin.
6. What des the underlined wrd "excessive” in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. T much.B. Quite simple.C. Very crrect.D. Mre dangerus.
7. What will yu find if yu g t Kathmandu?
A. N traffic lights in the streets can wrk.
B. The traffic n the rads is usually very heavy.
C. Animals are nt allwed t walk n the streets.
D. Drivers are required t drive n ne-way streets.
8. What can we guess abut Kathmandu's hrn ban?
A. It is unfair.B. It is wrrying.C. It is interesting.D. It is successful.
【答案】5. C6. A7. B8. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了针对加德满都的噪音问题，政府在2017年颁布了禁止使用汽车喇叭的禁令。最开始，汽车司机不理解、不在乎。可几周后，该市的噪音变得安静了很多，事故也少了。因此，尼泊尔决定在其他城市也实施该禁令。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Here in Hng Kng we always cmplain abut light pllutin as well. Then, there is nise pllutin, It’s the same in many cities arund the wrld, and in Kathmandu, the capital city f Nepal, peple have been cmplaining abut the nise made by drivers wh cntinually sund their car hrns.(在香港我们也经常抱怨光污染。其次是噪音污染，世界上许多城市都存在同样的问题。在尼泊尔首都加德满都，人们一直在抱怨司机不断按喇叭所产生的噪音)”可知，香港和加德满都面临着噪音污染的问题。故选C。
6. 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Researchers in Kathmandu fund that fr abut 80 percent f the time, it really was nt necessary fr drivers t use their car hrns. Sunding the hrn t make a nise had becme mre f a habit.(加德满都的研究人员发现，在大约80%的情况下，司机真的没有必要按喇叭。按喇叭制造噪音已成为一种习惯)”可知，按喇叭如今成为了一种习惯，说明近年来人们按喇叭过度，汽车喇叭被过多使用。画线词意思为“过多”。A. T much.过多，太多；B. Quite simple.非常简单；C. Very crrect.非常正确；D. Mre dangerus.更危险。故选A。
7. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“They said that cws and dgs were free t walk n the rads. They always caused danger. Sunding a car hrn was the nly way t get them t mve ut f the way. And while there were quite a few traffic lights in the streets f Kathmandu, very few f them wrked. This meant there was ften a traffic mess.(他们说，牛和狗可以自由地在马路上行走。它们总是造成危险。吹响汽车喇叭是让他们让开的唯一办法。虽然加德满都的街道上有不少交通灯，但是只有少数交通灯能正常工作。这意味着经常会出现交通混乱)”可推知，如果你去加德满都，你会发现路上的交通通常很拥挤。故选B。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The ban n using a car hrn went ahead, and within a few weeks the streets f Nepal's capital were quieter — even thugh they were still just as busy. Because f the ban, drivers are a little mre careful when they drive. Fewer accidents have been reprted. The lcal gvernment says the hrn ban will nw be cpied in ther areas f Nepal.(禁止使用汽车喇叭的禁令继续实行，几个星期后，尼泊尔首都的街道变得安静了——尽管他们依然繁忙。因为这项禁令，司机开车要更加小心了，事故报告也减少了。当地政府说，这项禁令将在尼泊尔其它地区效仿)”可推知，加德满都的喇叭禁令很成功。故选D。
3
We already knw that salt can lead t heart disease. But culd it als affect ur mind? Scientists fund that a high-salt diet caused cgnitive impairments in mice» and it culd prduce the same effect n humans.
Cstantin Iadecla, directr f the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research the Institute, said they fed the mice eight t sixteen times their nrmal salt intake and then tested the mice. After abut three mnths, the mice had a big change in their behavir. Mice are very curius, and they like t lk fr new things. Hwever, the tested mice lst the ability t identify a nrmal bject. When the mice were put in their cage and asked t find a quiet spt, they did nt remember where the quiet spt was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is smething the mice d daily, they, were unable t d s. The research suggested humans wuld experience a similar respnse.
Studies have shwn Australians eat arund duble the recmmended amunt f salt each day, mst f it cming frm prcessed fd. Dr. Ladecla said the estimated tw teaspns f salt the average Australian eats each day culd affect the brain functin in the lng term. Hwever, the decline might nt be as bvius as in the mice, wh were given extremely high levels f salt. "But prbably ver years and perhaps decades—as ppsed t a few mnths fr the muse—even lwer levels f salt may have a terrible effect," Dr ladecla said.
“High levels f salt cause serius immune changes in the rgans in and arund the stmach, resulting in an almst autimmune effect n the brain. It is part f a grwing bdy f evidence that we really are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel, directr f the Centre fr Neurscience at the University f Technlgy Sydney, said. "Thse changes in turn cause all srts f respnses in the bdy, which ver time certainly cntribute t cgnitive impairments."
9. Which can describe the tested mice?
A. They remained quiet all day.B. They became smarter than ever.
C. They frgt sme rutine things.D. They were quick at finding bjects.
10. What d we knw abut Australians?
A. They ignre health advice.B. They have a higher-salt diet.
C. They dislike prcessed fd.D. They value their brain health.
11. What des the last paragraph mainly fcus n?
A. Studies carried ut by Bryce Vissel.B. Immune changes brught abut by salt.
C. Effects f daily diets n human behavirs.D. Links between salt intake and brain damage.
12. What des the text suggest?
A. Brain health cunts much.B. The bdy never tells a lie.
C. Lw-salt diet is t be advcated.D. Heart diseases can be prevented.
【答案】9. C 10. B 11. D 12. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。科学家们发现，高盐饮食会导致老鼠的认知障碍，对人类也会产生同样的影响。文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部分来自加工食品，指出高盐饮食会导致认知障碍，提倡低盐饮食。
9. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Hwever, the tested mice lst the ability t identify a nrmal bject. When the mice were put in their cage and asked t find a quiet spt, they did nt remember where the quiet spt was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is smething the mice d daily, they, were unable t d s.(然而，被测试的老鼠失去了识别正常物体的能力。当老鼠被关进笼子，被要求找一个安静的地方时，它们不记得安静的地方在哪里。然后，当老鼠在筑巢时——这是老鼠每天都要做的事情——它们无法这样做了)”可推知，被测试的老鼠忘记了一些日常的事情。故选C。
10. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Studies have shwn Australians eat arund duble the recmmended amunt f salt each day, mst f it cming frm prcessed fd. Dr. Ladecla said the estimated tw teaspns f salt the average Australian eats each day culd affect the brain functin in the lng term.(研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部分来自加工食品。Ladecla博士说，澳大利亚人平均每天摄入两茶匙的盐，长期来看可能会影响大脑功能)”可知，澳大利亚人的饮食含盐量高。故选B。
11. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段““High levels f salt cause serius immune changes in the rgans in and arund the stmach, resulting in an almst autimmune effect n the brain. It is part f a grwing bdy f evidence that we really are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel, directr f the Centre fr Neurscience at the University f Technlgy Sydney, said. "Thse changes in turn cause all srts f respnses in the bdy, which ver time certainly cntribute t cgnitive impairments."(悉尼科技大学神经科学中心主任Bryce Vissel说：“高浓度的盐会导致胃内外器官严重的免疫变化，几乎会对大脑产生自身免疫效应。有越来越多的证据表明，吃什么决定人的性格，这是其中的一部分。这些变化反过来会引起身体的各种反应，久而久之肯定会导致认知障碍。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲了盐摄入和脑损伤之间的联系。故选D。
12. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Scientists fund that a high-salt diet caused cgnitive impairments in mice» and it culd prduce the same effect n humans.(科学家们发现，高盐饮食会导致老鼠的认知障碍，对人类也会产生同样的影响)”结合文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部分来自加工食品，指出高盐饮食会导致认知障碍，提倡低盐饮食。可推知，文章提倡低盐饮食。故选C。
4
D yu like the wlly mammths frm the mvie Ice Age? T bad they're extinct? Thanks t recent develpments in bitechnlgy, the stuff f science fictin may sn becme a reality thrugh an attractive prcess called "de-extinctin", which aims t bring the extinct species back. The resurrected species are functinally equal t the riginal extinct species, but they are nt exact cpies.
There are three primary techniques f de-extinctin. One f them is that scientists deliberately select existing species with similar characters t the extinct species t prduce later generatin. This is a natural methd. Anther is clning. A clned animal is created by btaining the DNA f the extinct animal. The later generatin will be an identical cpy f the extinct species. This is nly applied t animals that are either endangered r have recently gne extinct, as it requires well-preserved eggs. The third is the newest technique, genetic engineering. It uses gene-editing tls t place selected genes frm extinct animals in place f thse present in its clsest living relative.
If we refer t Jurassic Park , resurrecting extinct animals is a terrible idea. Thankfully, we dn't have t wrry abut dinsaurs running wildly, as their DNA has disintegrated ver the 65 millin years since their extinctin. DNA can survive fr several millin years at best under certain rare cnditins, but des that mean we shuld d that?
De-extinctin is mre fr eclgy than fr turism. Eclgist Ben Nvak said, “All animals perfrm critical rles in their ecsystem. Wlly mammths, fr example, were excellent gardeners. Their disappearance was fllwed by a lss in diversity and the Arctic grassland became a cld, ice field. If a resurrected animal is always ging t be a z animal then it shuldn't be brught back.”
13. Why des the authr mentin the mvie Ice Age ?
A. T recall the jy frm the mvie.B. T lead the audience int the tpic.
C. T attract readers, attentin t the mvie.D. T shw functins f resurrecting animals.
14. What is mainly discussed abut de-extinctin in Paragraph 2?
A. Its main methds.B. Its wide applicatin.
C. Its cmplex prcedures.D. Its distinct characteristic.
15. What can replace the underlined wrd “disintegrated“ in Paragraph 3 ?
A. Brken away.B. Picked up.C. Fallen apart.D. Run ut.
16. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we bring extinct animals back?B. D yu like the wlly mammths?
C. Will dinsaurs be seen in the zs?D. Shuld we prmte clning skills?
【答案】13. B 14. A 15. C 16. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来。文章介绍了三种主要的反灭绝技术，但是恐龙因为其DNA已经分解，无法被复活了，最后文章指出反灭绝更多的是为了生态，而不是为了旅游。
13. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“D yu like the wlly mammths frm the mvie Ice Age? T bad they're extinct? Thanks t recent develpments in bitechnlgy, the stuff f science fictin may sn becme a reality thrugh an attractive prcess called "de-extinctin", which aims t bring the extinct species back.(你喜欢电影《冰河世纪》里的猛犸象吗？它们灭绝了真是太糟糕了对吗？由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来)”可推知，作者提到了电影《冰河世纪》是为了引导读者进入文章主题。故选B。
14. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“There are three primary techniques f de-extinctin. One f them is that It uses gene-editing tls t place selected genes frm extinct animals in place f thse present in its clsest living relative.(有三种主要的反灭绝技术。其中之一是，科学家故意选择与灭绝物种具有相似特征的现存物种来繁衍后代。这是一种自然的方法。另一个是克隆。克隆动物是通过获取灭绝动物的DNA而创造出来的。后代将是灭绝物种的一模一样的复制品。这只适用于濒临灭绝或最近灭绝的动物，因为这需要保存完好的卵子。第三种是最新的技术，基因工程。它使用基因编辑工具，将已灭绝动物的基因选择出来，取代现存动物近亲的基因)”可知，第二段主要讨论了反灭绝的主要方法。故选A。
15. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Thankfully, we dn't have t wrry abut dinsaurs running wildly”以及后文“DNA can survive fr several millin years at best under certain rare cnditins, but des that mean we shuld d that?(在某些罕见的条件下，DNA最多只能存活几百万年，但这是否意味着我们也应该这样做呢？)”可知，值得庆幸的是，我们不必担心恐龙会乱跑，因为自从它们灭绝以来，它们的DNA已经在6500万年的时间里分解了。故划线词意思为“分解”。A. Brken away.脱离；B. Picked up.捡起；C. Fallen apart.分解；D. Run ut.耗尽。故选C。
16. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Thanks t recent develpments in bitechnlgy, the stuff f science fictin may sn becme a reality thrugh an attractive prcess called "de-extinctin", which aims t bring the extinct species back.(由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来)”结合文章介绍了三种主要的反灭绝技术，但是恐龙因为其DNA已经分解，无法被复活了，最后文章指出反灭绝更多的是为了生态，而不是为了旅游。可知，A选项“我们能让灭绝的动物复活吗？”最适合作文章标题。故选A。
5
Adulting is hard. While high schl students are at the frefrnt f technlgical and learning skills, it’s ften nt until they leave hme that they learn everyday life skills. Sme believe that high schls shuld ffer a cmmnsense curse in which students are taught hw t pay bills, change a tire r ck. Nw, ne Kentucky schl is ffering an “adulting day” t teach such skills t students in their senir year.
The class f 2019 at Bullitt Central High Schl in Shepherdsville, Ky., traded in their algebra and literature classes fr a day t learn sme psitive life skills, accrding t Wave 3 News.
“I think that the idea ccurred t me, riginally, when I saw a Facebk pst that parents passed arund saying they needed a class in high schl n taxes and cking, ” Christy Hardin, directr f the BCHS Family Resurce & Yuth Services Center, tld Wave 3. “Our kids can get that, but they have t chse it. And “Wednesday” was a day they culd pick and chse pieces they didn’t feel like they had gtten s far.”
Members f the cmmunity helped prvide the lessns fr the students ne n ne, including lcal plice wh taught them hw t interact with fficers during traffic stps, a speaker wh explained hw t decipher the difference between hmesickness and depressin, and thers wh discussed hw t use credit cards, hw t ck in a drm rm and hw t change a tire.
While many peple n Facebk applauded the idea, with sme arguing, “This shuld be taught in every high schl, ” thers wndered what became f hme ecnmics.
Nw knwn as Family and Cnsumer Sciences, these curses teach students hw t ck, sew and budget, alng with ther skills. In many districts, hwever, the classes are electives and students d nt always chse t take them.
“Abut time this came back, it was called Hme Ecnmics,” ne wman wrte. “In tday’s diverse make up f families it wuld be a welcme additin.”
Anther shared, “We had hme ecnmics that taught us t ck and learned hw t sew. We als had business math that taught us banking and finances. Why in the wrld is that nt taught tday? I mean, a special day called adulting t teach kids this stuff shuld be a required class credit.”
17. What can we infer frm the first paragraph?
A. High schl students are t busy t learn everyday life skills.
B. The schls in ther districts have never taught everyday life skills t students.
C. High schl students are advanced in technlgical and learning skills.
D. High schl students are lacking in everyday life skills.
18. What put BCHS in the sptlight?
A. It did everything it culd t cater t the parents.
B. It taught life skills at the cst f academic curses.
C. It ffered parents pprtunities t instruct classes.
D. It allw students t decide n their wn subjects.
19. The underlined wrd “decipher” in paragraph 4 prbably means “________”.
A. determineB. demnstrateC. discriminateD. distribute
20. Which f the fllwing skills are included in the curses?
a. use credit cards b. learn algebra and literature c. change a tire d. hw t ck
A. abcB. bcdC. acdD. abd
21. What are peple’s attitudes twards the curses?
A. SupprtiveB. OppsedC. SkepticalD. Indifferent
【答案】17. D 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Bullitt Central高中牺牲一些学术课程的时间来开设一些生活技能课程，教授家政、修轮胎等技能。文章介绍了这门课程的设置安排和人们对此的一些看法。
17. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“While high schl students are at the frefrnt f technlgical and learning skills, it’s ften nt until they leave hme that they learn everyday life skills. Sme believe that high schls shuld ffer a cmmnsense curse in which students are taught hw t pay bills, change a tire r ck. (虽然高中生应该把技术和学习技能放在首位，但他们往往要到离家后才能学习日常生活技能。一些人认为，高中应该开设一门常识性课程，教学生如何支付账单、换轮胎或做饭)”可推知，高中生缺乏日常生活技能。故选D。
18. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The class f 2019 at Bullitt Central High Schl in Shepherdsville, Ky., traded in their algebra and literature classes fr a day t learn sme psitive life skills, accrding t Wave 3 News.(据Wave 3 News报道，肯塔基州谢泼德维尔的Bullitt Central高中2019届的学生每周牺牲一天的代数和文学课程来学习一些积极的日常生活技能)”可知，BCHS以牺牲学术课程为代价教授生活技能的做法，让其成为焦点。故选B。
19. 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“the difference between hmesickness and depressin”可知，一个发言人给他们解释如何区分想家和沮丧的区别。即画线词意思为“区分”。A. determine决定；B. demnstrate证明；C. discriminate区分；D. distribute分配。故选C。
20. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“thers wh discussed hw t use credit cards, hw t ck in a drm rm and hw t change a tire. (其他人讨论如何使用信用卡，如何在宿舍做饭，如何换轮胎)”可知，使用信用卡、换轮胎和如何做饭这些技能包含在课程中。故选C。
21. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“ne wman wrte. ''In tday's diverse make up f families it wuld be a welcme additin. '' (一位女士写道：“在如今多元化的家庭结构钟，这将是一个受欢迎的东西”)”和最后一段中“I mean, a special day called adulting t teach kids this stuff shuld be a required class credit.(我的意思是，一个叫成人教育的特殊日子来教孩子们这些东西应该是一个必修的学分)”可推知，人们对课程持支持态度。故选A。
6
It shuld be ne f the main gals in tday’s sciety t reduce plastic cnsumptin. Thugh many f us believe that recycling will slve the prblem, and cntinue using plastic, it’s actually the ppsite. In 2013, 254 millin tns f trash was prduced in the U.S. alne, and nly arund 30% was recycled. This means that the rest ended up in a landfill and will stay there fr up t 1000 years.
Recently, China has stpped imprting trash frm all ver the wrld. Befre this, ver 30% f the wrld’s waste wuld end up in China, causing a ppular belief that Asian cuntries are thse respnsible fr creating the majrity f the waste in the wrld. Nw, Asian cuntries, including Vietnam and Thailand, are lking fr new ways t avid plastic. One f thse ideas was a new, ec-friendly way t pack their gds by aviding plastic packaging.
One f the Perfect Hmes Chiangmai’s team members nticed a creative way t reduce plastic that a supermarket called Rimping Supermarket was using and decided t take phts f their shelves with his phne. Little did he knw that peple frm all arund the wrld wuld abslutely lve this idea. “I just ppped in t get a few items while we were waiting t sign sme cntracts(合同) with ur lawyer, wh was delayed. When I nticed the vegetables wrapped in banana leaves and simply liked the idea, I tk a few pictures and psted them nline” he said.
With mre than 3.5 millin views and ver 17 thusand shares, the idea became smething peple can encurage mre supermarkets t implement(贯彻).
Sme have nticed that nt everything n the shelves is cmpletely plastic-free, t which the supermarket respnded that they are taking ne step at a time, but it’s nt that easy. Many prducts cme t the supermarkets pre-packaged and many cmpanies are interested in wrapping their prduce in plastic since it is the cheapest and the easiest ptin.
It’s nw up t the shppers t shw the supermarket which they prefer. If every ne pts fr the banana leaf packaging, they will stp stcking the items in plastic.
22. What can we infer abut recycling frm paragraph 1?
A. The authr thinks highly f recycling
B. The US did a great jb in recycling in 2013
C. Recycling has failed t slve the plastic prblem
D. Recycling helps a lt in reducing plastic cnsumptin
23. Why did the man g t Rimping Supermarket ?
A. T take phts f their shelves
B. T meet with their lawyer there
C. T buy sme items
D. T sign sme cntracts with the supermarket.
24. What des the underline phrase“ pts fr ”in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A. DubtsB. DiscussesC. DislikesD. Chses
25. What is the best title f the passage?
A. Leaf Packaging Ges Viral
B. Reducing Plastic Cnsumptin
C. Recycling Avids Plastic Packaging
D. A Gd Optin Makes A Difference
【答案】22. C 23. C 24. D 25. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了减少塑料消费应该成为当今社会的主要目标之一。文章提到一种用香蕉叶来包装的方法，但能否成功取决于消费者。
22. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In 2013, 254 millin tns f trash was prduced in the U.S. alne, and nly arund 30% was recycled.”（2013年，仅美国就产生了2.54亿吨垃圾，其中只有约30%被回收。）可推断，垃圾回收不能解决塑料问题。故选C项。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“ “I just ppped in t get a few items while we were waiting t sign sme cntracts(合同) with ur lawyer, wh was delayed. When I nticed the vegetables wrapped in banana leaves and simply liked the idea, I tk a few pictures and psted them nline” he said.”（“我只是进来买几样东西，当时我们正在等着和我们的律师签合同，但律师被耽搁了。当我注意到蔬菜是用香蕉叶包着的，并且很喜欢这个想法时，我拍了几张照片，并把它们传到了网上。”）可知，他去Rimping超市是为了去买几样东西。故选C项。
24. 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词后句“they will stp stcking the items in plastic.”（他们就会停止储存塑料物品。）可知，如果每个人都选择香蕉叶包装，就会停止储存塑料物品。从而猜测短语pts fr应为“选择”的意思。故选D项。
25. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It’s nw up t the shppers t shw the supermarket which they prefer. If every ne pts fr the banana leaf packaging, they will stp stcking the items in plastic.（现在轮到购物者向超市展示他们更喜欢哪一种了。如果每个人都选择香蕉叶包装，他们就会停止储存塑料物品。）及全文内容可知，人们的一个选择可以解决塑料污染问题。所以“A Gd Optin Makes A Difference(好的选择所带来的影响)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D项。