新高考英语二轮复习题型专练22 夹叙夹议类完形填空（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习题型专练22 夹叙夹议类完形填空（2份打包，原卷版+解析版），文件包含新高考英语二轮复习题型专练22夹叙夹议类完形填空原卷版doc、新高考英语二轮复习题型专练22夹叙夹议类完形填空解析版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共31页， 欢迎下载使用。

【命题意图】 完形填空是语言知识运用的第一节，共20小题，每小题1.5分。在一篇约250词的短文中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项，使补全后的短文意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
【考试方向】夹叙夹议文体就是一方面叙述某一事情，一方面又对此事加以分析与评论。这种表达方式中的叙与议是一个有机的整体，“叙”是“议”的基础，即议论不能脱离记叙，必须在记叙的基础上展开；“议”是“叙”的渗透，即议论在记叙的基础上发展，且有一定的深度与广度。二者水乳交融，互为一体。
这种文体的语言既有记叙文的特点：借助叙述、描写、抒情等手段记叙社会生活中的人、事、景、物的情态及其发展过程，用以表现作者思想，抒发作者情感；时态以一般过去时为主，其他时态为辅；广泛使用动态动词；适当运用直接引语。同时又具有议论文的语言个性：语言自然、客观、准确，逻辑性强，且具有概括性。在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, culd, wuld, shuld等情态动词。
【试题解读】夹叙夹议的文章是高考完形填空中最有难度的，也是最热点的一类体裁。所选文章语言地道、寓意深刻、可读性强。文章常常在平淡的叙述中蕴含着深刻的人生哲理。此类选材倾向于注重短文本身的教育意义。作者首先叙述一件事，在叙述过程中或结束后发表自己的看法或由此事引出一个深刻的社会问题。文章的显著特点是首句可能在传达一个事件信息或透视一种社会现象，而后对此进行高层次评价，或由此引发一种深层次思考，具有记叙与议论的双重性，文情并茂，发人深思。解题时，应借助上下文乃至全文的语境揣摩作者的心境，及其对各个角色、各个事件的态度。
完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，因此，在行文中不可避免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义或反义、相互照应等现象。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。完形填空的解题方法很多，而词汇复现法就是最常见的方法之一。词汇复现包括原词复现、同义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现以及结构复现等。
【得分要点】
一、关注首句，领会大意
通过首句可以明确文章话题，了解篇章结构，预测全文内容。尾句往往是作者的点睛之笔，通过尾句一般可以更加真实、确切地体会到作者的写作意图、对待事件的真实态度等核心内容。
例：
Frm my secnd grade n, there was ne event I feared every year: the pian recital(独奏会)和尾句的With his first recital, my father taught me mre abut curage and determinatin than all the wrds he used thse 30­plus years ag.表明了文章的主旨：作者本来很反感弹钢琴，但是父亲的行为感动了自己。作者认为他的实际行动比30多年以前说的话更有感染力。
二、注重语境，理清行文逻辑
夹叙夹议文以叙述为主，绝大部分篇幅是在描述事件，而作者的观点及态度往往隐含在叙述中，这就要求考生增强语篇意识，抓住文章的叙事线索，弄清文章的内在逻辑关系，根据上下文内容做出选择，并适当进行逻辑推理是解题的关键。
三、找准标志词，弄清故事发展模式
夹叙夹议文通常使用对比、强调、让步、举例、结论、顺序和对照等手段。考生应注意观察文章的结构特点，根据表达这些手段的衔接词来正确理解故事情节。
常见标志词有：(1)并列关系：and，nt als，that is t say等；(2)因果关系：because，fr，s that，in rder that，due t，thanks t，thus，therefre，s等；(3)对比关系：while，whereas，as，rather than，instead f等；(4)转折关系：althugh，thugh，even if，nevertheless，despite，but，yet，hwever，n the cntrary等；(5)递进关系：als，then，besides，in additin，furthermre，what’s mre等；(6)顺序关系：first，then，n the ne hand等；(7)转变话题：by the way，what I really mean...等。
【真题再现】【2020·全国卷I】
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Since ur twins began learning t walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that ur sliding glass dr is just a windw. The 41 is bvius. If we 42 it is a dr, they’ll want t g utside 43 . It will drive us crazy. The kids apparently knw the 44 . But ur insisting it’s 45 a windw has kept them frm 46 millins f requests t pen the dr.
I hate lying t the kids. One day they’ll 47 and discver that everything they’ve always knwn abut windws is a 48 .I wnder if 49 shuld always tell the truth n matter the 50 . I have a very strng 51 that the lie we’re telling is ding 52 damage t ur children. Windws and drs have 53 metaphrical(比喻) meanings. I’m telling them they can’t pen what they abslutely knw is a dr. What if later in 54 they cme t a metaphrical dr, like an pprtunity(机会) f sme srt, and 55 pening the dr and taking the pprtunity, they just 56 it and wnder, ＂What if it isn’t a dr?＂ That is, ＂What if it isn’t a 57 pprtunity?＂
Maybe it’s an unreasnable fear. But the ____58____ is that I shuldn’t lie t my kids. I shuld just ____59____ repeatedly having t say, ＂N. We can’t g utside nw.＂ Then when they cme t ther drs in life, be they real r metaphrical, they wn’t 60 t pen them and walk thrugh.
41. A. reliefB. targetC. reasnD. case
42. A. admitB. believeC. meanD. realize
43. A. graduallyB. cnstantlyC. temprarilyD. casually
44. A. resultB. dangerC. methdD. truth
45. A. merelyB. slightlyC. hardlyD. partly
46. A. reviewingB. apprvingC. receivingD. attempting
47. A. win utB. give upC. wake upD. stand ut
48. A. dreamB. lieC. fantasyD. fact
49. A. parentsB. twinsC. clleaguesD. teachers
50 A. restrictinsB. explanatinsC. differencesD. cnsequences
51. A. demandB. fearC. desireD. dubt
52. A. physicalB. bilgicalC. spiritualD. behaviral
53. A. traditinalB. imprtantC. dubleD. riginal
54. A. lifeB. timeC. replyD. histry
55. A. by cmparisn withB. in additin tC. regardless fD. instead f
56. A. get hld fB. stare atC. knck nD. make use f
57. A. realB. TypicalC. similarD. limited
58. A. safety ruleB. cmfrt zneC. bttm lineD. tp secret
59. A. delayB. regretC. enjyD. accept
60. A. hurryB. decideC. hesitateD. intend
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. A 46. D 47. C 48. B 49. A 50. D 51. B 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. D 56. B 57. A 58. C 59. D 60. C
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。作者以现实中的门，引申出生活中的“门”，从而探讨了一种教育理念。作者认为家长们不要害怕告诉孩子们真相，这样，孩子们才可以在生活的道路上，不再被各种“进退两难”所困扰，从而抓住机遇，勇往直前。
41.考查名词词义辨析。句意：原因是明显的。A. relief安慰； B. target目标；C. reasn原因；D. case情况。根据下文If we 42 it is a dr, they'll want t g utside_43.可知这里作者在解释把门说成窗户的原因。所以这里意思是“原因是明显的”。故选C。
42.考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们承认它是一扇门，他们就会不断地想出去。A. admit 承认；B. believe相信；C. mean意味着；D. realize意识到。下文they'll want t g utside_43.说他们就会经常想出去，那必然是作者承认了它是一扇门。故选A。
43.考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果我们承认它是一扇门，他们就会不断地想出去。A. gradually逐步地；B. cnstantly不断地；C temprarily临时地；D casually随便地。根据下文I shuld just_59 repeatedly having t say, "N. We can't g utside nw. "可推测出，孩子们会不断地想出去。故选B。
44.考查名词词义辨析。句意：孩子们显然知道这个真相。A. result结果；B. danger危险；C. methd方法；D. truth真相。下文But ur insisting it’s 45 a windw has kept them frm 46 millins f requests t pen the dr.说阻止了他们无数次要求打开这扇门的尝试，和下文的I hate lying t the kids.可知孩子们是知道真相的。故选D。
45.考查副词词义辨析。句意：但是，我们坚持说它只不过是一扇窗户，阻止了他们无数次要求打开这扇门的尝试。A. merely只不过；B. slightly轻微地；C. hardly几乎不；D. partly部分地。我在搪塞孩子们，所以轻描淡写地说，它不过是一扇窗户而已。故选A。
46.考查动名词词义辨析。句意：但是，我们坚持说它只是一扇窗户，阻止了他们无数次要求打开这扇门的尝试。A. reviewing回顾；B. apprving赞成；C. receiving收到；D. attempting尝试。根据millins f requests t pen the dr可知孩子们是想尝试打开门。故选D。
47.考查动词短语辨析。句意：有一天，他们会开始了解真相，并且发现，一直以来，他们所知道的关于窗户的一切，是一个谎言。A. win ut最后获得成功；B. give up放弃；C. wake up开始了解真相；D. stand ut站出来。根据and discver that everything they've always knwn abut windws is a 48.可知有一天，孩子们会开始了解真相。故选C。
48.考查名词词义辨析。句意：有一天，他们会开始了解真相，并且发现，一直以来，他们所知道的关于窗户的一切，是一个谎言。A. dream梦想；B. lie谎言；C. fantasy幻想；D. fact事实。根据I hate lying t the kids.以及结合前文作者把门说成窗户，可知这里意思是他们所知道的关于窗户的一切，是一个谎言。故选B。
49.考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想知道父母是否应该说出真相，无论结果如何。A. parents父母；B. twins双胞胎；C. clleagues同事；D. teachers老师。根据下文t ur children，可知这里意思是作者想知道父母是否应该说出真相。故选A。
50.考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想知道父母是否应该说出真相，无论结果如何。A. restrictins限制；B. explanatins解释；C. differences差异；D. cnsequences结果。根据they'll want t g utside_43.可知一旦我说出真相，孩子们就总想着打开门出去，这是一种说出真相的“后果”。故选D。
51.考查名词词义辨析。句意：我有一种强烈的害怕，害怕我们正在说的谎言会对孩子们造成心灵上的伤害。A. demand要求；B. fear害怕；C. desire欲望；D. dubt怀疑。根据that the lie we're telling is ding 52 damage t ur children.和Maybe it's an unreasnable fear.可知这是让我强烈害怕的事情。故选B。
52.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我有一种强烈的害怕，害怕我们正在说的谎言会对孩子们造成心灵上的伤害。A. physical身体的；B bilgical生物的；C. spiritual心灵的；D. behaviral行为的。下文说家长们的撒谎行为会让孩子们面对机会时，犹豫不前。由此可知，这是对孩子们心灵上造成了伤害。故选C。
53.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：窗户和门有重要的比喻意义。A. traditinal传统的； B. imprtant重要的；C. duble双重的；D. riginal原来的。下文说假如他们将来在生活中遇到比喻的门，将会怎么样，就像某种机会，他们不是打开门，抓住机会，而是凝视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。由此可知，窗户和门的比喻意义是非常重要的。故选B。
54.考查名词词义辨析。句意：假如他们将来在生活中遇到比喻的门，将会怎么样，就像某种机会，他们不是打开门，抓住机会，而是凝视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。A. life生活；B. time时间；C. reply回答；D. histry历史。根据Then when
they cme t ther drs in life可知这里意思是在生活中遇到比喻的门。故选A。
55.考查短语辨析。句意：假如他们将来在生活中遇到比喻的门，将会怎么样，就像某种机会，他们不是打开门，抓住机会，而是凝视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。 A. by cmparisn with与……相比；B. in additin t除……之外；C. regardless f不管；D. instead f而不是。对孩子们撒谎，今后，孩子们面对生活中的“门”时，会观望，而不是打开“门”。故选D。
56.考查动词短语辨析。句意：假如他们将来在生活中遇到比喻的门，将会怎么样，就像某种机会，他们不是打开门，抓住机会，而是凝视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。A. get hld f抓住；B. stare at凝视；C. knck n敲击（门、窗）；D. make use f利用。孩子们遇到机会，不是马上抓住它，而是在考虑很多问题。由此可知，孩子们在凝视着“机会”。故选B。
57.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也就是说，假如它不是一个真的机会，将会怎么样？A. real真的；B. typical典型的；C. similar相似的；D. limited有限的。孩子们面对机会，犹豫不前，是在质疑机会的真实性。故选A。
58.考查名词短语词义辨析。句意：但是，底线是我不应该对我的孩子们撒谎。A safety rule安全守则；B. cmfrt zne舒适带; C. bttm line底线；D. tp secret绝密的。根据I shuldn't lie t my kids.可知这是我的底线。故选C。
59.考查动词词义辨析。句意：我应该只是接受重复的说：“不，我们现在不能去外面。”A. delay推迟；B. regret后悔；C. enjy享受；D. accept接受。当我告知孩子们真相时，我也不得不重复的说：“不，我们现在不能去外面。”这是一个现实，我只能接受。故选D。
60.考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，当他们遇到生活中的其他门时，或真实或比喻，他们将毫不犹豫的打开它们，然后走过去。A. hurry匆忙；B. decide决定；C. hesitate犹豫；D. intend打算。根据and walk thrugh.可知当告知孩子们真相时，孩子们将不再犹豫，大踏步向前走。故选C。
【题型演练】
1
I was walking my dg Snpy ne evening while the last light f the setting sun 1 the cluds purple and pink. I lked up at the sky and smiled. After a minute Snpy started 2 at her leash. She was mre than ready t head inside fr a bwl f dg fd and a bacn 3 . I wasn’t quite ready t g in, hwever, s I 4 her. I was waiting fr my friends the Little Blinkers t appear.
It wasn’t lng either 5 I saw them switching their lights n and ff. They were fireflies, f curse, als knwn as lightning bugs. Over all the years that I have lived here they have never failed t appear at this time during the summer. They have never failed t 6 me. They have never failed t make the wrld a little brighter. It has always been such a 7 t knwing that such wnderful creatures can shine their wn light and make the 8 meadws lk like the starry skies abve. They make me want t share my wn light as well, even if it isn’t that bright and even if it des 9 t blink nw and then.
Rbert Fulghum wrte, “I knw sme peple wh 10 a lt f light. Because they have absrbed a lt f light themselves. They shine.” I dn’t knw hw much light I have 11 the years, but I d knw that I wn’t keep it 12 under a basket. I will shine it. I will share it. I will use it t 13 as much gdness, lve, jy, and wisdm int this wrld as I pssibly can.
May yu always 14 yur light as brightly as yu can. May yu always share it with thers as well. Remember that yu are nt asked t 15 the whle wrld up. What yu need t d is just t make yur little crner f it a bit brighter.
1. A. printedB. dyedC. clredD. pictured
2. A. pushingB. pullingC. draggingD. waving
3. A. fdB. thingC. treatD. feast
4. A. cmfrtedB. apprvedC. pleasedD. blamed
5. A. unlessB. befreC. whenD. nce
6. A. delightB. disappintC. satisfyD. tuch
7. A. chanceB. surpriseC. curisityD. jy
8. A. greenB. rdinaryC. vastD. dark
9. A. intendB. planC. tendD. manage
10. A. give utB. give ffC. give awayD. give in
11. A. absrbedB. appealedC. appliedD. cllected
12. A. stayedB. remainedC. changedD. hidden
13. A. causeB. appearC. bringD. require
14. A. hldB. shineC. spreadD. ffer
15. A. buildB. deepenC. lightD. brighten
2
An act f kindness desn't have t be a grand gesture. Even thse small acts f kindness can make a difference in smene's day. That was just the case fr Amie Mickey when she 1 a bumper sticker (车尾贴) n her car reading: Yu Matter.
Amie started t d this several years ag. At first, she wndered if peple wuld 2 it. Hwever, much t her surprise, she began seeing a fld f 3 every time she hit the rad. Mre ften than nt, peple 4 slwly near her car wuld rll dwn their windws, raising their 5 , waving and smiling. Smetimes, she even fund sme sticky ntes left n her windshield saying things like “Yu 6 t! “Once while she was driving dwn the highway, she became 7 when a man driving a sprts car at a high speed pulled his car alngside suddenly, waving and muthing, “Yu matter!” Thugh it tk her sme time t recver frm the 8 , she still felt happy. Last year, smene 9 her car while she was waiting fr her friend in the car by the radside, saying t her, “It is a(an) 10 sticker. I’ve seen varius stickers befre, but nne f them have tuched me as yur sticker has dne. “The tw small wrds n the sticker seem simple enugh, but they really struck a chrd with many cmplete strangers wh 11 t catch sight f the sticker.
Stries like Amie's really 12 the rest f us. Smetimes a kind wrd r gesture may lift ur 13 and it desn't cst a thing except fr a little extra thught. Maybe it means ffering a friend a hug, praising the children when their children 14 well in schl, helping smene ut r vlunteering at nursing hmes. Acts f kindness are waiting everywhere. Small as they seem, they can make a 15 impact n the wrld, and help frm general gdness.
1. A. tre upB. picked upC. fixed upD. put up
2. A. watchB. verlkC. nticeD. ignre
3. A. attentinB. cnfusinC. strangersD. passers-by
4. A. runningB. drivingC. walkingD. riding
5. A. vicesB. hatsC. shuldersD. thumbs
6. A. cuntB. shareC. valueD. matter
7. A. frightenedB. discuragedC. embarrassedD. disappinted
8. A. parkingB. speedC. incidentD. event
9. A. apprachedB. blckedC. repairedD. cleaned
10. A. imprtantB. specialC. typicalD. skeptical
11. A. happenedB. ccurredC. managedD. ffered
12. A. shckB. inspireC. delightD. satisfy
13. A. feelingsB. thughtsC. spiritsD. minds
14. A. wrkB. exerciseC. cnductD. behave
15. A. reliableB. subjectiveC. psitiveD. brief
3
When I was living alne in Santa Rsa, Califrnia, and running a business divisin fr Intuit, my tw cats Wiley and Wilbur were my family. We tk care f ne anther, entertained ne anther, 1 annyed ne anther, and 2 ne anther after all. Then, at nly ten years ld, Wilbur 3 cancer.
Letting g f Wilbur was painful, and I was when the time came t say 4 .Wiley, my ther cat, was 5 t. He and Wilbur were best friends. He had always been happy and well-adjusted, 6 he seemed lst after Wilbur’s passing. Wiley and I grieved and healed tgether.
When peple adpt a hmeless pet, it’s clear that they are saving the animal frm hmelessness, 7 animal cmpaninship t their lives. They’re bviusly 8 a far better life fr the animal. Time after time, peple wh adpt hmeless pets find their wn lives being 9 t.
Thai’s just ne f the 10 f adpting a shelter dg. And that’s 11 I created Mutual Rescue, an animal-welfare initiative aimed at highlighting this special bnd 12 mre hmeless animals’ lives can be 13 . I als wrte a bk abut the 14 animals have n ur lives: Adpting a Hmeless Animal Can Save Yu, T. This bk includes sme f the beautiful, life-changing stries I’ve 15 .
1. A. alwaysB. ccasinallyC. permanentlyD. usually
2. A. hatedB. cmplainedC. adredD. disgusted
3. A. suffered frmB. escaped frmC. recvered frmD. gt frm
4. A. hellB. regretC. srryD. gdbye
5. A. warmheartedB. thrilledC. scaredD. heartbrken
6. A. sB. rC. hutD. thus
7. A. addingB. applyingC. adaptingD. adjusting
8. A. equippingB. prvidingC. cntributingD. dnating
9. A. disturbedB. disrderedC. savedD. challenged
10. A. trublesB. benefitsC. faultsD. missins
11. A. whenB. hwC. whyD. where
12. A. s thatB. in caseC. in thatD. fr fear that
13. A. exchangedB. transfrmedC. interruptedD. transferred
14. A. disadvantageB. mercyC. inspiratinD. impact
15. A. encunteredB. designedC. inventedD. facilitated
4
I suffered frm Asperger's at my childhd. One f the biggest_ 1 I faced was cmmunicating with thers. I was shy but I lved t read and recite facts. This smetimes made me a 2 fr bullies(欺凌). I didn't really understand as much abut the disease r hw it 3 my life.
When I was in my 20s, I 4 t Paris. I was deeply attracted by the city, and I 5 a jb in a big htel right then. As an Eiffel Twer ambassadr,I 6 guests and visitrs as they tk the lift t the tp f the htel's 46-stry twer, where I liked t 7 the lcal attractins and helped peple find the best 8 fr taking phts. At first, I had a prblem with changes in everyday life, 9 when talking with peple wh were different frm me. But I liked t memrize facts, and that really 10 in my jb because peple lved t learn all f the interesting things abut the city. Every day when I clcked in, I felt it's time fr me t perfrm fr and 11 the guests. I lved it when I learnt smething new because I culdn't 12 t share the infrmatin with thers.
Everyne is 13 , and everyne has a gift. It takes me mre than 50 years t 14 that I am different. Just be yurself, be kind, and try t make a 15 in yur life.
1. A. decisinsB. challengesC. cnflictsD. changes
2. A. victryB. designC. memryD. target
3. A. reflectedB. imprvedC. affectedD. frgt
4. A. mvedB. escapedC. rushedD. gathered
5. A. prepared frB. put awayC. applied fr D. turned dwn
6. A. drveB. directedC. sentD. accmpanied
7. A. intrduceB. identifyC. cnsiderD. cnnect
8. A. advertisementsB. sptsC. reasnsD. habits
9. A. chieflyB. persnallyC. speciallyD. especially
10. A. favredB. treatedC. helpedD. relaxed
11. A. entertainB. trustC. hireD. educate
12. A. stpB. wrkC. waitD. fllw
13. A. difficultB. terribleC. brightD. unique
14. A. recgnizeB. realizeC. wnderD. admit
15. A. differenceB. prmiseC. chiceD. sacrifice
5
Years ag, my grandmther was in a nursing hme. She was a retired university prfessr, which brught her an cean f 1 she had taught befre.
In sharp 2 with my grandmther, almst n ne came t see the ld man next dr. He was 3 mst f the time.
Once I 4 him, “Hw are yu ding recently?” He gave me a lk, saying nthing. Thinking he was 5 f hearing, I raised my vice and asked again. He just shk his head slightly. After a lng while, finding I was 6 there, he just said, “Fine.” Then he lked away. I had t shut up, feeling rather 7 .
Later, I learned that the ld man had gt quite a few cmpanies frm his family. Since he was nt a gd 8 , he annyed many peple and even made his family and friends 9 . And 10 , his cmpanies all failed.
S what is the mst imprtant 11 a persn can have? Perhaps yu think making mney is the answer. N! But the ability t 12 yur thughts is. It’s extremely imprtant fr a persn t learn t put what he thinks int 13 . It makes a relatinship 14 and a career flurish (繁荣). I’m afraid this is smething many f us 15 . Just think: Hw many f us have ever hurt thse wh lve us just because we are nt gd at speaking? S, mre ften than nt, it is nt what we think but hw we speak that determines hw far we can g in life.
1. A. neighbrsB. friendsC. relativesD. visitrs
2. A. agreementB. cntrastC. cnflictD. cmpany
3. A. alneB. calmC. high-spiritedD. impatient
4. A. questinedB. greetedC. encunteredD. encuraged
5. A. tiredB. ashamedC. hardD. shrt
6. A. alwaysB. alreadyC. alsD. still
7. A. uncmfrtableB. cncernedC. helplessD. inncent
8. A. expertB. cmpetitrC. speakerD. partner
9. A. break dwnB. pull awayC. fall behindD. drp ut
10. A. typicallyB. bviuslyC. unexpectedlyD. cnsequently
11. A. skillB. challengeC. principleD. qualificatin
12. A. updateB. develpC. expressD. dminate
13. A. actinB. wrdsC. plansD. cnsideratin
14. A. appearB. wrsenC. cllapseD. last
15. A. lackB. pssessC. ppseD. defense