新高考英语二轮复习题型专练23 说明文体类完形填空（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

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【命题意图】综观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国卷中的完形填空中，说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，说明文类完形填空也要进行一定量的练习。
【得分要点】
说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。说明文完形填空的结构模式一般是：提出问题——发现直接原因——分析深层原因——得出结论或提出解决方案。
一、说明类完形填空的命题特点
说明类完形填空题常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，文章可以是用来说明某一种社会现象、一个产品的制作过程、一种产品的使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题。说明文所呈现的方式较为单一，作者往往一开始就交代说明的对象，然后再从不同的角度进行说明。因此，这类文章的每一段通常就是其中的一个角度或侧面，所以要注意概括每一个段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的开头或结尾，作者往往会对说明的话题进行概括说明。
二、说明类完形填空的应试策略
1. 利用说明文的首句查找说明主体
2. 把握说明文的两种结构模式
(1)总分式。包括＂总—分＂＂分—总＂＂总—分—总＂等具体形式。
(2)递进式。事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序——从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从南到北、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序——按照时间先后顺序来安排，事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序——有些说明文主要是剖析事理的，在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排，或者从主到次、从浅到深、从原因到结果，具有严密的条理性。
三、说明类完形填空的解题步骤
第一步：通过短文首尾句抓主旨
说明文的篇首会出现话题中心，通过首段可把握文章的主题；而尾句往往是文章的结论或点睛之笔。
第二步：填空时关注段落或意群间的内在联系
第三步：重览短文，查缺补漏
通读文章，检查思路是否顺畅及有无逻辑关系错误，同时填补遗留的空缺。
【真题再现】（2019·全国卷III）
The small twn f Rjukan in Nrway is situated between several muntains and des nt get direct sunlight frm late September t mid-March- 1 six mnths ut f the year.
"Of curse, we 2 it when the sun is shining," says Karin R, wh wrks fr the twn's turism ffice. "We see the sky is 3 , but dwn in the valley it's darker — it's like n a 4 day.”
But that 5 when a system f high-tech 6 was intrduced t reflect sunlight frm neighbring peaks（山峰）int the valley belw. Wednesday, residents（居民）f Rjukan 7 their very first ray f winter sunshine: A rw f reflective bards n a nearby muntainside were put t 8 . The mirrrs are cntrlled by a cmputer that 9 them t turn alng with the sun thrughut the 10 and t clse during windy weather. They reflect a cncentrated beam（束）f light nt the twn's central 11 , creating an area f sunlight rughly 600 square meters. When the light 12 , Rjukan residents gathered tgether.
"Peple have been 13 there and standing there and taking 14 f each ther," R says. "The twn square was ttally 15 . I think almst all the peple in the twn were there. "The 3,500 residents cannt all 16 the sunshine at the same time. 17 , the new light feels like mre than enugh fr the twn's 18 residents.
"It's nt very 19 ,” she says, "but it is enugh when we are 20 .”
【答案】 （1）C；（2）D；（3）B；（4）A；（5）B；（6）C；（7）C；（8）D；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）D；（19）A；（20）D；
【解析】【分析】本文讲述北欧一个小镇长达半年没有阳光照射，为此在附近的山顶安装了一套镜子设备把阳光反射到小镇的广场。每当光线照射的时候，人们就聚集在广场上，为寒冷的冬季增添一丝明亮。
（1）考查副词辨析。A. nly仅仅；B. bviusly；显然地；C. nearly几乎；D. precisely精确的。根据前文frm late September t mid-March可知，从九月底到三月中旬，差不多半年，故答案为C。
（2）考查动词辨析。A. fear害怕；B. believe相信；C. hear听见；D. ntice注意。根据后文 but dwn in the valley it's darker 可知，我们看到天空是蓝色，但是到山谷的时候，就会变得更暗了，可知，太阳照耀的时候，我们注意到，故答案为D。
（3）考查形容词词义辨析。A. empty空的；B. blue蓝色的；C. high搞得；D. wide宽的。根据常识可知，有太阳的时候，天空是蓝色的，故答案为B。
（4）考查形容词辨析。A. cludy多云的；B. nrmal正常的；C. different不同的；D. warm温暖的。根据前文 but dwn in the valley it's darker 可知，到山谷的时候，天变暗了，像阴天一样，故答案为A。
（5）考查动词辨析。A. helped帮助；B. changed改变；C. happened发生；D. mattered关系重大。根据后文可知，该镇引入一套阳光反射镜来改变这种情况，故答案为B。
（6）考查名词辨析。A. cmputers电脑；B. telescpes望远镜；C. mirrrs镜子；D. cameras相机。根据后文t reflect sunlight frm neighbring peaks可知，从附近的山顶上反射太阳光，可知是镜子，故答案为C。
（7）考查动词辨析。A. remembered记得；B. frecasted预报；C. received获得，收到；D. imagined想象。根据句意可知，该镇的居民获得了冬天里的第一缕阳光，故答案为C。
（8）考查名词辨析。A. repair修理；B. risk风险；C. rest 休息；D. use使用。根据前一句their very first ray f winter sunshine可知，获得了冬天的第一缕阳光，是由于反射板投入使用了，put sth t use把某物投入使用。故答案为D。
（9）考查动词辨析。句意：这些镜子由电脑控制，指导他们整天跟着太阳的位置移动而移动，在大风的天气就自动关闭。A. frbids禁止；B. directs指导，导演；C. predicts预测；D. fllws跟随，追随。本句描述这套系统的工作原理，电脑控制镜子的移动，故选B。
（10）考查名词辨析。A. day白天；B. night夜晚；C. mnth月；D. year年。根据文章可知，太阳光出现在白天，故答案为A。
（11）考查名词辨析。A. library图书馆；B. hall大厅；C. square广场；D. street街道。根据后文The twn square可知，镜子反射聚集的光会照在小镇的中心广场上，故答案为C。
（12）考查动词辨析。A. appeared出现；B. returned归还；C. faded褪去；D. stpped停止。根据后文Rjukan residents gathered tgether可知，当光照出现的时候，居民出来，故答案为A。
（13）考查动词辨析。A. driving驾驶；B. hiding隐藏；C. camping露营；D. sitting坐。根据本句and standing there可知，光照出现的时候，人们会出来活动，坐在那里，站在那里，故答案为D。
（14）考查名词辨析。A. pictures照片，图片；B. ntes笔记；C. care照顾；D. hld抓住。根据文章可知，会彼此拍照，故答案为A。
（15）考查形容词辨析。A. new新的；B. full满的；C. flat平坦的；D. silent沉默的。根据后文I think almst all the peple in the twn were there.可知，差不多全镇的人都在广场上，故可知广场全是人，故答案为B。
（16）考查动词辨析。A. blck阻挡；B. avid避免；C. enjy喜欢，享受；D. stre储存。根据句意可知，并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，故答案为C。
（17）考查副词辨析。A. Instead代替；B. Hwever然而；C. Gradually逐渐地；D. Similarly相似地。前一句意思为并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，后一句，新的光线为小镇人们的意义不仅仅提供光线，故可知前后句属于转折关系，故答案为B。
（18）考查形容词辨析。A. nature-lving热爱自然的；B. energy-saving节能的；C. weather-beaten受风雨侵蚀的；D. sun-starved渴望阳光的。根据前文可知，小镇差不多半年没有阳光，故可知小镇人们渴望阳光，故答案为D。
（19）考查形容词辨析。A. big大的；B. clear清晰的；C. cld冷的；D. easy容易的。根据前文可知，镜子反射的光线有限，范围不够大，故答案为A。
（20）考查动词辨析。A. trying尝试；B. waiting 等待；C. watching 观看；D. sharing分享。根据句意可知，大家一起晒太阳就足够了，故答案为D。
【题型演练】
1
A scientist 1 several mnkeys in rder t study animal psychlgy. He tk a glass bttle, 2 its crk (瓶塞) and put tw peanuts inside it. The peanuts drpped t the bttm and were easily seen frm the utside. He then passed the bttle t a mnkey, wh shk it 3 fr a lng while and was able t get the peanuts when they 4 fell ut. The scientist then put sme peanuts int the bttle again 5 he had dne befre and shwed the mnkey that it nly needed t turn the bttle upside dwn fr the peanuts t drp ut. 6 the mnkey always ignred his 7 . Each time it just shk the bttle frantically, with great 8 but withut necessarily achieving 9 result.
Nw the questin is why the mnkey was unable t understand 10 the scientist instructs. 11 because all its attentins was fcused n the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes ff the peanuts and quickly 12 its attentin t the 13 mvement f the scientist and the way the bttle was turned upside dwn. T achieve this, it had t calm dwn and nt be 14 by the impulse (诱惑) f its appetite. Yet the mnkey was nt able t understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the mnkey’s sme psychlgy is just like 15 f human beings.
1. A. keptB. rseC. fedD. caught
2. A. mvingB. remvedC. discveredD. cvered
3. A. happilyB. anxiuslyC. hurriedlyD. instantly
4. A. suddenlyB. accidentallyC. ccasinallyD. quickly
5. A. asB. thatC. whatD. until
6. A. ButB. WhenC. TherefreD. Thus
7. A. directinsB. explanatinsC. perfrmancesD. instructins
8. A. effrtB. strengthC. pwerD. frce
9. A. expectingB. interestingC. satisfyingD. desired
10. A. whatB. hwC. whyD. which
11. A. PrbablyB. LikelyC. SimplyD. Nearly
12. A. putB. sendC. payD. shift
13. A. gestureB. muthC. handD. eye
14. A. taken awayB. taken ffC. taken verD. taken n
15. A. thatB. theC. thseD. this
2
Ask peple t name the wrld's tallest peak and anybdy with sund general knwledge will name Munt Qmlangma. But quiz them n its exact 1 and many will be nt sure.
In 1975, Chinese surveyrs 2 that Munt Qmlangma （Munt Everest） was 8848. 13 meters high. As 3 imprved, satellites, phtelectricity, radars and gravity measurement technlgies were 4 t get mre exact figures. Of curse, smene still had t carry 5 t what is the wrld's rftp.
In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qmlangma and fund that it was nt as high as that, as they 6 the height t be 8844. 43 meters. Scaling Qmlangma is n 7 task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even fur degrees 8 than in Antarctica. The snw there is 4 —5 meters thick and hurricane-like 9 blw all the time. Team members were training t 10 the extreme cnditins.
In a nutshell, measuring the Qmlangma's height is a tall rder, 11 huge amunts f mney and human resurces, But it is wrth the 12 . Qmlangma is the perfect 13 fr bserving crustal （地壳的）mvements. And changes t the peak's height culd 14 whether the tw plates are heading tward r away frm each ther.
Besides, the cnditin f snw and ther natural materials at the tp is an indicatr f upcming climate change n the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. That's 15 measuring the Qmlangma's height is s significant. Put t gd use, it can benefit mankind.
1. A. lcatinB. appearanceC. areaD. height
2. A. determinedB. assumedC. estimatedD. admitted
3. A. cnditinB. technlgyC. scietyD. ecnmy
4. A. emplyedB. expectedC. apprachedD. inspired
5. A. weapnsB. vehiclesC. instrumentsD. packages
6. A. changedB. calculatedC. extendedD. expanded
7. A. glriusB. easyC. admirableD. tugh
8. A. clderB. htterC. higherD. lwer
9. A. snwsB. rainsC. windsD. snwflakes
10. A. cpe withB. fight frC. take nD. carry ut
11. A. wastingB. spendingC. vercmingD. invlving
12. A. effrtB. lssC. harvestD. achievement
13. A. channelB. windwC. slutinD. entrance
14. A. measureB. freseeC. indicateD. expse
15. A. whereB. hwC. whyD. whether
3
As ur Earth’s temperature warms up because f climate change, it is having unexpected effects n ur wrld’s frests. When temperatures rise, trees clse their skins t 1 the lss f water, and this, in turn, slws dwn the 2 f phtsynthesis(光合作用). As a result, these trees are shrter and grw slwly, as well as have a 3 death rate.
Climate change als increases the 4 f drughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while fr the frest systems t 5 , and in sme cases, the frests are 6 permanently. Trees that are stressed are als 7 t attacks by bacteria(细菌). In trpical frests, vines that use the trees as 8 can ften chke the trees and rb them f nutrients. Finally, humans have 9 the frest landscape thrugh lgging. When trees are replanted n the sil, they will never grw as large as the 10 trees that were cut dwn.
As these frests disappear, species that nce called them “hme” are frced t change, 11 the variety f thse systems. 12 , sme endangered species are unable t 13 and die. Old-grwth frests are disappearing in all regins f ur wrld. When frests die, yunger frests that are reestablished in the same area grw back weaker and smaller 14 pr vegetatin. With trees dying increasingly and cntinuusly, will future generatins 15 ut n the wnders f frests?
1. A. prtectB. preventC. saveD. free
2. A. mvementB. situatinC. prcessD. peratin
3. A. higherB. firmerC. lighterD. smaller
4. A. chiceB. measureC. qualificatinD. chance
5. A. grwB. rescueC. recverD. decline
6. A. ignredB. lstC. hurtD. left
7. A. accessibleB. enjyableC. acceptableD. favrable
8. A. attentinB. cmmandC. trustD. supprt
9. A. frightenedB. paidC. ruinedD. wasted
10. A. cmmnB. riginalC. distantD. strng
11. A. affectingB. imprvingC. frgettingD. reflecting
12. A. BesidesB. SurprisinglyC. OtherwiseD. Unfrtunately
13. A. devteB. keepC. adaptD. lead
14. A. due tB. in additin tC. instead fD. in spite f
15. A. passB. missC. breakD. bring
4
The lins and lepards(豹) f a natinal park in India nrmally d nt get alng. They 1 each ther fr space and fd. But abut a year ag, a yung liness in the park 2 a baby lepard.
The 2-mnth-ld baby with brwn ears and blue eyes was 3 ,and the liness spent weeks nursing, 4 and caring fr him until he died. She treated him as if he were ne f her wn tw sns, wh were abut the same age. This was a 5 case f crss-species adptin in the wild, and the nly dcumented example invlving animals that are nrmally 6 .
7 ,the park wrkers thught the assciatin wuld be brief, but this went n. The family were 8 t tur the park. The liness tk care f the baby, and 9 meat that she hunted. The new brthers played with him and ccasinally fllwed him up trees. This unlikely 10 was surely amazing.
Althugh this adptin was puzzling, it highlights the 11 between the tw species. Until they reach yung adulthd, when scial differences 12 , lins and lepards play and beg fr milk in similar ways. Fr this mther liness, she may have 13 the baby's mre lepard-like features —his smell, size and sptted appearance. He just jumped in.
The 14 f the inter species adptin in the wild wuld be sweet enugh fr a children's bk, yet 15 enugh t attract scientists.
1. A. put up withB. take advantage fC. depend nD. fight with
2. A. scaredB. adptedC. spttedD. attacked
3. A. lazyB. braveC. weakD. dangerus
4. A. feedingB. checkingC. fllwingD. dressing
5. A. simpleB. typicalC. famusD. rare
6. A. friendsB. cmpetitrsC. partnersD. neighbrs
7. A. InitiallyB. LuckilyC. CertainlyD. Unexpectedly
8. A. expectedB. bservedC. persuadedD. pushed
9. A. ckedB. packedC. sharedD. burned
10. A. experienceB. affairC. agreementD. cnnectin
11. A. cmmunicatinB. similaritiesC. behavirD. differences
12. A. emergeB. remainC. recverD. survive
13. A. cmparedB. dislikedC. ignredD. prtected
14. A. incidentB. experienceC. reprtD. tale
15. A. strangeB. caringC. reliableD. mving
5
What's the first thing that cmes t mind when yu think f the wrd “culture”？ D yu think f different grups f peple acrss the wrld with varius 1 and clthing? What abut animals?
Sam Williams,executive directr f the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉）Recvery Netwrk in Csta Rica, helps t 2 the impact f the decline f macaw ppulatins by taking birds that were brn 3 and releasing them int the wild. But this prcess is very 4
＂In a cage,yu can't 5 them t knw where,when and hw t find that fd, r abut trees with gd nest sites," Williams tld eclgist and writer Carl Safina fr the Guardian. In the wild, the parents wuld be the nes t teach them this imprtant 6
This type f knwledge is knwn as cultural knwledge. Cultural knwledge can be 7 frm the lder generatin t the newer ne. Fr many species,cultural knwledge is necessary fr 8
Culture helps animals t 9 different habitats.Fr example,sme crws(乌鸦）have learned t put nuts in the middle f the rad fr cars t drive ver. And in ther areas, they have learned t d this at intersectins s they can 10 get the fd when the cars stp at red lights.
Other imprtant parts f cultural knwledge include things like grup identity, using different tls,taking different 11 rutes and using different scializing methds.
These traditins can especially be seen in chimpanzee cmmunities. Cat Hbaiter,wh studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:"It's nt just the 12 f ppulatins f chimps that wrries me.I find 13 the pssibility f lsing each ppulatin's unique culture. That's permanent.”
Culture isn't just fr 14 .Culture is als an imprtant part f life in the wild frm using tls t 15 .
1. A. cmmunitiesB. znesC. traditinsD. divisins
2. A. squeezeB. reduceC. wrestleD. delete
3. A. encagedB. enlargedC. encuragedD. ensured
4. A. tentativeB. slwC. lameD. abrupt
5. A. electB. swapC. assessD. train
6. A. brchureB. seminarC. framewrkD. infrmatin
7. A. passed dwnB. taken upC. fllwed upD. put tgether
8. A. managementB. survivalC. currencyD. cperatin
9. A. cater tB. push frC. adapt tD. dive in
10. A. safelyB. desperatelyC. surprisinglyD. hpefully
11. A. irrigatinB. migratinC. suspensinD. cllisin
12. A. lssB. dilemmaC. adjustmentD. preventin
13. A. enterprisingB. flexibleC. artificialD. terrifying
14. A. animalsB. plantsC. humansD. nails
15. A. refreshingB. weepingC. negtiatingD. scializing1. A. nly
B. bviusly
C. nearly
D. precisely
2. A. fear
B. believe
C. hear
D. ntice
3. A. empty
B. blue
C. high
D. wide
4. A. cludy
B. nrmal
C. different
D. warm
5. A. helped
B. changed
C. happened
D. mattered
6. A. cmputers
B. telescpes
C. mirrrs
D. cameras
7. A. remembered
B. frecasted
C. received
D. imagined
8. A. repair
B. risk
C. rest
D. use
9. A. frbids
B. directs
C. predicts
D. fllws
10. A. day
B. night
C. mnth
D. year
11. A. library
B. hall
C. square
D. street
12. A. appeared
B. returned
C. faded
D. stpped
13. A. driving
B. hiding
C. camping
D. siting
14. A. pictures
B. ntes
C. care
D. hld
15. A. new
B. full
C. flat
D. silent
16. A. blck
B. avid
C. enjy
D. stre
17. A. Instead
B. Hwever
C. Gradually
D. Similarly
18. A. nature-lving
B. energy-saving
C. weather-beaten
D. sun-starved
19. A. big
B. clear
C. cld
D. easy
20. A. trying
B. waiting
C. watching
D. sharing