高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍：专题01 名词（练习及解析）

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专题01 名词
【高频考点解读】
名词是高考每年必考的语法项目。近三年的考查要点主要集中在名词辨析上，特别是抽象名词的辨析。不仅是单项填空，而且完形填空中也大量出现。其他常考的语法点还有：①抽象名词具体化；②专有名词普通化；③与冠词的连用；④固定搭配。
【热点题型】
题型一 抽象名词具体化
例1、It’s a gd feeling fr peple t admire the Shanghai Wrld Exp that gives them pleasure.
上海世博会给人们带来了快乐，欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。
His new bk was a great success.
他的新书获得了巨大成功。
【提分秘籍】
1．抽象名词具体化
具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。
(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事
(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历
(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者，一件失败的事
(4)knwledge知识；a gd knwledge丰富的知识
(5)success成功；a success一位成功者，一件成功的事
(6)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事
(7)hnur荣誉；an hnur一位/件带来荣誉的人或事
2.有些物质名词可转化为可数名词
—Wuld yu like sme cffee?
—I wuld like a cffee and tw beers.
——你想喝点咖啡吗？
——我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。
【举一反三】
例2、Being able t affrd ________ drink wuld be ________ cmfrt in thse tugh times.
A．the；the B．a；a
C．a；/ D．/；a
【易错剖析】 考试容易误选C或D，只记住了drink和cmfrt是不可数名词，没有掌握抽象名词具体化成了可数名词，物质名词表份数也可数。
题型二 名词词义辨析
例3.Practising Chinese kung fu cannt nly build up ne’s strength，but als develp ne’s character.
练习中国功夫不但能使一个人强身健体,而且能培养其性格。
例4.—Yu are always full f energy.Can yu tell me the secret?
—Taking plenty f exercise every day.
——你总是精力充沛，你能告诉我秘诀吗？
——每天足够的锻炼。
【提分秘籍】
1．view，sight，scene
(1)view(从某角度看到的)景色，风景，自然美景。
(2)sight情景，景象，看见的事物。
(3)scene景象，风光，事故现场，场面。
Frm the tp f Munt Tai，yu can get a wnderful view f sunrise.
从泰山顶上你可以看到特别美丽的日出景色。
Seeing the scene f children playing happily in the park，I’m full f cnfidence f ur cuntry.
看到孩子们在公园里高兴玩耍的场面，我对我们国家(的未来)充满了信心。
2．pwer，strength，frce，energy
(1)pwer主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能，也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量，还可以指职权或政权。
(2)strength指固有的潜力。说人时，指“力气”；说物时，指“强度”。
(3)frce主要指自然界的力量；暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量；军事力量等。
(4)energy主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。
It’s nt within my pwer t help yu.
我是爱莫能助啊。
3．state，psitin，cnditin，situatin
(1)state状态，样子，情况，形势。
(2)psitin位置，职位。
(3)cnditin条件，境况。
(4)situatin形势，状况，局面。
4．mark，sign，signal，symbl
(1)mark标志，标记。
(2)sign记号，标记，迹象。
(3)signal信号。
(4)symbl象征，符号。
In ur class，when the bell rang and the teacher clsed his bk，it was a signal fr everyne t stand up.
在课堂上，铃声响起，老师合上书就是我们起立的信号。
In cmmunicatin，a smile is usually a strng sign f a friendly and pen attitude.(高考重庆卷)
在交流方面，微笑通常是友好坦诚态度的明显标志。
5．award，reward
二者既可作名词也可作动词。award作名词时,意为“奖品”、“奖金”，作动词时，常用于award sb.sth.或award sth.t sb.结构;reward作名词时,意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”,作动词时，常用于reward sb.fr sth.结构。
The film awards are presented annually.
电影奖每年颁发一次。
A reward was ffered fr the return f the passprt.
为找回护照(他)提供了一笔酬金。
Hw can I reward yu fr yur help?
我怎样才能报答你的帮助？
They awarded schlarship t the best students.
他们把奖学金授予最优秀的学生。
【举一反三】
例5、Frm their psitin n the tp f the TV Twer，visitrs can have a better view f the city.
从他们在电视塔顶的位置,游客们可以更好地看到这个城市。
Schl children must be taught hw t deal with dangerus situatins.
学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育。
He was in a pr state f health.
他的健康状况不佳。
例6、Wrking hard is nt a ________ f great success，but it is amng the essential requirements.
A．sign B．signal
C．guarantee D．mark
【高考风向标】
【·湖北】22.He gave himself a new name t hide his ____ when he went t carry ut the secret task.
A. emtin B. talent
C. identity D. treasure
【·安徽】30.There is n need t tell me yur answer nw. Give it sme ______ and then let me knw.
A. thught B. supprt C. prtectinD. authrity
【·江苏】35.—G and say srry t yur Mm, Dave.
—I’d like t, but I’m afraid she wn’t be happy with my _____ .
A. requests B. excuses C. aplgies D. regrets
【·江苏】32.Sme schls will have t make ______ in agreement with the natinal sccer refrm.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. cmments D. achievements
【·福建】24.The failure was a big___
_______t him, but he wasn't discuraged and sn gt as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blw B. issue C. excuse D. Factr
【·浙江】15. One f the mst effective ways t reduce is t talk abut feeling with smene yu trust.
A. prductin B. stress C. energy D. passive
1.（湖北卷）22. When Richard said, “Yu are much mre agreeable and prettier nw,” Jan’s face turned red at the unexpected ______.
A. cmmand B. cmparisn C. cmpliment D. cntributin
2.（江苏卷）27. She was put under huse arrest tw years ag but remained a pwerful in last
year's electin.
A. symbl B. prtrait C. identity D. statue
3.（天津卷）3.Wind is nw the wrld’s fastest grwing ________ f pwer.
A. surce B. sense C. result D. rt
4.（浙江卷 ）6. We mst prefer t say yes t the ______ f smene we knw and like.
A. attempts B. requests C. dubts D. prmises
1.（·浙江）4.As the wrld’s ppulatin cntinues t grw, the ___f fd becmes mre and mre f a cncern.
A.wrth B. supply C. package D. list
2.（·浙江）2.Mary wrked here as a ____ secretary and ended up getting a full-time jb with the cmpany.
A.pessimistic B. temprary C. previus D. cautius
3.（·福建卷)22.___ basic first-aid techniques will help yu respnd quickly t emergencies.
A. Knwn B. Having knwn C. Knwing D. Being knwn
4.（·湖北卷)21. Petry written frm the ______ f the urban yuth tends t reveal their anxiety ver a lack f sense f belnging.
A. perspective B. pririty C. participatin D. privilege
5.（·辽宁卷)23.The accident caused sme _____ t my car,but it ’s nthing serius.
A.harm B.injury C.ruin D.damage
【高考押题】
1.Peple all believe that _______ t free trade destry wealth, benefiting n ne in the lng run.
A．administratins B．attempts
C．prgress D．barriers
2．Many cmpanies in Guangdng are facing a serius labr ________ fllwing the Rabbit Year's Spring Festival.
A．lack B．shrtage
C．absence D．strage
3． ________ have an internal clck that cn
trls the beating f ur heart, and the ________ f ur breathing.
A．Human being; steps B．Humans; pace
C．Human beings; steps D．Man; pace
4．—Wuld yu d me a favr t chse a wedding dress?
—Of curse, but it is a matter f persnal ________.
A．cncern B．sense
C．style D．taste
5．Cmputer pwer nw allws autmatic searches f fingerprint files t match a print at a crime ________.
A．field B．scene
C．lcatin D．ccasin
6．These verseas students wh are studying in ur cllege shw great ________ fr learning a new language.
A．enthusiasm B．authrity
C．symptm D．recreatin
7．At the APEC Summit held in Ykhama, Japan, AsiaPacific leaders addressed ________ ver glbal grwth, reginal ecnmic develpment and emerging markets.
A．cncerns B．careers
C．adaptin D．recgnitin
8．The ________ n driving after drinking alchl is being carried ut all ver the cuntry, which is helpful t reduce traffic accidents.
A．withdrawal B．prejudice
C．aim D．ban
9．We bught the huse fr its
________. It is very near the shp where I wrk.
A．character B．value
C．cnvenience D．cnstructin
10．Being able t speak anther language fluently culd be a great ________ when yu're lking fr a jb.
A．advantage B．chance
C．assistance D．imprtance
11．Cnsidering the severe fact f glbal warming, the tp ________ f all natins is t reduce CO2 emissin and increase use f renewable energy.
A．pririty B．impact
C．issue D．event
12． Accrding t ur principal, all children shuld be encuraged t realize their full ________.
A．cnsequence B．entertainment
C．presentatin D．ptential
13．We shuld lk up t him as a shining example f
________ t duty.
A．devtin B．privilege
C．respnsibility D．burden
14．—Dn't be s naughty！Be yur________.
—Gt it.
A．manners B．age
C．behavir D．pliteness
15．Frtunately, rescuers were able t gain ________ t the disasterhit area sn enugh.
A．access B．track
C．means D．passage
16．The new system has been designed t give students quick and easy ________ t the digital resurces f the library.
A．access B．passage
C．way D．apprach
17． Where is yur huse? Is there any ________ in the neighburhd?
A．identity B．access
C．milestne D．landmark
18． My mrning ________ includes jgging in the park and reading newspapers ver breakfast.
A．drill B．apprach
C．regulatin D．rutine
19． In an interview with CNN, Premier Wen Jiaba emphasized that ur gvernment shuld let everyne live a happy life with ________ and a sense f security.
A．evidence B．privilege
C．assessment D．dignity
20．Giving up my jb t g back t fulltime educatin was a big ________，
but nw I knw it was the best decisin I ever made.
A．prject B．cmmitment
C．cmpetitin D．ambitin
物质名词
可数名词
物质名词
可数名词
drink饮料
tw drinks
两杯饮料
sugar糖
a sugar
一块糖
cffee咖啡
a cffee
一杯咖啡
paper纸
a paper
一张报纸；
一篇论文
tea茶
tw teas
两杯茶
hair头发
a hair
一根头发