考点4 阅读理解 科学科普类—五年（2020—2024年）高考英语真题专项分类汇编(含答案)

这是一份考点4 阅读理解 科学科普类—五年（2020—2024年）高考英语真题专项分类汇编(含答案)，共12页。试卷主要包含了阅读理解等内容，欢迎下载使用。

一、阅读理解
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl(水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry(迁徙的) waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, Iwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
1．What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?
A.Lss f wetlands.B.Ppularity f water sprts.
C.Pllutin f rivers.D.Arrival f ther wild animals.
2．What des the underlined wrd "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire.B.Exprt.C.Destry.D.Distribute.
3．What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gne dwn.B.The migratry birds have flwn away.
C.The hunters have stpped hunting.D.The gvernment has cllected mney.
4．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp StryB.The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits f Saving WaterfwlD.The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
"With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin," said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. "These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?"
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it," said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
"Quite a lt," Daru explained. "Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places—and even species—that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image."
5．What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
6．What des Daru's study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
7．What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
8．What is Daru's suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A. Review data frm certain areas.B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal(情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and "peple skills." Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives(视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
9．What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A.It can be measured by an IQ test.B.It helps t exercise a persn's mind.
C.It includes a set f emtinal skills.D.It refers t a persn's psitive qualities.
10．Why des the authr mentin "dctr" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?
A.T explain a rule.B.T clarify a cncept.
C.T present a fact.D.T make a predictin.
11．What is the authr's attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A.Favrable.B.Intlerant.C.Dubtful.D.Unclear.
12．What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A.Its appeal t the public.B.Expectatins fr future studies.
C.Its practical applicatin.D.Scientists with new perspectives.
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding(编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f "We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while" was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
"We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
13．What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular. B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated. D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
14．Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers. B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park. D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
15．What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
16．What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin. D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals. Can yu believe that a single bush(灌木丛) in the Amazn may have mre species f ants than the whle f Britain! Abut 480 varieties f trees may be fund in just ne hectare f rainfrest.
Rainfrests are the lungs f the planet-string vast quantities f carbn dixide and prducing a significant amunt f the wrld's xygen. Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy(树冠层) f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.
Amazingly, the trees grw in such a way that their leaves and branches, althugh clse tgether, never actually tuch thse f anther tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. T survive in the frest, animals must climb, jump r fly acrss the gaps. The grund flr f the frest is nt all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn int fd fr the trees and ther frest life.
They are nt called rainfrests fr nthing! Rainfrests can generate 75% f their wn rain. At least 80 inches f rain a year is nrmal-and in sme areas there may be as much as 430 inches f rain annually. This is real rain—yur umbrella may prtect yu in a shwer, but it wn't keep yu dry if there is a full rainstrm. In just tw hurs, streams can rise ten t twenty feet. The humidity(湿气) f large rainfrests cntributes t the frmatin f raincluds that may travel t ther cuntries in need f rain.
17．What can we learn abut rainfrests frm the first paragraph?
A.They prduce xygen.B.They cver a vast area.
C.They are well managed.D.They are rich in wildlife.
18．Which f the fllwing cntributes mst t the survival f rainfrests?
A.Heavy rainsB.Big trees.C.Small plants.D.Frest animals.
19．Why d the leaves and branches f different trees avid tuching each ther?
A.Fr mre sunlight.B.Fr mre grwing space.
C.Fr self-prtectin.D.Fr the detectin f insects.
20．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Life-Giving RainfrestsB.The Law f the Jungle
C.Animals in the AmaznD.Weather in Rainfrests
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上) participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
21．What is the recent study mainly abut?
A.Fd safety.B.Mvie viewership.
C.Cnsumer demand.D.Eating behavir.
22．What des the underlined wrd "beanples" in Paragraph 1 refer t?
A.Big eaters.B.Overweight persns.
C.Picky eaters.D.Tall thin persns.
23．Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A.T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B.T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C.T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D.T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
24．On what basis d we "adjust the influence" accrding t the last paragraph?
A.Hw hungry we are.B.Hw slim we want t be.
C.Hw we perceive thers.D.Hw we feel abut the fd.
参考答案
1．答案：A
解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地)"可知,湿地丧失是水禽数量减少的原因之一,故A项正确。
2．答案：C
解析：理解词汇。画线词所在句形成了副词"Unfrtunately"修饰整个句子的情况,因此,该句讲到的内容应该会偏消极一些。选项中acquire"获得"、exprt"出口"、distribute"分配;散布"都是中性词,只有"destry"偏消极,代人验证"不幸的是,探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年,就将这些资源中的大部分破坏",故画线词与C项的意义最为接近。
3．答案：D
解析：理解具体信息。根据第三段中的"Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin 1934, better than half a billin dllar s has gne int that Fund"可知,《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带来的一个直接结果是政府筹到了钱,故D项正确。
4．答案：A
解析：理解文章主旨要义。阅读文章内容可知,本文主要讲述了《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》出台的背景、鸭票的设计和用途以及鸭票的作用和影响,故A项正确。
5．答案： B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段"Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds."可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在。故选B。
6．答案： C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?"和第三段"Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns."可知，Daru的研究集中于观测数据。故选C。
7．答案： C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段"We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it"可知，不当的采样方式会导致数据偏差。故选C。
8．答案： D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places—and even species—that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image."可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用程序为公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
9．答案：D
解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable... 'peple skills'."可知,许多人错误地把情商看作一个人身上几乎所有的优秀品质,故D项正确。
10．答案：B
解析：理解目的。根据第二段的内容可知,作者在这一段首先陈述了一个观点,即我们更喜欢将情商描述为一组既可用于好的目的,也可用于坏的目的的特定技能,然后作者通过医生和骗子的例子来阐释这个观点,故B项正确。
11．答案：A
解析：理解观点、态度。根据第三段中的"the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than helped bth the public and everyday life"可知,作者对情商普及化的态度是支持的,故A项正确。favrable"肯定的,赞同的,支持的"。
12．答案：B
解析：理解段落主旨要义。根据最后一段的内容,尤其是"we f emtin. It is ur hpe us in the right directin"可知,本段主要讲述了作者对未来有关情商的研究的希望和期待,故B项正确。
13．答案：B
解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根据第一段中的"access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find"(城市居民越来越难以接触大自然)以及"it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild"(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。A项(袖珍公园现在很普遍)和C项(许多城市都人口过剩)在原文中均未提及。D项(人们喜欢住得靠近自然)有一定的迷惑性,根据原文,虽然人们愿意接近自然,但居住在城市里,作者并未说他们喜欢居住在哪里,更未将人们愿意靠近自然居住当作一种现象来描述。
14．答案：D
解析：推断。题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原因。根据第四段第一句话"Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f t emerge"(在320份提交的材料中,一种被研究人员称为"自然语言"的类别模式开始出现)可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故D项正确。
15．答案：C
解析：推断。题干间的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据第五段所举的例子"the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be funtain n their lunch break"可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,周内可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。A项(散步是接近自然的最佳方式)和D项(自然语言会提高工作绩效)原文未提及,B项(年轻人太忙无法与自然交流)与原文矛盾。
16．答案：B
解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是在我们与大自然互动之前,我们应该做些什么。根据最后一段 Kahn的话"And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it"(为了实现这一点,我们还需要保护自然,以便与之互动)可知,我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然,故B项正确。
17．答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals.(热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。)可知,热带雨林有丰富的野生动物,故选D。
18．答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy(树冠层) f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.(热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系,高大的树木有枝干,树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。)可知,大树有助于热带雨林生存,故选B。
19．答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.(科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。)可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护,故选C。
20．答案：A
解析：标题判断题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次,热带雨林就是地球之肺—它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳,并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后,雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%,而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云,这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”,故选A。
21．答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake."可知, 根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究, 我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D项。
22．答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins, it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid."可知, 研究表明, 与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反, 你真正需要避开的是食量大且又高又瘦的人。由"cntrary t"可推断出, 画线词和"heavier peple"含义相反。故选D项。picky挑剔的; 难伺候的。
23．答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的"T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments."可知, 为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知, 在两个实验中, 胖型和瘦型演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做, 吃的食物比平常多。然而, 当演员是瘦型的时候, 参与者们进食更多。由此推断, 研究人员雇用演员是为了查看演员如何影响参与者。故选A项。
24．答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit."可知, 如果一个超重的人吃很大一份, 我会忍住一点, 因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多, 我会跟着做。因此推断我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的。故选C项。