必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters课后测评

这是一份必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters课后测评，共20页。

必备知识
核心词汇：
damage vt.损害；毁坏 n.损坏，破坏
shelter n.遮蔽物；避难所；居所，住处 vt.遮蔽，庇护 vi.躲避
effrt n.努力；艰难的尝试，试图
suffer vi.受苦，受折磨 vt.遭受，蒙受
supply n.供应量；补给量 vt.供应，供给
pwer n. 权力；权势；操纵力；能力；能量 v.驱动，推动
strike vt.撞击；打；灾难降临，突然袭击；突然想到；给(某人以…)印象；罢工
affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭;(感情上)打动
effect n.效应；影响；结果
核心语法： 定语从句。
语篇： 新闻报道。
表达： 写一篇新闻报道。
关键能力
了解文本的基本信息和框架，了解专题新闻的语言特点，弄清文本细节阅读等方面。
学科素养
了解文章大意，获取震前、震中、震后的信息，使学生提高英语阅读能力；
通过阅读本篇文章，使学生了解地震所带来的巨大危害，知道灾难来临时应如何应对。
核心价值
树立防灾意识，不断增强我们的认知水平，研究和认识各种自然灾害，努力提高自身的防护能力和生存能力。当灾难真正发生时，我们除了有自救的能力，也拥有救人的能力。
单元主题导入
引言解读
A fearless heart ften can help a persn t avid disaster.
释义: 一颗无畏的心往往能帮助一个人避免灾难。
启示: 面对灾难，退避是耻辱、是毁灭，而勇气则是战而胜之的最有力武器。
主题语篇探究
单元主题探究
本单元以自然灾害为话题，探讨在“人与自然”的主题之下，当人类面临自然灾害的威胁时，应该树立防灾意识，不断研究和认识自然灾害，提高在灾害中逃生和生存的能力。
本单元还力图体现“灾害无情， 人有情”的主题意义，即人类在重大自然灾害面前不屈不挠，相互援助，坚定信心，重建家园。 主题图呈现的是一群解放军战士在汶川地震的废墟中运送伤者的感人画面，体现了在发生重大自 然灾害时，军民同心，合力救助受灾人员的大无畏的人道主义精神，突出了解放军战士在赈灾工作中的重要作用和无私奉献。
题源研读拓展
语篇拓展阅读
Passage 1
The area f trpical frest destryed in 2021 was enugh t cver the entire island f Cuba, and sent mre carbn dixide int the atmsphere as India des in an entire year frm burning fssil fuels, accrding t an analysis published n Thursday.
Sme 11.1 millin hectares (arund 43, 000 square miles) f frest was destryed, mainly by lgging (伐木)as well as fires, the analysis by the Wrld Resurces Institute’s Glbal Frest Watch and the University f Maryland fund. Sme f thse fires were deliberately lit t clear land and many were deterirated by climate change.
The lss was less severe than in 2020, but defrestatin (毁林)is still ccurring at an alarming rate in the trpics. Of the area lst, 3. 75 millin hectares were primary trpical frest at the equivalent f 10 sccer fields every minute, WRI reprted.
Primary trpical frests in particular are crucial fr the eclgical balance f the planet, prviding xygen that supprts life and as bidiversity htspts. They are als rich in stred carbn, and when these frests are lgged r burned, they release carbn dixide int the atmsphere, cntributing t glbal warming.
“What’s imprtant t understand is that frests, especially trpical frests, are part f the glbal climate system,” WRI senir fellw Frances Seymur tld CNN. “S they’re nt mechanical carbn strage devices. They actually influence the energy transfer and the misture cntent f the atmsphere in ways that affect rainfall and glbal circulatin patterns.”
“When defrestatin happens, when frests are lst, it nt nly cntributes carbn t the atmsphere, but als disrupts rainfall patterns and increases lcal temperatures in sme ways. Fr example, it makes remaining frests mre vulnerable t fire, and the warmer, drier cnditins that cme with climate change,” Seymur said.
1．Which f the fllwing can best replace the underlined wrd “deterirated” in paragraph 2?
A．strengthened
B．expanded
C．wrsened
D．extended
2．In which aspect are primary trpical frests especially imprtant?
A．Prmting wrld ecnmy.
B．Balancing the earth’s eclgy.
C．Predicting severe weather.
D．Prviding wd resurces.
3．What did Seymur talk abut in the last paragraph?
A．The cnsequence f defrestatin.
B．The cause f frests lss.
C．The methds f prtecting frests.
D．The cntributins f frests.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Lgging causes mst frests lss
B．Analysts are cncerned abut trpic frests lss
C．Primary trpical frests are rich in stred carbn
D．Trpical frests are being destryed at an alarming rate
1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了伐木和火灾导致大面积的热带森林被毁，并分析了原始热带森林的意义和影响。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词前“Sme f thse fires were deliberately lit t clear land (其中一些火是故意点燃来清理土地的)”可知，句中在分析森林火灾的原因，结合火灾和“climate change”可知，气候变化因素会助力火灾的发生，会让情况变得更糟。与结合选项，划线词deterirate与wrsen意思相近，表示“(使)恶化，(使)更糟”。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Primary trpical frests in particular are crucial fr the eclgical balance f the planet (原始热带森林对地球的生态平衡尤其重要)”可知，原始热带森林在平衡地球生态方面特别重要。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Seymur的话“When defrestatin happens, when frests are lst, it nt nly cntributes carbn t the atmsphere, but als disrupts rainfall patterns and increases lcal temperatures in sme ways. Fr example, it makes remaining frests mre vulnerable t fire, and the warmer, drier cnditins that cme with climate change,(当森林砍伐发生时，森林消失，它不仅会向大气中排放碳，而且还会破坏降雨模式，在某种程度上增加当地的温度。例如，它使剩余的森林更容易受到火灾的影响，带来伴随气候变化的更温暖、更干燥的条件)”可知，在最后一段中Seymur谈到森林砍伐的后果。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇新闻报道，文章报道了2021年伐木和火灾导致大面积的热带森林正以惊人的速度遭到破坏，这会给地球生态带来很大的影响。“Trpical frests are being destryed at an alarming rate (热带森林正以惊人的速度遭到破坏)”作为新闻报道标题概括了新闻主要内容，同时能抓住读者眼球，激发阅读兴趣，是最佳选项。故选D项。
Passage 2
Sme f the mst attractive pictures t cme ut f the Alaska earthquake are the phts that shw slpe (斜坡）failures, in which parts f frmerly slid hills caved in，tre r let lse. And if there happened t be a rad r building n tp f the slpes that failed，the result was hrrible.
Slpes can fail withut earthquakes, as the result f puring rain qr w：eathering. But the shaking caused by a quake — particularly a large ne like what ccurred near Anchrage n Friday — can either speed up the prcess r create entirely new failures that wuldn't have therwise happened.
Several slpe failures were dcumented in the Anchrage area in the hurs after the earthquake Friday, the mst interesting f which was n Vine Rad suthwest f Wasilla. It’s as if smene came alng with a large destrying ball and drpped it n Vine Rad, which wrinkled like a brken egg.
Scientists seemed surprised at hw many slpe failures ccurred as a result f the 7.0-magnitude (震级）quake. The center f the quake was deep, at 27 miles belw the surface — a key reasn why the damage in Anchrage was relatively light. Such an earthquake wuld be expected t prduce shaking ver a large area, but prbably with reasnably mdest tp grund acceleratins, Friday’s earthquake wuld certainly be felt, but the surface f Earth wuldn't be mving badly enugh t prduce widespread landslides.
Phts frm Alaska shw a lt f lateral (横向的）spread, in which the grund tears pen. Whatever is n tp f the grund at the place it tears in half is als trn in half afterwards, like highways r buildings. The buildings surrunding the spread are als at risk f damage because f the frce f the grund spreading ut away frm the tear. There’s als dcumentatin f blck spread，in which part f the grund breaks ff a hill and slides away mstly perfect.
5．What d we knw abut slpe failures?
A．They may cause earthquakes.
B．They usually happen with a rad n tp.
C．They always happen with earthquakes.
D．They may pull parts f the hills apart
6．What can we infer frm Paragraph 2?
A．Earthquakes have great effect n slpe failures.
B．Mst slpe failures ccur after the puring rain.
C．Earthquakes result in slpe failures immediately.
D．Slpe failures ccur mainly with large earthquakes.
7．What did the scientists think f the Alaska earthquake Friday?
A．It prduced shaking ver a large area.
B．It caused fewer slpe failures than expected.
C．It wasn’t felt fr its deep center.
D．It didn’t prduce landslides.
8．In which circumstance can we find the grund slides dwn a hill almst unbrken?
A．Land slides.B．Slpe failures.C．Lateral spread.D．Blck spread.
5．D 6．A 7．B 8．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过照片描述了阿拉斯加地震后的景象，介绍了地震对山体滑坡所造成的影响。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Sme f the mst attractive pictures t cme ut f the Alaska earthquake are the phts that shw slpe (斜坡）failures, in which parts f frmerly slid hills caved in，tre r let lse.”（阿拉斯加地震中一些最吸引人的照片是显示斜坡破坏的照片，在这些照片中，以前坚固的山丘部分塌陷,撕裂或松动。）可知，山体滑坡时会造成山体的分开。故选D项。
6．推理判断题。根据第二段“But the shaking caused by a quake — particularly a large ne like what ccurred near Anchrage n Friday — can either speed up the prcess r create entirely new failures that wuldn't have therwise happened.”（地震引起的震动尤其大，就好像是星期五发生在安克雷奇附近的大地震，要么会加速这一过程，要么会造成原本不会发生的全新滑坡。）可知，地震对山体滑坡会加速山体滑坡的发生，推断出地震对山体滑坡有巨大的影响。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。根据第四段第三句“Such an earthquake wuld be expected t prduce shaking ver a large area, but prbably with reasnably mdest tp grund acceleratins, Friday’s earthquake wuld certainly be felt, but the surface f Earth wuldn't be mving badly enugh t prduce widespread landslides.”（这样的地震在大范围内产生震动是意料之中，但可能是在合理适度的顶部地面加速度下，周五的地震肯定会被感觉到，但地球表面不会移动严重，足以产生广泛的滑坡。）可知，这次地震并没有产生很多震动，这个结果出乎科学家的意料。故选B项。
8．细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“There’s als dcumentatin f blck spread，in which part f the grund breaks ff a hill and slides away mstly perfect.”（关于块状扩散的文件，其中一部分地面脱离山丘，非常完整地滑落。）可知，在块状扩散的情况下，部分地面脱离山丘，非常完整地滑落。故选D项。
Passage 3
After being attacked by Hurricane Ida’s 150 mph winds and trrential rains, hundreds f thusands f Gulf Cast residents were left withut pwer and fresh water this week as a 100-degree heat wave settled ver the regin. Ida smashed int Luisiana as a Categry 4 hurricane, ripping ff rfs, kncking ut transmissin lines, flding rads, and reducing sme brick buildings in dwntwn New Orleans t rubble. At least eight peple died in the strm and the tll is expected t rise as emergency wrkers search wrecked hmes and businesses.
One f the mst pwerful hurricanes t ever hit the U.S. mainland, Ida brught a 5 t 12-ft strm surge that cvered lw-lying cmmunities in sutheastern Luisiana. Grand Isle is nw “uninhabitable,” said Parish President Cynthia Lee Sheng, with 3 feet f sand cvering the entire barrier island and 40 percent f the buildings cmpletely destryed.
The strm caused a citywide blackut in New Orleans, but a Hurricane Katrina-level disaster was avided there, thanks in part t the $ 14.5 billin spent n new levees, seawalls, and pumps after the 2005 strm. Experts are warning that Ida culd wrsen the Cvid crisis in the Gulf Cast, as residents crwd tgether in hmes and emergency shelters withut immediate access t testing r medical care. ICUs in Luisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama hspitals were already near capacity be- fre the strm hit. Nearly 1 millin peple are still withut pwer acrss Luisiana, and authrities waned it culd be weeks befre electricity is restred. “If yu have already evacuated,” said Gv. Jhn Bel Edwands, “d nt return here.”
9．Which f the fllwing best describes Hurricane Ida?
A．Mild.B．Destructive.C．Uncntrllable.D．Impressive.
10．What des the underlined wrds “the tll” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．The death number.B．The heat wave.
C．The wind speed.D．The citywide blackut.
11．What is ne f the reasns fr Grand Isle t be uninhabitable?
A．The entire island is cvered with sand.B．It is ne f the lw-lying cmmunities.
C．The residents there can't wait t leave.D．Over half f its buildings were in ruins.
12．What can be inferred abut the attitude f Gv. Jhn Bel Edwards twards the prspect f Luisiana?
A．AmbitiusB．Undubted.C．Indifferent.D．Uncnfident.
9．B 10．A 11．A 12．D
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了飓风艾达给墨西哥湾沿岸居民造成的破坏，以及人们灾后重建的情况。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Ida smashed int Luisiana as a Categry 4 hurricane, ripping ff rfs, kncking ut transmissin lines, flding rads, and reducing sme brick buildings in dwntwn New Orleans t rubble. At least eight peple died in the strm and the tll is expected t rise as emergency wrkers search wrecked hmes and businesses.(“艾达”以四级飓风的形式袭击了路易斯安那州，掀翻了屋顶，摧毁了输电线路，淹没了道路，并将新奥尔良市中心的一些砖砌建筑夷为平地。至少有8人在风暴中死亡，随着紧急救援人员搜索被毁的房屋和企业，预计死亡人数还会上升)”可推知，飓风艾达极具破坏性。故选B。
10．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“At least eight peple died in the strm”以及后文“is expected t rise as emergency wrkers search wrecked hmes and businesses”可知，至少有8人在风暴中死亡，且随着紧急救援人员搜索被毁的房屋和企业，预计死亡人数还会上升。画线词意思是“死亡人数”。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Grand Isle is nw 'uninhabitable,' said Parish President Cynthia Lee Sheng, with 3 feet f sand cvering the entire barrier island and 40 percent f the buildings cmpletely destryed.(大岛现在“不适合居住”，教区主席Cynthia Lee Sheng说，3英尺厚的沙子覆盖了整个岛，40%的建筑被完全摧毁)”可知，大岛不适合居住的原因之一是整个岛被沙子覆盖了。故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“'If yu have already evacuated,' said Gv. Jhn Bel Edwands, 'd nt return here.'(“如果你们已经撤离，”Jhn Bel Edwands州长说，“就不要回到这里。”)”可推知，Jhn Bel Edwands州长对路易斯安那州的前景持不自信的态度。故选D。
教材语篇研读
I. 教材语篇梳理
II. 课文语法填空
Several days befre July 28, 1976, many strange things happened in Tangshan.They were 1.______(sign)fr an earthquake. But peple 2.______lived there didn't think much f that.The earth began 3.______(shake)at 3︰42 a．m. that day, destrying almst all the city in less than sixty terrible 4.______(secnd)．It seemed as if the wrld were cming t 5.______ end! Nearly everything in the city 6.______(destry)．Tens f thusands f cws, hundreds f thusands f pigs, and millins f chickens were 7.______ (die)．
But hpe was nt lst.Sn after the quakes, help frm all ver the cuntry came t (slw). The city began t breathe again.The city began t revive 9.______(it)and get up n its feet again.With strng supprt frm the gvernment and the tireless effrts f the city's peple, a new Tangshan was built upn the earthquake ruins. Tangshan city 10.______(prve) t China and the rest f the wrld that in times f disaster, peple must unify and shw the wisdm t stay psitive and rebuild fr a brighter future.
【答案】1.signs 2.wh 3.t shake 4.secnds 5.an 6．was destryed 7.dead 8.Slwly 9.itself 10.has prved
Passage 1
（2023·辽宁丹东·统考一模）
As a shift in the plar vrtex (极地涡旋) swept acrss much f the US, many peple in the cuntry were hit with a sudden snap f cld. Heavy ice and snw cupled with fallen trees caused the utages in majr cities, with cmpanies unable t tell their custmers when pwer will be restred.
Plar vrtices were nticed lng ag. But the first knwn use f the term “plar vrtex” was in a magazine in 1853. Plar vrtices are present year-rund, but we dn’t hear abut them until they cause prblems. They maintain freezing temperatures at the Nrth and Suth ples by mving in tight cunter-clckwise patterns. Plar vrtices grw strnger in winter and weaken in summer. They are kept in place at the ples by anther atmspheric current called the jet stream. Hwever, when the jet streams weaken, the cld winds f the plar vrtex are pushed suthwards and it is during this time that peple begin t pay attentin!
In Texas, rads frze ver, causing six traffic deaths, and many schls were shut-dwn. Peple are nt the nly Earthlings t struggle with the cld. Crps and animals are als freezing. This culd have majr cnsequences, especially if herds f cattle die. If snw blcks cattle, the animals can’t reach basic necessities like fd and fresh water.
On a brighter nte, sme Texas cities were mre prepared than thers. Fr instance, Amarill, which is lcated in Nrth Texas, s they are mre accustmed t clder temperatures. Amarill is ntable because the city was redesigned t stand up t severe winter strms. Officials have spread ut fire statins t increase cverage f first respnders, emplyed mdified dump trucks fr clearing ice, and upgraded civic centers t prvide shelter during strms. Hpefully, ther Texas cities will fllw the gd example set by Amarill!
37．What des the underlined wrd “utages” refer t?
A．Traffic jams.B．Pwer struggles.
C．Pwer cuts.D．Traffic accidents.
38．What can we learn abut plar vrtices?
A．They grw strnger in summer.B．They are affected by jet streams.
C．They were first bserved in 1853.D．They mve in a clckwise directin.
39．What is the last but ne paragraph mainly abut?
A．The definitin f the plar vrtex.B．The characteristics f the plar vrtex.
C．The ways t deal with the plar vrtex.D．The serius impact made by the plar vrtex.
40．Why is Amarill striking?
A．Because it is lcated in the nrth f Texas.
B．Because it has been upgraded and mdernized.
C．Because it has been regarded as an example t ther cities.
D．Because it has taken effective measures t resist winter strms.
37．C 38．B 39．D 40．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。极地涡旋会给人类的生命财产带来巨大的威胁，但是好在人类已采取有效措施抵御冬季风暴。
37．词句猜测题。根据第一段最后一句中的“with cmpanies unable t tell their custmers when pwer will be restred(公司无法告知客户电力何时恢复)”可知，utages意为“断电”。故选C。
38．细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“They are kept in place at the ples by anther atmspheric current called the jet stream. Hwever, when the jet streams weaken, the cld winds f the plar vrtex are pushed suthwards and it is during this time that peple begin t pay attentin!(它们被另一种被称为高速气流的大气流固定在两极。然而，当急流减弱时，极地涡旋的冷风被推向南方，正是在这段时间，人们开始注意！)”可知，极涡受到急流的影响。故选B。
39．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“In Texas, rads frze ver, causing six traffic deaths, and many schls were shut-dwn. Peple are nt the nly Earthlings t struggle with the cld. Crps and animals are als freezing. This culd have majr cnsequences, especially if herds f cattle die. If snw blcks cattle, the animals can’t reach basic necessities like fd and fresh water.(在德克萨斯州，道路结冰，造成6人死亡，许多学校关闭。人类并不是地球上唯一与寒冷作斗争的生物。农作物和动物也在受冻。这可能会产生重大后果，特别是如果成群的牛死亡。如果大雪阻挡了牛群，这些动物就无法获得食物和淡水等基本必需品。)”可知，倒数第二段主要讲的是极地涡旋造成的严重影响。故选D。
40．细节理解题。根据最后一段第三句“Amarill is ntable because the city was redesigned t stand up t severe winter strms.(阿马里洛之所以引人注目，是因为这座城市经过了重新设计，以抵御严重的冬季风暴。)”可知，阿马里洛引人注目是因为它已采取有效措施抵御冬季风暴。故选D。
Passage2
（2023·山东枣庄·统考一模）
Turkmenistan is a cuntry in Central Asia, near Afghanistan and Iran. In Darvaza, ne f its villages, there is a very interesting feature. It is a massive hle in the grund-abut 20 metres (65 feet) deep and 60 metres (196 feet) acrss. The enrmus pit has been n fire fr mre than 50 years.
Why is the crater n fire? The mst ppular thery is that in 1971, a team f gelgists frm the then-Sviet Unin were drilling in the cuntry’s Karakum Desert t try t find gas. The grund under the drill cllapsed and methane (甲烷) gas began t escape int the air. The gelgists decided the safest thing t d was t burn ff the gas by lighting it n fire. They thught the fire wuld burn fr nly a few weeks. Hwever, it has been burning steadily fr mre than 50 years.
Accrding t a BBC article, Canadian explrer Gerge Kurunis discvered in 2013 that “n ne actually knws hw this… infern came t be.” But, nw the crater may finally be extinguished.
Turkmenistan’s president, Mr. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedw, has asked scientists in the cuntry t figure ut hw t put ut the burning crater. He went n the cuntry’s state-run televisin statin n January 8 t encurage experts t find a way t stp the fire.
One f the reasns he wants the crater t be put ut is that the cuntry can cllect the gas that fuels it. Gas is a very imprtant and valuable resurce and can be used fr many purpses. If it’s just burning ff, the gas cannt be used r sld. Accrding t the website Vice.cm, the crater sits n the furth largest reserve f natural gas in the wrld. Anther reasn the president may want the crater put ut is t stp the harmful effects, t humans and the envirnment, f the burning gas.
25．Why did the gelgists light the crater?
A．T test the quality f the gas.
B．T exhaust the undergrund gas.
C．T prevent explsin f the gas.
D．T stp the escape f the gas.
26．What des the underlined wrd “infern” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A．The article.B．The thery.C．The fire.D．The president.
27．What des Turkmenistan’s president want t d?
A．T prtect the crater.
B．T find the reasn f the fire.
C．T seek help frm the public.
D．T explit and use the gas.
28．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．The Fire Crater May Sn Be Put Out
B．A Peculiar Scenic Spt in Turkmenistan
C．The Crater Burning fr Fifty Years
D．The Harmful Effects f the Burning Gas
25．B 26．C 27．D 28．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍土库曼斯坦积极寻求方法，希望能够熄灭燃烧的火山口。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The grund under the drill cllapsed and methane (甲烷) gas began t escape int the air. The gelgists decided the safest thing t d was t burn ff the gas by lighting it n fire. They thught the fire wuld burn fr nly a few weeks.(钻头下的地面塌陷，甲烷气体开始泄漏到空气中。地质学家们认为最安全的办法是用火烧掉这些气体。他们认为大火只会燃烧几个星期)”可知，这些地质学家决定点燃气体，为了把这些地下气体耗尽。故选B。
26．词句猜测题。根据第二段第一句“Why is the crater n fire? (为什么火山口着火了？)”及本段内容可知，这一段虽然在解释这个火山口的形成，但仅仅是一种最流行的理论。由此推知，这位探险家的意思是“没有人真正知道这个大火是如何形成的”。由此可知，划线词infern指的是上文提到的“大火”。故选C 。
27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“One f the reasns he wants the crater t be put ut is that the cuntry can cllect the gas that fuels it.(他希望火山口被清除的原因之一是该国可以收集燃料天然气)”可知，这个总统想要收集为其提供燃料的气体，因为它有多种用途，可以开发和使用。故选D。
28．主旨大意题。根据全文可知，文章介绍了火山口的形成，目的是通过对这漫长燃烧过程的强调，引出第三段文章的重点“But, nw the crater may finally be extinguished.(但是，现在这个陨石坑可能最终会消失)”，形成一种长时间燃烧与终于被扑灭的对比。由此可知，“The Fire Crater May Sn Be Put Out(火山口可能很快就会被扑灭)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。
Passage 3
（2023·全国·一模）
Earthquakes cannt be frecast, but engineers can prepare fr them. Seismic-islatin (地震隔离) systems built int the bases f certain buildings in high-risk areas, use cmplex structures f cncrete, rubber and metal t reduce quake damage by absrbing the grund’s hrizntal shaking.
But such adaptatins are expensive. Engineer Jian Zhang f the University f Califrnia, says building seismic islatin-system can increase cnstructin csts by up t 20 percent. Althugh these systems might save mre than they cst ver time, builders in sme regins may nt have the budget fr them at present.
A new seismic-islatin methd uses the physics f rlling t create a lwer-cst alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls. “Everyne plays tennis, and they dn’t knw what t d with the tennis balls after each game,” says ETH Zürich seismic engineer Michalis Vassiliu.
Vassiliu’s team based its methd n an early frm f seismic-islatin that rlls a shaking building t a stp the way a skater in a half-pipe eventually cmes t rest. By separating a building frm the grund with a layer f spheres (球体), rlling islatin changes unstable hrizntal shaking int a gentle rcking mtin. This methd was used in 5,000-year-ld Peruvian pyramids, but tday builders favr expensive, standardized islatin systems.
Fr their mdern take n rlling seismic-islatin, the researchers injected cncrete-like mixes int hundreds f balls that had lst their bunce. They built an inexpensive mdel cnsisting f fur filled tennis balls sandwiched between tw cncrete slabs (厚板), and they fund that it withstd earthquake shaking while supprting eight kil newtns f frce per ball — abut twice what islatin systems might experience under ne-stry huses.
Zhang says that the wrk is wrthwhile and that such technlgy might serve an unmet need. But she ntes that the results are primary. Vassiliu agrees; next steps will mean creating and testing a larger mdel with hundreds f tennis balls at a research center in earthquake-prne Cuba — an example f a place where such systems culd make islatin practicable in rdinary cnstructin.
13．Why d the engineers adpt recycled tennis balls?
A．T imprve the perfrmance f tennis balls.
B．T help deal with the tennis balls after matches.
C．T simplify the cmplex structures f buildings.
D．T cut the expense f seismic-islatin building.
14．What effect culd the new methd achieve?
A．Recycling useless tennis balls.B．Transfrming the shaking int a gentle ne.
C．Withstanding earthquake shaking.D．Enabling a huse t supprt much mre frce.
15．Which f the fllwing best describes Zhang’s attitude twards the new technlgy?
A．Dubtful.B．Unclear.C．Objective.D．Apprving.
16．What is the main idea f the text?
A．Researchers are creating and testing mdels in Cuba.
B．Engineers are explring ways f earthquake frecasts.
C．A lw-cst design helps shaking buildings rll t a stp.
D．Recycled tennis balls culd prtect buildings frm disasters.
13．D 14．B 15．C 16．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方案。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段“A new seismic-islatin methd uses the physics f rlling t create a lwer-cst alternative with readily available materials: recycled tennis balls.（一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方案。）”可知，工程师们使用回收的网球是为了降低隔震建筑的费用。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“By separating a building frm the grund with a layer f spheres (球体), rlling islatin changes unstable hrizntal shaking int a gentle rcking mtin. （通过用一层球体将建筑物与地面隔开(球体), 滚动隔离将不稳定的水平振动变为轻微的摇摆运动。）”可知，这种新型方法可将震动转化为轻柔的震动。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Zhang says that the wrk is wrthwhile and that such technlgy might serve an unmet need. But she ntes that the results are primary.（张说，这项工作是值得的，这样的技术可能服务于一个未满足的需求。但她指出，结果是初步的。）”可知，张既肯定这项工作是值得的，但同时也承认这项结果是初步的，所以他对这项新技术持客观公正的态度。故选C。
16．主旨大意题。本文前两段指出建筑隔震系统增加建筑成本，从而引出第三段话题——一种新的隔震方法。下文继续阐述该方法的设计原理和隔震效果解释这种新型隔震方法。C项“A lw-cst design helps shaking buildings rll t a stp.（一种低成本的可以帮助摇晃的建筑物停下来的设计。）”最能概括文章主旨。故选C。名言名句积累
1.Only t bey nature in rder t vercme nature. - Darwin 要征服自然就只能遵从自然。
2.Nature is kind f a lving mther, but als a butcher in cld bld. - Victr Hug 自然不仅是位慈爱的母亲，还是个冷血的屠夫。
3.It is usually their wn surrundings as a frm f free merchandise, I d nt knw any way t cherish and spil. - Gan Harman 我们常把环境看作免费商品而不知珍惜。
4、灾难并不可怕，可怕的是心中没有了希望。
The disaster is nt terrible, terrible is have n hpe in my heart.
5、我们承受的灾难，将成为我们来日的桂冠。
We inherit the disaster, will becme ur the crwn f the future.
6、雄心是生活的动力，也是一切灾难的渊源。
Ambitin is the pwer f life, is als the rigin f disaster.
7、死亡是一场灾难。却更是活着的人的灾难。
Death is a disaster. But mre f a living persn.
8、希望是最大的灾难，因为他延续了人的苦难。
Hpe is the biggest disaster, because he lasted fr the sufferings f the peple.
9、拥抱那份属于你的黑暗，因为灾难即将来临。
The darkness f the hug that belng t yu, because disaster is cming.
10、人间的多数灾难，表面出自恶，实际出自爱。
The majrity f human disaster, surface frm evil, actually cmes frm lve.
语篇品读
THE NIGHT THE EARTH
DIDN’T SLEEP
Strange things were happening in the cuntryside f nrtheastern Hebei.Fr several days, the water in the village wells rse and fell，rse and fell.There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.At least ne well had sme smelly gas cming ut f it．Chickens and even pigs were t nervus t eat，and dgs refused t g inside buildings.Mice ran ut f the fields lking fr places t hide， and fish jumped ut f the water.At abut 3：00 a．m., n 28 July 1976, bright lights were seen in the sky utside the city f Tangshan and lud nises were heard.But the city’s ne millin peple were asleep as usual that night.
At 3：42 a．m., everything began t shake.It seemed as if the wrld were cming t an end！Eleven kilmetres directly belw the city, ne f the mst deadly⑩ earthquakes f the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage mre than 150 kilmetres away in Beijing．Nearly ne third f the whle natin felt it! A huge crack, eight kilmetres lng and 30 metres wide, cut acrss huses, rads，and waterways.Hard hills f rck became rivers f dirt.In less than ne minute, a large city lay in ruins.Tw thirds f the peple wh lived there were dead r injured.Thusands f children were left withut parents．The number f peple wh were killed r badly injured in the quake was mre than 400，000.
Everywhere survivrs lked, there was nthing but ruins．Nearly everything in the city was destryed.Abut 75 percent f the city’s factries and buildings, 90 percent f its hmes, and all f its hspitals were gne.Bricks cvered the grund like red autumn leaves, but n wind culd blw them away.Mst bridges had fallen r were nt safe t crss．The railway tracks were nw useless pieces f metal.Tens f thusands f cws, hundreds f thusands f pigs, and millins f chickens were dead.Sand nw filled the wells instead f water.Peple were in shck—and then, later that afternn, anther big quake shk Tangshan again.Even mre buildings fell dwn.Water, fd, and electricity were hard t get.Peple began t wnder hw lng the disaster wuld last．
But hpe was nt lst.Sn after the quakes, the army sent 150，000 sldiers t Tangshan t dig ut thse wh were trapped and t bury the dead．Mre than 10，000 dctrs and nurses came t prvide medical care.Wrkers built shelters fr survivrs whse hmes had been destryed.Hundreds f thusands f peple were helped.Water and fd were brught int the city by train, truck, and plane.Slwly, the city began t breathe again.
Tangshan started t revive itself and get back up n its feet.With strng supprt frm the gvernment and the tireless effrts f the city’s peple, a new Tangshan was built upn the earthquake ruins.The new city has becme a hme t mre than seven millin peple, with great imprvements in transprtatin, industry, and envirnment.Tangshan city has prved t China and the rest f the wrld that in times f disaster，peple must unify and shw the wisdm t stay psitive and rebuild fr a brighter future．
全文翻译
不眠之夜
河北东北部的农村发生了奇怪的事情。一连几天，村里井里的水忽高忽低。井壁上出现了很深的裂缝。至少有一口井冒出了难闻的气体。鸡，甚至猪都紧张得不敢吃东西，狗也拒绝进入建筑物。老鼠跑出田野寻找藏身之处，鱼儿跳出水面。大约凌晨3点。1976年7月28日，唐山市外的天空出现了明亮的灯光，并听到了巨大的噪音。但那天晚上，这座城市的100万人像往常一样睡着了。
凌晨3点42分。，一切都开始摇晃。好像世界末日到了!在城市正下方11公里处，20世纪最致命的地震之一开始了，这次地震甚至在150多公里外的北京造成了破坏。全国近三分之一的人都感受到了!一条巨大的裂缝，长8公里，宽30米，横穿房屋、道路和水道。坚硬的岩石山变成了泥土的河流。不到一分钟，一座大城市就变成了废墟。住在那里的人有三分之二死亡或受伤。成千上万的孩子失去了父母。地震中死亡或严重受伤的人数超过40万。
幸存者放眼望去，到处都是废墟。城里几乎所有的东西都被毁了。大约75%的工厂和建筑，90%的房屋，以及所有的医院都消失了。砖块像秋天的红叶一样铺满了地面，但是没有风能把它们吹走。大多数桥梁都倒塌了，或者不安全。铁轨现在成了无用的金属碎片。成千上万头牛、数十万头猪和数百万只鸡死亡。现在井里填满了沙子而不是水。人们震惊了——然后，那天下午晚些时候，唐山又发生了一场大地震。更多的建筑物倒塌了。水、食物和电都很难得到。人们开始怀疑这场灾难会持续多久。
但希望并没有破灭。地震发生后不久，军队派了15万士兵到唐山去挖出被困的人并埋葬死者。一万多名医生和护士前来提供医疗服务。工人们为房屋被毁的幸存者建造了避难所。成千上万的人得到了帮助。水和食物通过火车、卡车和飞机运进了这座城市。慢慢地，这座城市又恢复了生机。
唐山开始复苏，重新站起来。在政府的大力支持和人民的不懈努力下，一个新的唐山在地震废墟上建立起来了。这座新城已成为700多万人口的家园，交通、工业和环境都有了很大的改善。唐山市向中国和世界证明，在灾难时刻，人们必须团结一致，展示智慧，保持积极的态度，重建美好的未来。
语篇品读
httpsuww, wikihw. cm（高考题源报刊）
After being attacked by Hurricane Ida’s 150 mph winds and trrential rains, hundreds f thusands f Gulf Cast residents were left withut pwer and fresh water this week as a 100-degree heat wave settled ver the regin. Ida smashed int Luisiana as a Categry 4 hurricane, ripping ff rfs, kncking ut transmissin lines, flding rads, and reducing sme brick buildings in dwntwn New Orleans t rubble. At least eight peple died in the strm and the tll is expected t rise as emergency wrkers search wrecked hmes and businesses.
One f the mst pwerful hurricanes t ever hit the U.S. mainland, Ida brught a 5 t 12-ft strm surge that cvered lw-lying cmmunities in sutheastern Luisiana. Grand Isle is nw “uninhabitable,” said Parish President Cynthia Lee Sheng, with 3 feet f sand cvering the entire barrier island and 40 percent f the buildings cmpletely destryed.
The strm caused a citywide blackut in New Orleans, but a Hurricane Katrina-level disaster was avided there, thanks in part t the $ 14.5 billin spent n new levees, seawalls, and pumps after the 2005 strm. Experts are warning that Ida culd wrsen the Cvid crisis in the Gulf Cast, as residents crwd tgether in hmes and emergency shelters withut immediate access t testing r medical care. ICUs in Luisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama hspitals were already near capacity be- fre the strm hit. Nearly 1 millin peple are still withut pwer acrss Luisiana, and authrities waned it culd be weeks befre electricity is restred. “If yu have already evacuated,” said Gv. Jhn Bel Edwands, “d nt return here.”
全文翻译
飓风“艾达”(Ida)时速150英里的风速和暴雨袭击了墨西哥湾沿岸地区，本周，一股华氏100度的热浪席卷了该地区，数十万居民失去了电力和淡水供应。“艾达”以四级飓风的形式袭击了路易斯安那州，掀翻了屋顶，摧毁了输电线路，淹没了道路，新奥尔良市中心的一些砖砌建筑变成了瓦砾。至少有8人在这场风暴中丧生，随着紧急救援人员搜寻被摧毁的房屋和企业，死亡人数预计还会上升。
艾达是袭击美国大陆的最强飓风之一，它带来了5到12英尺高的风暴潮，覆盖了路易斯安那州东南部的低洼地区。教区主席辛西娅·李生(Cynthia Lee Sheng)说，大岛现在“不宜居住”，整个堰洲岛被3英尺厚的沙子覆盖，40%的建筑被完全摧毁。
这场风暴导致新奥尔良全城停电，但避免了卡特里娜飓风级别的灾难，部分原因是在2005年风暴过后，投入145亿美元修建了新的防洪堤、海堤和水泵。专家警告说，艾达可能会加剧墨西哥湾沿岸的新冠疫情危机，因为居民们挤在家里和紧急避难所，无法立即获得检测或医疗服务。飓风来袭前，路易斯安那州、密西西比州和阿拉巴马州医院的重症监护病房已经接近满负荷。路易斯安那州仍有近100万人断电，当局警告说，可能需要数周时间才能恢复供电。“如果你已经撤离了，”州长约翰·贝尔·爱德华兹(Jhn Bel edwards)说，“不要再回到这
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文章报道了伐木和火灾导致大面积的热带森林被毁
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飓风艾达给墨西哥湾沿岸居民造成的破坏，以及人们灾后重建的情况。
★★★★
THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE
What is the text type f the passage?
News reprt
Main idea f each paragraph
Paragraph 1: Warning signs befre the earthquake.
Paragraph 2: Things during the earthquake(indrs).
Paragraph 3:Things during the earthquake(utdrs).
Paragraph 4: Things after the earthquake
Main idea f the text
The text is abut the earthquake happening in TangShang.
阅读微技能
1. Skim 略读
Yu can find main ideas by first taking a quick lk at the title, picture(s), key wrds and phrases, and tpic sentences.
2. Find the tpic sentence 找主题句
The tpic sentence is nrmally, but nt always, the first sentence f a paragraph. It gives the main idea f the paragraph.
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极地涡旋会给人类的生命财产带来巨大的威胁
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土库曼斯坦积极寻求方法，希望能够熄灭燃烧的火山口。
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一种新的隔震方法利用滚动的物理特性，用现成的材料（回收的网球）创造一种成本较低的替代方案。
★★★★