2025高考英语 一轮话题复习 话题28　科技发展与科学家精神（课件+练习）

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Jse Hernandez made his dream f becming an astrnaut a reality and he did s despite unbelievable difficulties.“I was wrking in a field near Stcktn，and I heard n my radi that Franklin Chang－Diaz had been selected fr the Astrnaut Crps，”said Jse，wh was a senir in high schl at the time.“I was already interested in science and engineering，”Jse remembered.“But that was the mment I said，‘I want t fly in space.’”
As ne f fur children in a migrant(移民)farming family frm Mexic，Jse—wh didn’t learn English until he was 12 years ld—spent much f his childhd traveling with his family frm Mexic t suthern Califrnia each March，then wrking nrthward t the Stcktn area by Nvember，picking strawberries and cucumbers at farms alng the rute.They wuld then return t Mexic fr Christmas and start the cycle all ver again in the spring.“Sme kids might think it wuld be fun t travel like that，”Jse laughed.“But we had t wrk.”After graduating frm high schl，Jse was admitted int the University f the Pacific.In 1987，he accepted a full－time jb with Lawrence Natinal Labratry.In 2001，Jse jined the Jhnsn Space Centre，where he came face－t－face with Franklin Chang－Diaz.
“We actually had cmmn experiences—a similar upbringing，the same language issues.That built up my cnfidence.Any barriers that existed，he had already vercme them，”Jse smiled.“Nw it’s my turn！”“NASA rejected me nt nce，nt twice，nt three times but 11 times.It wasn’t until the 12th time that I gt selected，”he said.Jse was selected as part f the 19th class f astrnauts in 2004.He circled the glbe 217 times but remains a dwn t Earth guy.Jse Hernandez received the 2016 Natinal Hispanic Her Award and he cntinues his lng histry in the field f engineering and space.【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了出身农民家庭的Jse在中学时期受Franklin Chang－Diaz的事迹激励而梦想成为一名宇航员，他为此付出了极大的努力并最终取得了傲人的成绩，实现梦想的故事。
1.What made Jse determined t be an astrnaut?
A.The influence f Astrnaut success f Franklin Chang－ interest in science and experience f wrking in the field.解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“and I heard n my radi that Franklin Chang－Diaz had been selected fr the Astrnaut Crps”和“But that was the mment I said，‘I want t fly in space.’”可知，当Jse通过收音机得知Franklin Chang－Diaz被选为宇航员的那一刻，早就对理工科感兴趣的他立志成为一名宇航员。
2.What can we learn abut Jse as a child?
A.He did much farm wrk.B.He traveled a lt fr hated learning English.D.He beyed his family in everything.解析 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，Jse来自墨西哥的移民农民家庭，他童年时做了大量的农活。
3.Hw did Jse feel when he met Franklin Chang－Diaz persnally?
A.Inspired. D.Puzzled.解析 推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，当Jse见到Franklin Chang－Diaz本人时，他意识到他俩有很多共同经历，这包括他目前遇到的障碍，但对方都已经克服了这些障碍，这使得Jse充满信心。由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。
4.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Climb ver BarriersB.Reach fr the StarsC.Wrk the Hard WayD.Learn frm Yur Past解析 标题归纳题。通读全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了出身农民家庭的Jse为了成为一名宇航员付出了极大的努力，最终实现梦想，飞上了太空的故事。B项(有九天揽月之志)能概括文章大意，适合作文章标题。
Peple wh regularly sleep fr six hurs r less each night in middle age are mre likely t develp dementia (痴呆) than thse wh rutinely manage seven hurs，accrding t a majr study int the disease.Researchers fund a 30% greater risk f dementia in thse wh during their 50s，60s and 70s cnsistently had a shrt night’s sleep，regardless f ther risk factrs such as heart cnditin and pr mental health.Sabia，an authr f the study at the University f Paris and her clleagues analyzed survey data frm University Cllege Lndn’s Whitehall study，which launched in 1985 and fllwed the health and lifestyles f mre than 10，000 British vlunteers.The French team fcused n nearly 8，000 participants wh self－reprted their sleep patterns.
During 25 years f fllw－up，521 participants develped dementia，with mst diagnsed in their late 70s.Writing in Nature Cmmunicatins，the scientists described hw thse wh rutinely gt six hurs f sleep r less each night in their 50s and 60s were 30% mre likely t develp dementia than thse wh typically managed seven hurs.The study des nt prve that sleeping t little causes dementia，since sleep lss itself may be ne f the earliest symptms f the disease.But sme scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that cntinuus pr sleep may at least cntribute t the disease.
The first pathlgical changes that lead t dementia ccur ne t tw decades befre the disease becmes bvius，as sticky prteins called amylid build up in the brain.When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep f vlunteers wh later develped dementia，this prcess had prbably nt started.This meant that if they were sleeping t little，it was unlikely t have been caused by dementia－related brain changes.
“It strengthens the evidence that pr sleep in middle age culd cause r wrsen dementia in later life，” said Dr.Liz Culthard，a cnsultant senir lecturer in dementia neurlgy.“It makes sense t take measures t imprve sleep such as ging utside during daylight hurs t help maintain the natural rhythms that prmte gd sleep，aviding t much alchl r caffeine，particularly befre bed，and finding a bedtime rutine that wrks fr yu.”【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。
5.What risk factr fr dementia des the passage fcus n?
A.Sleep lss. mental health. D.Heart cnditin.解析 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是睡眠不足。
6.Hw did French scientists get the research findings?
A.By making a mnitring sleep interviewing British analyzing previus survey data.解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sabia，an authr f the than 10，000 British vlunteers.”可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到研究结果。
7.In what tne d the scientists talk abut the research?
A.Casual. D.Cautius.解析 推理判断题。根据第五段可推知，科学家们用谨慎的语气谈论这项研究。
8.What is the purpse f the last paragraph?
A.T give examples.B.T cllect ffer suggestins.D.T present arguments.解析 写作意图题。根据最后一段可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建议。
Mst peple dn’t think much abut the fd scraps they thrw away；hwever，researchers in Tky have develped a new methd t reduce fd waste by recycling discarded fruit and vegetable scraps int rbust cnstructin materials.Wrldwide industrial and husehld fd waste amunts t hundreds f billins f punds per year，a large prprtin f which cmprises edible (可食用的) scraps，like fruit and vegetable peels.This unsustainable practice is bth cstly and envirnmentally unfriendly，s researchers have been searching fr new ways t recycle these rganic materials int useful prducts.
“Our gal was t use seaweed and cmmn fd scraps t cnstruct materials that were at least as strng as cncrete，” explains Yuya Sakai，the senir authr f the study.“But since we were using edible fd waste，we were als interested in determining whether the recycling prcess impacted the flavr f the riginal materials.”The researchers brrwed a “heat pressing” cncept that is typically used t make cnstructin materials frm wd pwder，except they used vacuum－dried，pulverized(粉状的)fd scraps，such as seaweed，cabbage leaves，and range，nin，pumpkin，and banana peels as the cnstructin pwders.The prcessing technique invlved mixing the fd pwder with water and seasnings，and then pressing the mixture int a mld at high temperature.The researchers tested the bending strength f the resulting materials and mnitred their taste，smell and appearance.
“With the exceptin f the specimen btained frm pumpkin，all f the materials exceeded ur bending strength target，” says Kta Machida，a senir cllabratr.“We als fund that Chinese cabbage leaves，which prduced a material ver three times strnger than cncrete，culd be mixed with the weaker pumpkin－based material t prvide effective rein fr cement.”The new，rbust materials kept their edible nature，and the additin f salt r sugar imprved their taste withut reducing their strength.Furthermre，the durable prducts resisted rt，fungi(菌类)，and insects，and experienced n appreciable changes in appearance r taste after expsure t air fr fur mnths.
Given that fd waste is a glbal financial burden and envirnmental cncern，it is crucial t develp methds fr recycling fd scraps.Using these substances t prepare materials that are strnger enugh fr cnstructin prjects，but als maintain their edible nature and taste，pens the dr t a wide range f creative applicatins.【语篇解读】　本文是说明文，主要介绍了一项研究。东京的研究人员开发了一种新的方法，通过将废弃的水果和蔬菜残渣回收成坚固的建筑材料来减少食物浪费，这项科技有很大的发展空间。
9.Why d the researchers search fr new ways t recycle rganic materials?
A.Because the cnstructin f rbust material needs much fd fd waste is bth cstly and envirnmentally they want t make a frtune by recycling the fd the amunt f fd waste is t large t stre at the mment.解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This unsustainable practice recycle these rganic materials int useful prducts.”可知，这种做法浪费了很多钱，不环保，所以科学家们一直在寻找新的方法，把这些废料变成有用的东西。
10.What des the underlined wrd “cmprises” mean in the secnd paragraph?
A.Cntains. D.Originates.解析 词义猜测题。分析句子可知，which引导定语从句，指代fd waste，结合下文“edible (可食用的) scraps，like fruit and vegetable peels.”可推断，食物浪费包括可食用的残羹剩饭，画线词与A项“包括”意思相近。
11.Which f the fllwing is right accrding t the text?
A.All the materials btained frm fd waste surpass researchers’ strength material prduced frm Chinese cabbage leaves is tw times strnger than is a lt f rm fr creative use f this new materials are strng enugh fr cnstructin prjects，but fail t maintain their riginal taste.解析 正误判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Using these substance t prepare materials wide range f creative applicatins.”可知，用食物残余物来做成足够坚固的材料用于建筑工程，为未来技术打开了大门，因此推断这项技术有很大的创造性使用空间。
12.Where is the text prbably frm?
A.A turist brchure. B.A recipe bk.C.A bigraphy bk. D.A science magazine.解析 文章出处题。根据第一段中的“researchers in Tky have rbust cnstructin materials.”和下文内容可知，文章主要介绍了一项研究，因此，文章很可能来自科学杂志。
(2024·潍坊高三测试)T put int wrds my time in Antarctica and Suth Gergia is nearly impssible.I had always described it as a nce－in－a－lifetime experience, but as sn as I stepped ft n the cntinent, I immediately knew I needed t return. 1 Abut 50% f the passengers f ur expeditin (远征) had been t Antarctica at least nce befre.This ges t shw just hw magical f a destinatin it is.
That all yur senses will be stimulated is the best way I can describe the time n the white cntinent.Hw tiny yu feel next t twering glaciers and icebergs.The icy water mving thrugh yur bdy as yu take the infamus Plar Plunge.The learning f heart－tuching stries f survival frm explrers f the past. 2 Antarctica makes yu feel s small and insignificant, in the best way. 3 Yu get frnt rw seats t witness the mst incredible shw：nature.It is as much beautiful as cruel.Fr example, when yu see a brwn skua (贼鸥) attacking a penguin chick, yur heart aches.Then yur expeditin guide regretfully tells yu that a chick that is small in March wuld have very slim chances f surviving the upcming winter.The cycle cntinues, and yu’re left wndering wh t rt fr.
Things mve fast in Antarctica, and every mnth ffers smething really unique and special t see.In March, the weather is a bit mre unpredictable, and the sea ice is beginning t frm again. 4 In tw mre weeks, expeditin ships wuld nt be able t break thrugh the ice.The penguins are cmpleting their yearly feather－changing prcess. 5 The expeditin team made sure we kept ur distance and did nt scare them int hiding under freezing water.These animals, arguably the cutest yu will ever see, survive such unfavrable envirnments.It’s abslutely incredible t witness the challenges, the skill, the effrts, all f it.I am frever grateful t have been a visitr.
A.The list ges this is nt always the vyage was the last f the seasn.D.I was nt the nly ne wh felt this way.E.I, years later, did return t this fascinating are really weak during this time, and cannt has a purpse, and the cycle f life is evident.
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在南极洲的各种见闻以及感受。1.D [根据上文中的“I immediately knew I needed t return”可知，作者认为自己需要再次来到这个地方，空后讲到了“Abut 50% f the passengers f ur expeditin (远征)had been t Antarctica at least nce befre.”，空处承上启下，应该会讲到不是只有作者有这样的感觉，其他人也有类似的感受，故D项符合语境。]2.A [根据本段的“all yur senses will be stimulated”可知，本段主要在讲作者的感官感受。空前举了几个例子,故A项“这样的例子还有很多。”符合语境。]
3.G [根据本段中的“It is as much cycle cntinues，and yu’re left wndering wh t rt fr”可推知，生命周期绵延不息，故G项“一切皆有意义，生命周期显而易见。”符合语境。]4.C [根据空前和空后内容可知，此处内容应与去南极洲旅行的时间有关，故C项“我们的航行是该季节的最后一次。”符合语境。]5.F [空前讲企鹅正处于换毛季，空后说探险队保证我们不把它们吓到藏在极冷的水下，F项“它们在这段时间真的虚弱且不能下潜。”符合语境。且F项中的“They”指的就是企鹅，this time指的正是“their yearly feather－changing prcess”。]