第03讲 完形填空之说明文（讲义）-2024年中考英语一轮复习讲义（全国通用）

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中考总复习一般分为三轮：
1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。通过第一轮的复习，使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知识网络和稳定的知识框架。
2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档，而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。复习的主要任务及目标是：完成各部分知识的条 理，归纳，糅合，使各部分知识成为一个有机的整体。
3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主，回扣教材，查缺补漏，进行强化训练。同时，要教给学生一些必备的应试技巧和方法，使学生有足够的自信从容地面对中考。
►第03讲 完型填空之说明文（讲义）
【复习目标】
1.了解中考英语说明类完形填空解题技巧概览
2.语境联想的应用
3.掌握解题步骤和策略
4.完形填空解题技巧的实践应用
【考情分析】
完型填空之说明文题型语篇特征
说明文是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明类完型填空题是难点。
说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。它旨在考查学生语法和词汇知识综合运用能力的典型题型。它结合了单项选择题和短文填空的优点，既考查词语搭配、近义词辨异、动词时态、句型结构、复合句的关联和习惯用法等，又考查了逻辑推理和事理推断能力。

完形填空的做题误区
很多同学说，他们做完形填空时，往往采用“翻译法和代入法”，即做题时翻译文章内容，感觉哪个合适选哪个，看看划横线处有没有一些固定搭配，然后作选择或者填空。
其实这样做是很危险的：
① 在实际考试中，翻译很容易受母语影响，进行错误选择；
② 并不是所谓固定搭配一定是正确选项，完形填空是考查单词在语境中的运用。如果这个搭配或短语是不符合语篇、段落逻辑的，即便是固定说法，也是不合适的，在阅卷的时候这样的答案一定是错误的。
一 中考英语说明类完形填空解题技巧概览
抓住文章的主题和说明的内容，准确把握说明的对象和特点。说明文主要是对事物或现象进行客观的分析和阐述，使读者更加清楚地了解和认识该事物或现象的本质和特点。在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和说明的内容及特点。
中考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
1. 通读全文，了解大意
做题之前，必须先浏览全文，了解短文的大意，这是必不可少的一个步骤。通过短文所提供的信息，借助语感及相关知识的推断，可以从整体上把握短文的轮廓。
完形填空题不同于单项填空题，单项填空题所给的是一个或两个句子，根据根据或前后句子就可以判定所选的答案。而完形填空题所给的是一篇意思完整的短文，所选的答案设在整段或整篇之中。切勿为了省时而边看边填，否则，欲速则不达，许多地方看不下去，填空时或不解其意，或似懂非懂，举棋不定，这样不仅错误率高，而且费时不少。
每篇短文总有一定的主题思想，段落之间必须能承上启下，前呼后应，句与句之间也一定紧密相联，形成一个有机的整体。因此通读全文，时要一气呵成，不要中断思路，只要能了解短文的大意就可。其某些细节不理解可以跳过，如果不影响答题，可以置之不理；如果与答题有关，可到第二步填空时再琢磨解决。另外，在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头和结尾，因为它们往往能够提供主要的信息，帮助了解全文所描述的事件或中心议题。
2. 瞻前顾后，初选答案
在通读全文，了解大意的基础上，便可着手答题，初选习惯用法、固定搭配，并从上下文中找关键性启示，前后对照，根据语感等选出比较容易的答案。有些题目设计很巧，由下文暗示上文，很有可能开头的空格填入四个选项在语法上都成立，但正确选项要到文章末尾才能得到解答。反之亦然，文末的空格有可能在上文找到相关或有关联的答案。
3. 每空细读，分析斟酌
逐句精读，逐题分析选项，有少数空格需多方面的推敲分析，如词义分析，语法结构分析，上下文推理分析等，下面是从所给四个选项角度考虑的解题思路：
（1） 若考查冠词，则须依据短文空白后的单词的第一个因素，或所出现的后面名词的次序来确定a, an 或the， 或用冠词的惯用法来确定。
（2） 若是介词或副词（如 up，ut， ff， away等）可先从固定搭配入手；若不属于固定搭配，则根据句子结构及介（副）词的意义及用法进行仔细推敲选择。
（3） 若四个选项好似名词，则须从其所在的单复数形式、所有格形式等，根据文意进行名词辨析等。
（4） 如考查形容词或副词，则须从其所在句中的作用来确定什么词性，或者考查其比较级或最高级，以及它前面的修饰语等。
（5） 如果考查动词，要么考查其同义词辨析，要么考查某些固定搭配，或时态、语态以及非谓语动词形式等。
（6） 若选项是连接词，泽尔应根据句子结构和上下文的意思决定是选择连接代词还是连接副词。也可以从连词的一些惯用法或固定搭配等入手。如，nt… until, as….. as, nt s… as, 或用because 不用s，用but不用thugh等。
4. 复核全文，清除疏漏
所有的答案选出来以后，应再读全文，对所选的答案进行核实调整，经过第二步的逐句推敲之后，对短文内容的理解更为深刻，最初选择时有些难解或误解的问题这时就很容易判断，从而也就能得到更好的解决，并清除疏漏。这一步费时不多却很有必要。
二 语境联想的应用
利用上下文的提示
（1）在完形填空中，有些空格的答案可能直接或间接地在上下文中给出。读者可以寻找与空格相连的句子或段落，以找到可能的答案。
（2）上下文可能提供对某些单词或短语的理解，例如，如果一个单词或短语在句子中是已知的，那么读者可以使用这个已知信息来理解其他相关的单词或短语的含义。
（3）上下文也可能提供对整个文章主题的理解，这可以帮助读者理解文章中的细节和要点。
二、用学过的知识和已有的生活经验，扫清部分词汇理解上的障碍
（1）读者可以利用自己的背景知识和生活经验来理解文章中的某些单词或短语。例如，如果文章谈论体育，那么读者可以利用自己对体育的了解来理解文章中的一些专门术语。
（2）如果文章中出现一些新词汇或难以理解的短语，读者可以利用上下文以及文章的总体主题来猜测其含义。
（3）读者还可以利用文章的语法和结构来理解某些词汇的含义。例如，上下文中的动词时态和形容词的使用可以帮助读者理解某些名词的含义。
三 解题步骤和策略
通读全文，理解大意
抓住文章的首句，了解文章的主题和背景
快速浏览全文，了解文章的大意
注意关键词句和上下文的联系
逐句精读，填入适当选项
利用上下文提示，推测空格所需词汇
注意词汇的词性和词义
注意语境和逻辑关系
重读全文，验证答案是否合理
检查答案是否符合上下文和语境
检查答案是否符合语法规则和拼写规则
（2023·宁夏·统考中考真题）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2023 is the Year f the Rabbit in China. But 1 wuld a year be named after a rabbit? Rabbits aren’t very strng 2 , but they are symbls f beauty and cleverness in Chinese culture. They are als 3 as the luckiest f all the Chinese zdiac（生肖）animals. If yu were brn in the Year f the Rabbit, yu are thught t be beautiful, clever and lucky.
The Chinese zdiac animals 4 mre than just what kind f persn yu are. They als have a deep cnnectin with ancient Chinese culture. Other cultures arund the wrld have their wn 5 abut rabbits. Mst f them think f rabbits as symbls f springtime and cleverness.
Peple d many things that relate t（与……相关）rabbits. Fr example, 6 the first day f a new mnth, peple in western cuntries will say, “rabbit, rabbit”. They believe saying it will bring 7 gd luck. 8 , nt every culture sees rabbits as symbls f gd luck. American Indians 9 rabbits t be cheats（骗子）.
Fr the mst part, rabbits mean gd luck, s dn’t frget t say, “rabbit, rabbit” at the beginning f the next 10 mnth. It culd mean 30 days f gd luck!
1．A．whenB．whyC．whereD．what
2．A．playersB．actrsC．guidesD．animals
3．A．trainedB．savedC．knwnD．printed
4．A．useB．welcmeC．stpD．tell
5．A．ideasB．rdersC．examsD．chances
6．A．withB．fC．tD．n
7．A．themB．herC．himD．me
8．A．SuddenlyB．HweverC．PlitelyD．Luckily
9．A．cnsiderB．helpC．wishD．teach
10．A．famusB．strangeC．newD．safe
（2023·甘肃甘南·统考中考真题）
A famus symbl in American culture is a cartn animal—Mickey Muse. Mickey first 11 in a cartn in New Yrk in 1928. Walt Disney was the father f Mickey. He made lts f cartns with Mickey. Many peple arund the wrld lve the muse with tw large and rund 12 . He was s ppular because he was like a cmmn man, but he always tried t face any danger and slve the prblems all by himself. In Disney’s early films, Mickey was 13 , he lst his huse and girlfriend, Minnie. 14 , he never gave up his effrts and always wn at last. Mst peple want t be like him. Nw Mickey Muse is still ne f the mst ppular 15 characters in the wrld.
11．A．ran utB．hung utC．came ut
12．A．earsB．handsC．feet
13．A．richB．happyC．unlucky
14．A．AlsB．HweverC．S
15．A．cartnB．playC．nvel
（2023·青海西宁·统考中考真题）
Can yu sing the sng Lnely Warrir(孤勇者)? The sng is very ppular 16 many peple. Almst 17 likes it. The writer f the lyrics is Tang Tian. She 18 ill at the age f twenty-nine. Her illness was 19 serius that she might die sn. But t ur 20 , she beat it. Then she wrte dwn 21 stry and named it Lnely Warrir. This sng is really 22 . We can get strength(力量) frm it. It als encurages peple 23 prblems bravely. Teachers use the sng t guide their 24 . Dctrs 25 their patients with it. It wrks very well.
Let’s sing and feel it tgether, “Wh said that a her is the ne wh stands in the light? …”
16．A．fB．frmC．atD．with
17．A．n neB．everyneC．nbdyD．smene
18．A．isB．areC．wasD．were
19．A．sB．suchC．s aD．such a
20．A．pityB．shameC．painD．surprise
21．A．hisB．herC．myD．yur
22．A．carefulB．harmfulC．pwerfulD．awful
23．A．t slveB．slveC．slvingD．t slving
24．A．wrkersB．actrsC．farmersD．students
25．A．fix upB．cheer upC．turn upD．lk up
（2023·西藏·统考中考真题）
As ne f the wrld’s favrite drinks, tea has becme mre and mre ppular. Chinese tea art with its custm was included in intangible cultural heritage lists by UNESCO（联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产名录）in 2022.
China is the 26 f tea and tea has a lng histry. It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nng was 27 first persn t discver tea as a drink. When a leaf drpped int 28 , the taste f the water was changed, and s tea was brn. Frm that mment n, the Chinese began 29 the sul（灵魂）f this special leaf.
It’s knwn that tea culture gradually 30 nrmal peple’s life in the Tang Dynasty. The peple in the Tang Dynasty nt nly drank tea, 31 ate the tea leaves. That was why the prcess f tasting tea was 32 “tea eating”. Hwever, the Sng peple preferred “whisking tea”（点茶）. In the Ming Dynasty, tasting tea gradually went back 33 its true nature f “drinking tea”. Later, the tea culture f 34 cuntry finally was blended（融入）int nrmal families.
Nwadays, making tea arund a stve（炉子）is a special way f drinking tea. It 35 already brught a wave f new lifestyle in China.
Tea culture is a kind f sublimatin（升华）f tea. In the lng river f histrical culture, tea cmbines the characters f the time
26．A．cityB．twnC．hmetwnD．cuntryside
27．A．/B．aC．anD．the
28．A．cffeeB．juiceC．milkD．water
29．A．tuchB．tuchedC．t tuchD．tuches
30．A．gt intB．gt nC．gt ffD．gt up
31．A．s thatB．but alsC．althughD．until
32．A．callB．callingC．t callD．called
33．A．tB．fC．nD．at
34．A．weB．usC．urD．urs
35．A．haveB．hasC．hadD．having
（2023·湖北襄阳·统考中考真题）

Sme ld Chinese inventins have wn wide ppularity arund the wrld. Recently, a British wman used an ancient Chinese inventin t help her sn 36 a math prblem.
Dr. Mantri grew up in India. She was taught 37 t use an abacus(算盘) t slve math prblems when she was yung. After nticing that her sn Dhruv had great difficulty with math, she started using the same ancient Chinese tl t help him after schl.
“My sn was in Grade 5 when I nticed he was 38 in math.” said Dr. Mantri, “I wuld ask him smething very easy like ‘35-13 =?’, but he culdn’t wrk it ut.”
“I never thught I wuld teach him t use such an ld tl 39 I realized I culd try the Chinese abacus. It is a useful 40 t help kids better understand numbers and basic calculatins(计 算). Very sn I saw the results. After six days, Dhruv started t make prgress 41 with the help f the abacus. He even perfrmed with the abacus at a schl meeting where sme parents came t 42 advice n using it t help their kids.”
Knwn as the fifth inventin f ancient China, Chinese abacus is als 43 as the earliest cmputer. It helped peple slve many math prblems in ancient China. 44 yu remember the rules, yu can easily use it. Smetimes, just mve ne bead(算珠), then 45 bead, and yu will get the answer. What a magic tl!
S far, the Chinese abacus has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage f human beings(人类非物质文化遗产)fr 10 years ever since 2013.
36．A．deal withB．part withC．agree withD．cmpete with
37．A．whatB．hwC．whereD．when
38．A．creativeB．weakC．talentedD．successful
39．A．afterB．whenC．untilD．since
40．A．signB．reprtC．methdD．symbl
41．A．plitelyB．ludlyC．bravelyD．rapidly
42．A．care frB．leave fr C．ask fr D．pay fr
43．A．cstB．caughtC．cveredD．cnsidered
44．A．As lng asB．As well asC．As gd asD．As far as
45．A．therB．thersC．the thersD．anther
（2023·四川雅安·统考中考真题）
China is the hmeland f tea. Wild tea trees with ver 3,000 years ld can still be fund in Suthwest China. Tea plants are usually 46 n the sides f muntains.
Nwadays, tea is mre ppular than any ther 47 except water in China. Yu can find plenty f teahuses 48 , especially in the tp tea culture cities.
In traditinal Chinese culture, 49 tea t a guest is a sign f respect (尊重). A yunger persn can shw respect fr an lder persn by serving a cup f tea. This is cmmn during big celebratins, such as birthdays r the Spring Festival.
Tea is believed t be a(n) 50 drink by Chinese peple. In China, peple believe that drinking tea every day culd reduce (减少) the risk f sme diseases.
46．A．usedB．grwnC．cutD．carried
47．A．fdB．drinkC．fruitD．vegetable
48．A．easilyB．difficultlyC．quietlyD．tiredly
49．A．pickingB．prducingC．drinkingD．serving
50．A．interestingB．luckyC．healthyD．delicius
（2023·四川遂宁·中考真题）
Many f China’s mst ppular dishes cme frm Sichuan. If it’s the first time fr yu t visit Sichuan, dn’t have yur hmetwn dishes. Try a ht pt dinner 51 . And if yu g, be sure t bring yur friends and family—yu get lts f fd!
At a ht pt 52 in Sichuan, the waiter serves the fd uncked. Yu ck it yurself at the table. Yu get a large pt f biling sup, vegetables and meat r seafd. Add these fds t the 53 ne by ne. When it’s finished, enjy it with relish yu like. It’s fun t eat at a ht pt restaurant. Just several mnths ag, the first ht pt bus 54 in Chengdu. On the bus, yu can eat ht pt, g arund the city and learn abut the histry f Sichuan ht pt. Peple like ht pt because it is delicius and it’s 55 t make. Yu can even make it at hme by yurself. Everybdy is a ck!
51．A．againB．insteadC．alneD．bravely
52．A．hmeB．supermarketC．restaurantD．htel
53．A．bttleB．bwlC．plateD．pt
54．A．appearedB．happenedC．brkeD．stpped
55．A．easyB．ppularC．necessaryD．tasty
（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）
As an exchange student, Tny has studied in China fr ne year. He finds where students have lessns is different 56 China and America.
In China, mst students stay in the same classrm t have different lessns. When the schl bell rings, students wait fr their teachers 57 then start their lessns. Students put their schl things in the 58 .
In America, hwever, things are quite different. Fr 59 subjects, students are suppsed t g and find the right classrms. They have t 60 their classrms. They put their things in the lckers (储物柜) ut f the classrms.
Tny thinks these tw patterns have their wn advantages. He likes bth f them.
56．A．utsideB．behindC．between
57．A．andB．butC．r
58．A．playgrundsB．fficesC．classrms
59．A．easyB．differentC．busy
60．A．breakB．changeC．lse目录
一
复习目标
掌握目标及备考方向
二
考情分析
中考考情分析
三
说明类完型填空的考向
1.中考英语完形填空解题技巧概览
2.语境联想的应用
3.解题步骤和策略
4.完形填空解题技巧的实践应用
5.提升必考题型归纳
四
真题感悟
中考经典考题