初中Unit 13 We’re trying to save the earth!综合与测试学案
展开知识点01 现在进行时
【语法详解】1. 概念:表示说话时正在进行的动作及行为或表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
2. 结构:现在进行时常有三种句型:
(1)肯定式:主语+be+v-ing+其他。
He is mending his bike. 他正在修自行车。
(2)否定式:主语+be+nt+v-ing+其他。
He is nt(isn’t)mending his bike. 他没在修自行车。
(3)疑问式:主要分一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种句式。
= 1 \* GB3 ①一般疑问句:Be+主语+v-ing+其他?
—Is he mending his bike? 他正在修自行车吗?
—Yes, he is. / N, he isn’t.
= 2 \* GB3 ②特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+v-ing+其他?
What is he ding? 他正在干什么?
3. 常用的时间状语有:nw,at the mment,right nw,these days等。在句首出现lk或listen时,也可以判断出后面的句子用现在进行时。
She is watching TV nw. 她现在正在看电视。
Listen! Wh’s singing in the classrm? 听!谁正在教室里唱歌?
现在分词的构成。
(1) 一般情况下在动词词尾加ing。
g → ging ask → asking lk→lking
(2) 以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e加ing。
have → having take→taking make→making write→writing
(3) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再加-ing。
get → getting sit → sitting put → putting run → running
swim → swimming begin → beginning shp → shpping
现在进行时的用法。
表示说话时动作正在进行,往往与nw连用,有时用在祈使句之后。
What are yu ding nw?
你现在在做什么?
Dn't make any nise. Mther is sleeping.
不要吵。妈妈在睡觉呢。
表示现阶段动作正在进行,但不一定是说话时正在进行,往往和at present,this week,these days等时间状语连用。
What lessns are yu learning this week?
你们这个星期学哪些课了?
当句中含有Lk!或Listen!Can yu see...,Can't yu see...等暗示词时,后边句子也用现在进行时。
Listen!Wh is crying in the next rm?听!谁在隔壁房间哭呢?
-We can't g ut t play.我们不能出去玩了。
-Why nt?为什么不能呢?
-Can't yu see it is raining utside?你没看见外面正下雨吗?
[注意]
动词g,cme,leave,start,arrive等可以用现在进行时表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
Hw many f yu are cming t the party next week?
你们有多少人下周来参加聚会?
She is leaving fr Qinghai this weekend.
这个周末她将动身去青海。
以下这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中:
①表示感官的动词,如see,hear等。
②表示喜欢或厌恶的动词,如like,lve,hate等。
③表示希望的动词(词组),如want,wuld like等。
④表示状态的动词,如be等。
⑤表示归属的动词,如have等。
⑥表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词,如knw,frget等。
知识点02 现在完成时
【语法详解】1. 概念:表示过去发生或已经发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响,可以和already,yet,just连用。
2. 构成:助动词have / has +过去分词。
I have already psted the phts. 我已经把照片寄了。(照片已不在我这儿了)
—Have yu had yur lunch yet? 你已经吃过午饭了?
—Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 是的,我吃了。我刚刚吃的。(现在不饿了)
3. 常用的时间状语: = 1 \* GB3 ①already,yet,just,ever,never,befre; = 2 \* GB3 ②this mrning(week,mnth...),tday,nw; = 3 \* GB3 ③up t nw,till nw,s far,in the past few(tw,three...)years等。
4. 现在完成时用法
(1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响。
eg. The car has arrived. 车子来了。(结果:车子已在门口)
Smene has brken the windw. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着)
区别:have been t, have gne t, have been in
have been t,表示去过某个地方,不过现在已经回来了
have gne t表示去了,但还没有回来,也许是在去的途中
have been in指的是在某个地方,从过去一直延续到现在
(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用fr和since表示一段时间的状语或s far,nw,tday,this week (mnth,year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。
eg. He has studied English fr 5 years. He has studied English since 2001.
Nw I have finished the wrk.
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如:cme,g,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与fr,since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作,如live,study,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或fr(经历)引导的词语连用。如:I have lived here fr mre than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。
5. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词(终止性动词)
(1)延续性动词:wrk, stand, knw, keep, have, wait, sleep, sing, live, walk, read, watch…
(2)瞬间性动词:die, arrive, clse, becme, cme, fall, leave, g, buy, brrw, lend, begin, start, jin…
注:瞬间性动词可以用于现在完成时,但不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,要把动词或者时间状语做适当调整,句子才能合理。如:
The ld man died three years ag. The ld man has been dead fr three years.
(3)常见的瞬间性动词后接一段时间时,须进行如下转换
6. 现在完成时的三个固定结构:
(1)have / has been t表示某人曾经去过某地,现在已不在某地。可以和表示次数的单词或短语连用,如nce,twice,three times等。
I have been t the USA twice. 我去过美国两次。
(2)have / has gne t表示某人去某地了,可能在途中,也可能到了那里,总之不在说话处。
—Where’s Jim? 吉姆在哪里?
—He has gne t the library. 他去图书馆了。
(3)have / has been in表示某人在某地待了一段时间,经常与"fr+一段时间"连用。
We have been in this city fr three years. 我们在这个城市待了三年了。
知识点03 被动语态
【语法详解】主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。
1. 基本结构:is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词
2. 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换
状语
宾语
谓语
主语
状语
宾语
谓语
主语
We visited that factry last summer. 主动语态
That factry was visited by us last summer. 被动语态
3. 感官动词(hear,see,watch等)或使役动词(make,let等)在主动句中,其后的动词不定式不带t,
但在变为被动语态时必须使用t。
make smebdy d smething → smebdy + be + made t d smething
see smebdy d smething → smebdy + be + seen t d smething
A girl saw my wallet drp when she passed by. 一个女孩经过的时候看见我的钱包掉了。
→ My wallet was seen t drp by a girl when she passed by.
【经典练】
1.—Alice, culd yu stp playing the music fr a while? I ________ n the phne nw.
—Oh, srry, mum.
A.talkedB.talkC.was talkingD.am talking
2.—Hurry up! Miss Smith ________ fr yu in the teachers’ ffice.
—I am in big truble.
A.waitsB.waitedC.is waiting
3.It’s 1:30 pm nw. Half the class ________ in class ne.
A.is singB.is singingC.are singingD.sings
4.—Where is yur father?
—He ________ my brther with his hmewrk.
A.is helpingB.helpsC.has helpedD.will help
5.—Excuse me, can we start nw?
—Just a mment please. I ________ a prblem f my cmputer.
A.fixB.fixedC.have fixedD.am fixing
6.—Tny, I missed tday’s lessn. Can yu lend me yur ntebk?
—Srry, I ________ it t Betty already.
A.lendB.have lentC.will lend
7.Miss Zhang alng with the ther teachers in her ffice ________ many flwers and letters since tw years ag.
A.receivedB.have receivedC.has received
8.—We have had classes back at schl ________ February 20. What abut yu?
—S have we.
A.sinceB.nC.fr
9.I ________ my hmetwn fr abut three years. I miss it very much.
A.have leftB.have been away frmC.went away frm
10.—It ________ abut tw years since the “duble reductin” plicy(“双减”政策) carried ut.
—Yes. Bth schls and families benefit a lt frm it.
A.have beenB.has beenC.was
11.I will shw yu the phts ________ in Beijing by the time they ________.
A.taken; cme utB.were taken; are cme ut
C.were taken; will cme utD.taken; are cme ut
12.—The windw is brken and needs ________.
—I think s. They can hardly keep ut the cld nw.
A.repairingB.t repairC.repairedD.be repaired
13.—Have yu seen Full River Red?
—Yes. We ________ t watch it in Chinese class last mnth.
A.suggestedB.are suggestedC.were suggestedD.suggest
14.The final game f the Village Basketball Assciatin ________ in Taipan, Guizhu this year.
A.was heldB.will hldC.have heldD.was hlding
15.Sme f the milk gt bad befre reaching the market and ________ away.
A.must thrwB.had t thrwC.had t be thrwn
1.—Alice, culd yu stp playing the music fr a while? I ________ n the phne nw.
—Oh, srry, mum.
A.talkedB.talkC.was talkingD.am talking
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——爱丽丝,你能不能暂时停止播放音乐?我现在正在打电话。——哦,对不起,妈妈。
考查时态。根据“culd yu stp playing the music fr a while”可知现在正在打电话,用现在进行时“am/is/are ding”,主语为I,be动词用am,故选D。
2.—Hurry up! Miss Smith ________ fr yu in the teachers’ ffice.
—I am in big truble.
A.waitsB.waitedC.is waiting
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——快点!史密斯老师正在教师办公室等你。——我有大麻烦了。
考查时态。根据“Hurry up! Miss yu in the teachers’ ffice.”可知,强调动作正在发生,用现在进行时,故选C。
3.It’s 1:30 pm nw. Half the class ________ in class ne.
A.is singB.is singingC.are singingD.sings
【答案】C
【详解】句意:现在是下午一点半。一半的同学在一班唱歌。
考查现在进行时和主谓一致。is sing结构错误;is singing现在进行时;are singing现在进行时;sings一般现在时。根据“1:30 pm nw”可知,时态为现在进行时,排除选项A和D;主语Half the class中class是集体名词,此处指“班里的同学们”,因此be动词用复数。故选C。
4.—Where is yur father?
—He ________ my brther with his hmewrk.
A.is helpingB.helpsC.has helpedD.will help
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——你爸爸在哪儿?——他正在帮我弟弟做作业。
考查现在进行时。根据“Where is yur father?”和“ brther with his hmewrk.”可知,强调动作正在发生,用现在进行时,故选A。
5.—Excuse me, can we start nw?
—Just a mment please. I ________ a prblem f my cmputer.
A.fixB.fixedC.have fixedD.am fixing
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——打扰一下,我们可以开始了吗?——请等一会。我正在修我的电脑。
考查时态。根据“Just a mment please.”可知,让对方等一会是因为正在修电脑,用现在进行时表示正在进行的动作,结构为“be ding”,故选D。
6.—Tny, I missed tday’s lessn. Can yu lend me yur ntebk?
—Srry, I ________ it t Betty already.
A.lendB.have lentC.will lend
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——托尼,我错过了今天的课。你能把你的笔记本借给我吗?——对不起,我已经借给贝蒂了。
考查动词时态。根据“already”可知,句子用现在完成时have/has+动词的过去分词。故选B。
7.Miss Zhang alng with the ther teachers in her ffice ________ many flwers and letters since tw years ag.
A.receivedB.have receivedC.has received
【答案】C
【详解】句意:自从两年前以来,张老师和她办公室的其他老师收到了许多鲜花和信件。
考查时态及主谓一致。根据“since tw years ag”可知用现在完成时,主语“Miss Zhang alng with the ther teachers in her ffice”中有alng with,采用就远一致原则,助动词用has。故选C。
8.—We have had classes back at schl ________ February 20. What abut yu?
—S have we.
A.sinceB.nC.fr
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——从2月20日起,我们就开始上课了。你们呢?——我们也是。
考查介词辨析。since自从……;n在具体某一天;fr为。根据“We have had classes back at schl”可知时态是现在完成时,“since+时间点”用于现在完成时。故选A。
9.I ________ my hmetwn fr abut three years. I miss it very much.
A.have leftB.have been away frmC.went away frm
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我离开家乡大约有三年了。我非常想念它。
考查现在完成时。根据时间状语“fr abut three years”可知本句是现在完成时, 谓语动词和一段时间连用时,应用延续性动词,A选项不属于,B选项符合,故选B。
10.—It ________ abut tw years since the “duble reductin” plicy(“双减”政策) carried ut.
—Yes. Bth schls and families benefit a lt frm it.
A.have beenB.has beenC.was
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——自从双减政策实施以来,已经有大约两年了。——是的,学校和家庭都从中获利很多。
考查时态。A项现在完成时;B项现在完成时第三人称单数形式;C项一般过去时。根据句中“since the ‘duble reductin’plicy carried ut.”可知,since从句使用了一般过去时,主句应用现在完成时,表示过去发生的动作延续的时间,又因为主句主语为第三人称单数形式it,故完成时使用has been。故选 B。
11.I will shw yu the phts ________ in Beijing by the time they ________.
A.taken; cme utB.were taken; are cme ut
C.were taken; will cme utD.taken; are cme ut
【答案】A
【详解】句意:等在北京拍的照片出来的时候我会给你看的。
考查动词非谓语形式和被动语态。根据“will shw”可知,will shw是谓语动词,故第一空用非谓语形式,phts与take之间是动宾关系,用过去分词taken表示被动含义,排除选项B和C。结合语境可知,they指代the phts,cme ut“出版、(照片)打印”,无被动语态,且“by the time they ...”是从句,用一般现在时,故第二空用cme ut。故选A。
12.—The windw is brken and needs ________.
—I think s. They can hardly keep ut the cld nw.
A.repairingB.t repairC.repairedD.be repaired
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——窗户坏了,需要修理。——我想是的。它们现在几乎不能御寒了。
考查非谓语动词。根据sth. need ding = sth. need t be dne “某物需要被……”可知,此处可填动名词repairing用主动形式表被动意义,或填不定式的被动式t be repaired。故选A。
13.—Have yu seen Full River Red?
—Yes. We ________ t watch it in Chinese class last mnth.
A.suggestedB.are suggestedC.were suggestedD.suggest
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——你看了《满江红》吗?——是的。上个月有人建议我们在语文课上看。
考查一般过去时的被动语态。由“last mnth”可知,句子应用一般过去时,故排除B和D;主语we和动词suggest建议,存在被动关系,我们被建议去看,应用被动语态。故选C。
14.The final game f the Village Basketball Assciatin ________ in Taipan, Guizhu this year.
A.was heldB.will hldC.have heldD.was hlding
【答案】A
【详解】句意:今年的乡村篮球协会总决赛在贵州台盘举行。
考查被动语态。句子主语与动词之间是被动关系,故用被动语态,结合“this year”可知,此处应用一般过去时的被动,结构是“was/were+过去分词”,故选A。
15.Sme f the milk gt bad befre reaching the market and ________ away.
A.must thrwB.had t thrwC.had t be thrwn
【答案】C
【详解】句意:有些牛奶在到达市场之前就变质了,不得不扔掉。
考查情态动词及语态。根据“Sme f the milk gt bad befre reaching the market and ... away.”可知,此处表示不得不被扔掉,have t“不得不”,milk与thrw是被动关系,应该用被动语态have t be dne,时态为一般过去时,故选C。
1.动词变动词
buy--have,
brrw—keep, becme—be,
make friends—be friends
catch a cld—have a cld
① I have had this bike fr a week. (buy)
② Mary has kept this bk since last Mnday. (brrw)
2.动词变为“be + adj./adv.”
begin—be n,
get married—be married, leave—be away, pen/clse—be pen/clsed, finish—be ver,
fall ill—be ill
die—be dead
① The film has been n since ten minutes ag. (begin)
② They have been married since they came t Handan. (get married)
3.动词变为“be+介词短语”
jin—be in(be a member f), put n—be in
He has been in/has been a member f the army fr three years. (jin)
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