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    冀教版中考英语复习语法归纳讲义

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    这是一份冀教版中考英语复习语法归纳讲义,共101页。学案主要包含了“一个半”表达等内容,欢迎下载使用。
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    名词是人或事物的名称,既可以是具体的东西,也可以是抽象的东西。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词。
    专有名词:人名、地名、团体、组织、国家、城市、星期、月份、节日等
    普通名词:可数名词(cn.)和不可数名词(un.)
    可数名词(cn.):个体名词和集合名词
    个体名词 例:wrker desk
    集体名词 例:peple family
    不可数名词(un.):物质名词和抽象名词
    物质名词 例:rice water
    抽象名词 例:time health
    注:普通名词前可以用冠词修饰,专有名词前一般零冠词,且首字母大写
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 构词
    单词的构词由不同的词根及词缀组成,根据不同的组合判断其词性及词意,以下通常作名词后缀:
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. -ment 表示“行为、结果”例:develp-develpment、achieve-achievement
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. -ness 表示“状态、性质”例:calm-calmness
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. -ist 表示“…专家”例:science-scientist
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. -in/-atin/-itin/-tin 表示“行为、状态”例:invite-invitatin、add-additin
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. -er/-r/-ant 表示“…的人”例:emply-emplyer、assist-assistant
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. -an/-ian 表示“专长于…的人”例:histry-histrian、music-musician
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. -ity/-y 表示“性质、状态”例:able-ability、hnest-hnesty
    = 8 \* alphabetic h. -ance/-ence/-ancy/-ency 表示“性质、状态或行为”例:expect-expectancy
    = 9 \* alphabetic i. -age 表示“行为、状态或结果”例:marry-marriage、pack-package
    = 10 \* alphabetic j. -ship/-dm 表示“状态、地位”例:friend-friendship、wise-wisdm
    = 11 \* alphabetic k. -ure 表示“行为、结果”例:fail- failure
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 功能
    名词在句中可以充当不同成分。
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 名词作主语 例:The girl is pretty.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 名词作表语 例:He is a student.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 名词作宾语 例:She plays the pian.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 名词作宾补 例:If yu let me g, I’ll make yu king.
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 名词作定语 例:Wuld yu like t g t the flwer shw tmrrw ?
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 名词作状语 例:We’ll meet next Tuesday.
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 名词作同位语 例:Yu girls sit n this side.
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 名词的数
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 可数名词&不可数名词
    普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物)
    普通名词所表示的事物不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫做不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念)。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 可数名词
    可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。
    当可数名词前有数词(大于1)、sme、many、a lt f、a number f、these、thse、a few、few、several、all、bth、mst、hundreds f、thusands f 等词修饰时,可数名词用复数形式。
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 不可数名词
    ·不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
    例:The fd is very fresh.
    ·有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但意义往往会发生变化。
    例:water(水)- waters(水域) range(橘汁)- ranges(橘子)
    ·很多不可数名词表示泛指时不可数,表示种类时可数,意义多不发生变化。
    例:fruit - fruits fd - fds fish - fishes
    ·以-s 结尾,仍为单数的名词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① maths(数学),plitics(政治),physics(物理)等学科名词
    = 2 \* GB3 ② news(新闻;消息)
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 用法和考点
    ★★考点:名词单复数变化
    ·可数名词单数变复数(规则变化 + 不规则变化)
    规则变化
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般名词词尾加-s 例:bk-bs
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 以-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 例:bus-buses
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 以-y结尾的名词
    “辅音字母 + y”结尾的名词,要先将-y变-ies 例:city-cities
    “元音字母 + y”结尾的名词,直接在词尾加-s 例:by-bys
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 以-f或-fe结尾的名词,要将-f或-fe变-ves 例:wife-wives
    口诀:
    树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,
    妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去割粮。
    架(shelf)后窜出一只狼(wlf),
    妻子带刀逃命(life)忙。
    【特例】:rf -
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 以-结尾的名词
    “辅音字母 + ”结尾的名词,加-es
    黑人英雄(her)爱吃芒果(mang)土豆(ptat)西红柿(tmat)
    【特例】:pht - pian -
    “元音字母 + ”结尾的名词,加-s
    例:z - zs radi - radis
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 单复同形
    鱼(fish)鹿(deer)绵羊(sheep)中(Chinese)日(Japanese)人
    ★★难点:“某国人”单复数变化
    ·单复同形:Chinese、Japanese
    ·-an结尾的词,词尾加-s:German(德国人)- Germans、American - Americans、Indian - Indians、Australian - Australians
    ·以-man结尾的词,把a变e:Englishman - Englishmen、Frenchman - Frenchmen
    口诀:中日不变,英法变,其余s加后面。
    = 7 \* GB3 ⑦ 集合名词
    集合名词,指代一个群体的名词。其以单数形式出现,却为复数概念。例:
    peple - peple(人们) family - family(家人)
    plice - plice(警察) cattle - cattle (牲口)
    不规则变化
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 变元音
    ·变ee ft - feet tth - teeth gse - geese
    ·a变e man - men wman - wmen
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 加词根
    ·加- en x - xen child - children
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 超级不规则
    ·muse - mice
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 其他
    ·basis - bases medium - media datum - data
    ★★难点:名词修饰名词的单复数变化
    一般用法:当名词修饰名词变复数时,复数只变主体名词。
    例:an apple tree - tw apple trees a girl student - tw girl students
    特殊用法:如果有man、wman修饰名词时,则man、wman及被修饰名词都要变复数。
    例:a man dctr - tw men dctrs a wman teacher - tw wmen teachers
    ★★考点:不可数名词数量表达
    ·当数量=1时:a/an + 量词 + f + 不可数名词 例:
    一杯茶 a cup f tea 一片面包 a piece f bread
    ·当数量>1时:数词(>1) + 量词(复数) + f + 不可数名词 例:
    两杯水 tw glasses f water 三则消息 three piece f news
    注:量词表达同样适用于可数名词 例:tw bxes f pencils
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 名词所有格
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    名词在表示所属关系、动作执行者及承受者等意义时常需用所有格形式。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    = 1 \* GB3 ① ‘s(通常用于有生命的名词末尾)
    = 2 \* GB3 ② f(通常用于无生命的名词)
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① ‘s 用法(通常用于有生命的名词末尾)
    ·可数名词单数不以s结尾 例:the man’s wife
    ·可数名词单数以s结尾 例:the bss’s letter
    ·可数名词复数不以s结尾 例:Children’s Day
    ·可数名词复数以s结尾 例:Teachers’ Day
    ★★考点:多人所属
    表示两者共同拥有的人或物时,只需在后一个名词加’s (或’)即可;
    表示两者各自拥有时,则每个名词词尾都加’s (或’) 例:
    Lily and Lisa’s rm(房间属于二人共同拥有)
    Lily’s and Lisa’s rms(二人各自拥有一个房间)
    注:
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 有些表示时间、距离、度量、价值等无生命的名词,也可以加’s构成所有格 例:tday’s newspaper 今天的报纸 five minute’s walk 五分钟的步行路程
    = 2 \* GB3 ② ‘s所有格所修饰名词省略
    ·表示诊所、店铺或某人的家等地点名词,其名词所有格后的被修饰语通常省略。例:
    at the butcher’s shp - at the butcher’s 在肉店
    at the dctr’s ffice - at the dctr’s 在诊所
    = 2 \* GB3 ② f 用法(通常用于无生命的名词末尾)
    ·基本用法
    ·A f B 意为“B 的 A”例:a map f China 一幅中国地图
    ★★考点:双重所有格
    ·a friend f + 名词性物主代词 例: a friend f mine 我的一个朋友
    ·a friend f + 名词所有格 例: a friend f Lucy’s 露西的一个朋友
    = 6 \* ROMAN VI 题型
    名词,主要考察名词用法及名词词意辨析。
    ·名词的数
    (2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题)My uncle wrks in a hspital, and he is a ______.
    A.dctrs B.nurse C.dctr
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)We see sme______ rising int the air at the pening f ur new library.
    A.ballns B.balln C.ballnes
    (2021·黑龙江大庆市·中考真题)- Can I help yu? - Please give me ______ abut the trains t Daqing.
    A.a few infrmatins B.a little infrmatins
    C.a little infrmatin D.a few infrmatin
    (2021·四川广元市·中考真题)Three fifths f the teachers in ur schl are ______.
    A.man teachersB.men teachersC.wman teachersD.wmen teacher
    ·名词词意辨析
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)- Hell! May I speak t Tny, please?
    - Srry, I’m afraid yu have the wrng ______.
    A.telephne B.name C.number
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)If the weather is nice, we culd have a(n) ______ in the park.
    A.picnic B.chance C.place D.idea
    (2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)- China’s high-speed railway ______ is leading the wrld.
    - That’s right. It is mving further int the wrld.
    A.technlgyB.envirnmentC.ppulatin
    (2021·山西中考真题)- Jenny, I can’t slve the prblems by myself. What shuld I d?
    - Maybe wrking in grups is a gd ______.
    A.methd B.survey C.reprt
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)Yuan Lngping was a wrld-famus scientist. Because f his achievements, rice ______ has been increased greatly.
    A.ppulatin B.cntributin C.prductin D.intrductin
    (2021·黑龙江鸡西市·中考真题)If yu want t ask fr sick leave, yu must get yur teacher’s ______ first.
    A.achievement B.agreement C.instrument
    (2021·湖北十堰市·中考真题)The ______ f the Sanxingdui Ruins site(三星堆遗址)shcked the wrld.
    A.discvery B.develpmentC.disbelief D.difference
    (2021·新疆中考真题)- Hw did yu fix up the brken bicycle?
    - It’s easy. I just fllwed the ______.
    A.instructins B.instrumentsC.interviews D.inventins
    (2021·湖北荆州市·中考真题)- What’s yur ______ abut the result f ur schl’s basketball match?
    - I’m sure my class will be the winner.
    A.preparatin B.predictin C.infrmatin D.intrductin
    专题二·代词(Prnun)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    代词是代替名词的一类词,大多是代词具有名词或形容词功能。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用常见的主要分为:
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 人称代词(代替人或事物)意为“谁”
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 物主代词(表示所有关系)意为“谁的”
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 反身代词(表示反射/强调)意为“谁自己”
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 指示代词
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 不定代词
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 疑问代词
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 功能
    代词在句中可以充当不同成分。
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 代词作主语 例:They are gd friends.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 代词作表语 例:That’s nt mine.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 代词作宾语 例:We shuld help each ther.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 代词作定语 例:It’s my bk.
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 代词作宾补 例:What d yu call it?
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 代词作同位语 例:We bth live in the cuntry.
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    a. 人称代词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    代替人或事物的代词称为人称代词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    ·主格:作主语,位于动词前(句首)
    例:Yu are ten years ld.(主语为yu) He is my friend.(主语为he)
    ·宾格:作宾语,位于动词或介词后
    例:Can yu help me?(宾语为me)The cake is fr yu.(宾语为yu)
    注:代词作表语,在口语中常用宾格
    例:- Wh is that? - It’s me.
    ★★难点:人称代词并列的排列顺序
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 - 第三人称 - 第一人称
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 复数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 - 第二称词 - 第三人称
    注:如果做错事,承担责任时,说话的人把 I 放在前
    例:Wh brke the windw ? I and Li Ming.
    ★★难点:it的用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 基础用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般情况下,it指人以外的动物和东西,是单数名词的代词,意为“它”。
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 在表示天气、时间、距离、金钱、温度等概念时,用it代替。
    ·指天气:It is sunny tday.
    ·指时间:What time is it?It is six.
    ·指距离:Hw far is it frm here t the park?
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ “it” 可以指代不明身份或性别的人,如婴儿或小孩。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 拓展用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① it作形式主语
    ç
    例:It’s nt easy fr me t learn a freign language.(不定式作真正主语)
    在以下句型中常用it代替不定式作形式主语:
    It is + adj. + fr sb t d sth 对于某人来说做某事……
    It is + adj. + f sb t d sth 某人做某事……
    例:It is great fun climbing muntains n rainy days.(动名词作真正主语)
    ç
    在下列句型中常用it代替动名词作形式主语:
    It is n use ding sth 做某事没用
    It is n gd ding sth 做某事没好处
    It is fun ding sth 做某事有趣
    ç
    例:It is said that he was a mnster.(that从句作真正主语)
    在以下句型中常用it代替that从句作形式主语:
    It is a pity that…… 可惜的是……
    It is said that…… 据说……
    It is reprted that…… 据报道……
    = 2 \* GB3 ② it作形式宾语
    ç
    例:I find it easy t get n with Jim.
    下列动词后常用it作形式宾语:
    find 发现 think 认为 believe 相信 make 使…
    feel 感觉 suppse 猜想 cnsider 认为
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 辨析it、ne、that
    ·it指上文提到的同一事物。
    例:The bk is mine. It’s very interesting.
    ·ne泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类异物。
    例:- Wh has a pen ? - I has ne.
    ·that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的不可数名词或特指的单数名词(= the ne),以避免重复。
    例:The weather in Beijing is clder than that in Guangzhu in winter.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 物主代词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    形容词性物主代词:修饰名词,位于名词前
    名词性物主代词:相当于名词,单独使用
    故:形容词性物主代词 + 名词 = 名词性物主代词
    例:This is his pencil. = This pencil is his.
    This ne is his ruler, that ne is mine.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 反身代词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    表示反射或强调的代词称为反身代词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 当主语和宾语为同一人或同一物时
    例:He teaches himself English.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 习惯用语或固定搭配 例:
    by neself 独自 enjy neself 玩得开心
    help neself t 请便 teach neself 自学
    say t neself 自言自语
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 指示代词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    表示指示概念的代词,用来指示或标识人或事物的代词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 基本用法:
    this和these指离说话人较近的人或物;that和thse指离的较远的人或物。
    ★★重点:打电话
    this指自己,that指对方 例:
    - Wh’s that? - This is……(speaking).(本人)/ Hld n, please.(非本人)
    ★★重点二:问答
    - What’s that/this? - It is……
    - What are these/thse?- They are……
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 不定代词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    笼统地表示人或物的代词称为不定代词。(不确定的指代)【泛指】
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    一般不定代词:
    ·“一点儿”:few、a few、little、a little
    ·“一些”:sme、any
    ·“许多”:many、much
    ·“其他”:ther、anther、the ther、thers、the thers
    ·ne、nes、bth、all、neither、either、each、nne
    复合不定代词:smething、smebdy、anything、anybdy、nthing、nbdy等
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① “一点儿”
    = 2 \* GB3 ② “一些“
    ·sme 一般用于肯定句中,在希望得到对方肯定回答时用sme不用any
    ·any一般用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句中表示“任何”
    注:希望得到对方肯定回答的常见句型 例:
    ·Wuld yu like……? Can/May I……?
    ·What/Hw abut……? Why nt……?
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ “许多”
    ·many 修饰可数名词复数
    ·much 修饰不可数名词
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ ne、nes、bth、all、neither、either、each
    ·ne 表泛指,可指人或物,ne表示单数,nes表示复数
    例:The ne n the desk is my pencil.(指物)
    The ne in red is my sn. (指人)
    区分:it和ne
    it 指代上文所指(同类同物)
    例:Yur watch is s beautiful,I like it!(指代前文中你的那块表)
    ne指代上文所指(同类异物)
    例:Yur watch is s beautiful,I want t buy ne.(你那种表,不是你的表)
    ·bth 表示“两者都”
    ·neither 表示“两者都不”
    ·all 表示“全部”(三者或三者以上)
    ·nne 表示“一个也不”(三者或三者以上)
    ·either 表示“任一”(两者)
    ·any 表示“任一”(三者或三者以上)
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ “其他”
    ·anther + 可数名词单数 表示“另一个”
    ·ther + 可数名词复数 表示“其他的”
    ·thers 单独使用 表示“其他人/物”
    ·ne……, the ther…… 表示“一个……,另一个”
    ·sme……,the thers…… 表示“一些……,剩下的……”
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 复合不定代词
    ·smene“某人”,smething“某物”(一般用于肯定句)
    例:Listen, smene is crying in the classrm.
    There is smething under yur desk.
    ·anyne“任何人”,anything“任何事情”(一般用于否定句或疑问句)
    例:I dn’t want anyne t help me.
    I can’t see anything.
    ★★考点:
    ·复合不定代词作主语,一般当作单数对待,谓语动词用三单。
    例:There is smething wrng with my bike.
    ·形容词修饰复合不定代词,放在复合不定大词后。
    例:I have smething gd t tell yu.
    ·动词不定式修饰复合不定代词,放在复合不定代词后。
    例:Wuld yu like smething t eat?
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 疑问代词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    用以表达疑问语气的代词称为疑问代词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    疑问代词主要包括what、wh、whm、whse、which及相关的词或词组。
    ★★考点:特殊疑问词
    注:特殊疑问词不等于疑问代词,特殊疑问词中包括疑问代词和疑问副词
    ★★考点:区分hw sn和hw lng
    hw sn 提问时间 “多快”用in + 时间段回答
    hw lng 提问时间“多长” 用fr + 时间段回答,而且多搭配现在完成时
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    代词,主要考察代词用法及代词词意辨析。
    ·代词用法
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)My best friend and ______ were fixing up the brken machine when the rainstrm came.
    A.IB.meC.mine
    (2021·天津中考真题)Mike’s aunt is ______ English teacher. We all like ______.
    A.ur; sheB.ur; herC.we; heD.we; her
    (2021·江苏苏州市·中考真题)The gravity n Mars is nly abut there eighths f ______ n the Earth.
    A.thatB.thseC.neD.nes
    (2021·重庆中考真题)The ld man ften tells them interesting stries, s they like ______ very much.
    A.heB.himC.herD.she
    (2021·重庆中考真题)Ann has gt a letter frm her best friend. It makes ______ quite excited.
    A.sheB.herC.hersD.herself
    (2021·四川泸州市·中考真题)- Is this Linda’s ntebk? - N, it’s mine. The thick ne n the desk is ______.
    A.sheB.herC.hersD.herself
    14.(2021·四川遂宁市·中考真题)- I bught a skirt fr ______. I hpe yu like ______.
    - Thank yu, mm. I can’t wait t try it n.
    A.yu; neB.yu; itC.me; neD.me, it
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)- Why are yu laughing, Daniel?
    - There is ______ funny in the newspaper. Cme and see.
    A.anythingB.smethingC.everythingD.nthing
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- There are mainly six kinds f tea in China. Which is yur favrite?
    - Green tea, I guess. I’ve tried black tea, green tea and s n, and ______ f them have their special tastes.
    A.allB.bthC.nneD.neither
    (2021·四川达州市·中考真题)The tw bks are ______ abut English. Yu can chse ______ f them t read.
    A.all; bthB.all; eitherC.bth; eitherD.bth; neither
    (2021·青海中考真题)Each child can nly hand in ne piece f wrk ______ in the drawing cmpetitin.
    A.himselfB.herselfC.themselves
    (2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题)Once rbts can think fr ______, prblems may appear.
    A.themselvesB.themC.they
    (2021·湖南怀化市·中考真题)N ne taught the ld lady hw t use WeChat. She learned it by ______.
    A.yurselfB.myselfC.herself
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)Amy hid under ______ desk in a hurry when the earthquake happened.
    A.sheB.herC.hersD.herself
    (2021·四川达州市·中考真题)- Culd yu tell me ______ kind f mvies yu like best?
    - Umm…. I like the mvies ______ make me laugh.
    A.what; whichB.what; whatC.which; whatD.which; where
    (2021·云南中考真题)Yuan Lngping is a great scientist ______ was hnred as “The Father f Hybrid Rice”.
    A.whenB.whC.whichD.whse
    (2021·云南昆明市·中考真题)Tai chi, part f Chinese culture, is an exercise which helps peple imprve ______ in health.
    A.themselvesB.urselvesC.itselfD.myself
    专题三·冠词(Article)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    放在名词前,用来说明名词所指的人或物,对名词起限制作用的的虚词称为冠词。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 不定冠词(a/an)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 定冠词(the)
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 零冠词(/)
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 不定冠词用法(泛指)
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ a用在以辅音音素开始的名词前;an用在以元音音素开始的名词前。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 表示泛指,某类人或事物中的“一个”,不强调数目,强调数量用ne。
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用于第一次提到的可数名词前。
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 常用于有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。
    例:a strng wind have a gd time
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ “a + 序数词”表示“又一,再一”
    = 6 \* GB2 ⑹ 固定搭配
    ★★考点:不定冠词的选择
    a用在以辅音音素的名词前;an用在以元音音素的名词前。
    例:a bk an apple
    ★★注意:
    名词前用a:a useful bk;a university;a unifrm;a usual day
    名词前用an:an hur;an hnest by;an unusual day
    ★★易错点
    ·在a、e、i、、f、h、l、m、n、r、s、x字母单独出现时,前用an。例:
    There is an “a”and an“n”in the wrd “and”.
    ·其余字母单独出现时,前用a。
    口诀:Mr.Li has ne fx.
    注:口诀中所有字母均是以元音音素发音始,故该字母单独出现,前用an。
    附国际音标
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 定冠词用法(特指)
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 特指某些人或事物
    例:The bk n the desk is mine.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 用于对话双方都知道的人或物前。
    例:Clse the dr, please.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 上文提到的人或物。(第一次提到用不定冠词,再次提到用定冠词)例:A wman is cming. The wman is ur English teacher.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 用在序数词、形容词最高级前。(已有修饰词除外)
    例:He is the tallest by in my class.
    The first lessn is very easy.
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 用在西洋乐器的名词前。
    例:I can play the pian.
    = 6 \* GB2 ⑹ 和某些形容词连用,构词“the + adj”,表示“一类人”。(复数)例:the ld 老人 the rich 富人 the pr 穷人
    = 7 \* GB2 ⑺ 用在表示独一无二事物的名词前。
    例:The earth is rund.
    = 8 \* GB2 ⑻ 用在same、nly、very前。例:
    the same as 和…一样
    = 9 \* GB2 ⑼ 用在姓氏复数前,表示“一家人”。
    例:The Greens are ging t have a trip.
    = 10 \* GB2 ⑽ 用在方位名词前。
    例:in the nrth/suth/east/west 在北部/南部/东部/西部
    = 11 \* GB2 ⑾ 用于固定搭配。
    【特例】:at first 起初
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 零冠词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 在多数专有名词前,通常零冠词。(季节/月份/星期/国家/城市/人名等)
    例:We dn’t g t schl n Saturday and Sunday.
    注:the United Status、the United Kingdm
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 在交通工具、三餐、球类、棋牌、学科、颜色前,通常零冠词。
    例:I have breakfast every day.
    His grandfather usually plays chess with his neighbr.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 名词前已有修饰词时,不加冠词。
    例:This is my first time t China.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 在职位、官衔、称呼前,不加冠词。
    例:This is President Xi.
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 用于固定搭配
    = 6 \* GB2 ⑹ 辨析
    g t schl 去上学 g t the schl 去学校
    by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海边
    at table 在吃饭 at the table 在桌边
    in hspital 住院 in the hspital 在医院
    注:一般情况下,有定冠词表地点,没有定冠词表动作
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    冠词,主要考察冠词用法。
    (2021·青海中考真题)______ hard-wrking persn will have mre pprtunities t succeed.
    A.AB.TheC./
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)Zhang Guimei is ______ unusual teacher. She set up the first free girls’ high schl in 2008.
    A.aB.anC./
    (2021·湖南怀化市·中考真题)- Did yu see ______ mvie Hi, Mm yesterday?
    - Yes, I did. It’s great.
    A.aB.anC.the
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)Jim started t play ______ vilin when he was five.
    A.aB.anC.theD./
    (2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)- What’s the mst imprtant traditin in Chinese family?
    - I think it’s t respect ______ ld and lve ______ yung.
    A.an; theB.an; aC.the; the
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)As an ld saying ges, “He wh has never been t ______ Great Wall is nt a true man.”
    A.aB.anC.theD./
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)Tianwen I prbe (探测器)sent ______ first picture f Mars back t China in February, 2021.
    A.aB.anC.the
    (2021·天津中考真题)This is ______ stry f friendship. Let’s read ______ stry tgether.
    A.a; anB.an; theC.an; aD.a; the
    (2021·四川达州市·中考真题)China is ______ Asian cuntry, while France is ______ Eurpean cuntry.
    A.an; aB.a; anC.an; anD.a; a
    (2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)As ______ teacher, it’s imprtant t be ______ gd rle mdel fr their students.
    A.the; aB.a; theC.a; aD.the; the
    (2021·云南中考真题)Paper is ______ useful inventin. It was invented arund 2,000 years ag by Cai Lun.
    A.aB.anC./D.the
    (2021·浙江温州市·中考真题)Tny is a kind by and I’m very lucky t have ______ friend like him.
    A.aB.anC.theD./
    (2021·四川成都市·中考真题)Everyne needs t knw ______ imprtance f rubbish srting(分类).
    A.anB.不填C.the
    (2021·江苏连云港市·中考真题)- Shall we play ______ basketball this afternn?
    - Gd idea! D yu have ______ basketball?
    A.the; aB.a; aC./; /D./; a
    (2021·重庆中考真题)I’m ging t be ______ great scientist like Yuan Lngping when I grw up.
    A.aB.anC.theD./
    (2021·重庆中考真题)Taking the train is ______ gd way t see the wrld.
    A.aB.anC.theD./
    专题四·介词(Prepsitin)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系,介词在英语中非常灵活,作为虚词,在句中不承担具体的句子成分,一般置于名词前,常和名词或名词性词语构成介词短语。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 方位介词(静态介词和动态介词)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 时间介词
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 方式介词
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 其他介词
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 功能
    介词短语在句中可以充当不同成分。
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 介词短语作状语 例:I have lived in Lndn since 1990.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 介词短语作定语 例:A life withut bks is like a life withut sunlight.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 介词短语作表语 例:We are f the same age.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 介词短语作补语 例:Make yurself at hme.
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 方位介词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴(静态)方位介词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① in 在…里面
    例:在盒子里有一些蛇。___________________________
    at 在…
    例:我住在中国。_________________________________
    n 在…上面
    例:椅子上有一只猫。_____________________________
    ★★考点:in 和 at
    ·in + 国家/城市(大地点)在伦敦 _____________
    ·at + 具体场所(小地点)在肉店______________
    ★★考点:in 和 n
    ·in the tree 在树上(外来)树上有一只鸟。_______________________
    n the tree 在树上(本身)树上有一些苹果。_____________________
    ·in the wall 在墙上(本身)墙上有一个洞。_______________________
    n the wall 在墙上(悬挂)墙上挂着一件大衣。___________________
    = 2 \* GB3 ② n 在…上面(有接触)
    例: 桌子上有一把尺子。___________________________
    ver 在…正上方
    例: 在河上有一座桥。______________________________
    abve 在…斜上方
    例:看!房子上有很多鸟。__________________________
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ beneath 在…下面(有接触)
    under 在…正下方
    例:椅子下面有两只老鼠。__________________________
    belw 在…斜下方
    例:请不要在这条线下书写。________________________
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ between 在..之间(两者) between…and… 在…和…之间 例:
    例:这个男孩正站在他的爸爸和妈妈之间。___________________________
    amng 在…之间(三者或三者以上)
    例:在树丛中有一座房子。______________________________________
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ in frnt f 在…前面(外部) behind 在…后面(外部)
    in the frnt f 在…前方(内部) at the back f 在…后部(内部)
    例:在房子前面有一棵树。_________________________________________
    例:老师正站在教室的前面。_______________________________________
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵(动态)方位介词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① int 进入…中
    例:他把书放进口袋里。______________________________
    ut f 从…中出来
    例:下课后,孩子们跑出教室。________________________
    = 2 \* GB3 ② acrss 穿过(从平面穿过)
    例: 他们正在过马路。_____________________
    thrugh 穿过(从立体空间穿过)
    例:他们正在穿越森林。___________________
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ up 向上
    例:站起来 _________________
    dwn 向下
    例:坐下 ___________________
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 方式介词用法(“用”)
    = 1 \* GB3 ① in + 语言 例:in English
    in + 材料 例:in ink
    = 2 \* GB3 ② with + 工具 例:I can write with my hand.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ by + 交通工具 例:by car
    ★★拓展:表示“乘坐”交通工具表达
    = 1 \* GB3 ① by + 交通工具 乘飞机 _____________
    = 2 \* GB3 ② take + 冠词 + 交通工具 乘飞机 _____________
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ in the/ne’s car/ taxi 乘坐汽车/出租车
    例:My father ges t wrk in his car.
    n the train/plane/bus 乘坐火车/飞机/公交车
    n ne’s bike 骑自行车
    例:Tm ges t schl n his bike.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 时间介词用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① in + 年份/月份/季节
    in + 泛指的上午/下午/晚上
    in + 一段时间 意为“在…之后/内(一般将来时)
    ★★易错点:
    注:对in + 时间段提问,用hw sn;
    区分对fr + 时间段提问,用hw lng
    = 2 \* GB3 ② n + 星期/日期
    n + 具体的上午/下午/晚上
    ·前有形容词修饰 n a rainy night 在一个雨夜
    ·前有具体时间修饰 n Sunday evening 在周日晚上
    ·有具体日期修饰:n the mrning f May first 在五月一日早上
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ at + 具体时刻/具体时间
    at nn 在中午 at night 在晚上 at the mment 此刻(常用现在进行时)
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ befre“在…之前”例:周一前 _________
    after“在…之后” 例:放学后 _________ 下课后 __________
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ frm“来自”
    ·be frm + 地点 = cme frm + 地点 “来自…”
    ·frm…t… 从…到…例:从周一到周五 ________________
    ·be different frm 和…不同 例:我和她不同。____________________
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ fr + 时间段 表示“持续多长时间”(多用于完成时)
    = 7 \* GB3 ⑦ by + the end f + 时间 表示“到…时候为止”(多用于完成时)
    = 8 \* GB3 ⑧ during + 时间 “在…期间”
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 其他介词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① t “到;朝着;给”
    例:g t schl(去) give a pen t yu(给)
    = 2 \* GB3 ② by “靠;在…旁边”
    例:by neself(靠) by the lake(在…旁边)
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ with “和;伴随(带着)”
    例:I g t schl with my brther every day.(和)
    The teacher came int the classrm with a bk.(带着)
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ withut “没有”
    例:Peple cannt live withut air.(没有)
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ fr “给;为了;因为”
    例:This bkcase is fr yu.(给) I am srry fr being late.(因为)
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ abut “关于;大概”
    例:This is a bk abut nature.(关于) It’s abut 6 ’clck nw.(大概)
    = 7 \* GB3 ⑦ like “像”
    例:This lite is like a bird.(像)
    ★★考点:be like 和 lk like
    ·lk like“长…样”(长相) 询问长相: What d/des…lk like ?
    ·be like“….样的”(长相/性格)询问性格: What is/are…like ?
    = 8 \* GB3 ⑧ twards “朝着、向”
    = 9 \* GB3 ⑨ f “属于”
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    介词,主要考察介词用法、介词短语及介词词意辨析。
    ·介词词意辨析
    (2021·青海中考真题)Lk! The sun is shining directly int the car. Yu’d better park it _____ the tree.
    A.underB.in frnt fC.behind
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)- Hw d yu study fr a test, Eric?
    - I study _____ wrking with a grup.
    A.byB.withC.in
    (2021·河北中考真题)I eat rice _____ beef and ptates. It’s delicius.
    A.inB.nC.withD.fr
    (2021·天津中考真题)Anna is taller than me. She sits _____ me in the classrm.
    A.betweenB.frmC.behindD.amng
    (2021·云南昆明市·中考真题)Since 1921, the Cmmunist Party f China (中国共产党)has been leading the Chinese peple ________ a better life.
    A.fB.nC.atD.t
    ·介词短语
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)We left _____ such a hurry that we frgt ur tickets.
    A.nB.frC.tD.in
    (2021·四川自贡市·中考真题)- Have yu heard f the news abut Yuan Lngping?
    - Yes. It’s reprted that he passed away _____ the age f 91 yesterday.
    A.at B.inC.n
    (2021·江苏苏州市·中考真题)Ftball fans are ften called the “12th man” because f their influence _____ a team.
    A.tB.frmC.nD.at
    ·介词用法
    (2021·湖南怀化市·中考真题)I ften help my parents with husewrk _____ Sundays.
    A.nB.inC.at
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)We are ging t celebrate the 100th anniversary f the funding f the Cmmunist Party f China _____ July 1st, 2021.
    A.inB.nC.atD.f
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)China successfully landed a spacecraft _____ Mars in May, 2021.
    A.inB.nC.atD.fr
    (2021·四川达州市·中考真题)- What happened t Tny?
    - _____ the mrning f a rainy day, he _____ a bike and hurt his legs.
    A.In; put ffB.On; fell ffC.In; fell ffD.On; put ff
    (2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)China’s first Mars rver, Zhurng, tuched dwn n the Red Planet _______ May 15, 2021.
    A.nB.inC.atD.t
    (2021·浙江温州市·中考真题)Kate felt excited t see a grup f sheep walking ________ her int a village in Qinghai.
    A.verB.pastC.acrssD.thrugh
    (2021·江苏连云港市·中考真题)The Cmmunist Party f China will have its 100th birthday ________ July 1st, 2021.
    A.inB.atC.nD.arund
    (2021·重庆中考真题)We usually have a flag-raising ceremny _____ Mnday.
    A.inB.atC.nD.fr
    (2021·重庆中考真题)The Tianwen-1 Prbe landed n Mars ________ May 15th, 2021.
    A.atB.inC.tD.n
    专题五·数词(Numeral)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    表示数目多少或顺序的词称为数词。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 基数词(数目)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 序数词(顺序)
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 功能
    数词在句中可以充当不同成分。
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 基数词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 基数词构词
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 基数词考点
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ ★★考点:
    · 十位数与个位数之间要加连字符“-”
    · 百位和十位之间加and
    注:若无十位则百位和各位之间加and
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ ★★考点:年份表达&年代表达
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 年份表达
    例:1976 nineteen seventy-six
    2002 tw thusand and tw 或 twenty O tw
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 年代表达
    例:19世纪20年代 in the 1820s
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ ★★考点:
    单位:hundred 百、thusand 千、millin 百万、billin 千万
    整数:单位前有具体数字修饰时,单位不加s:基数词 + 单位
    约数:表示成百上千,成千上万等不具体数量时:单位(s) + f
    例:tw hundred 200 8000 ___________
    hundreds f 成百上千 _______________ 成千上万
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ ★★考点:时间表达
    ·整点:数词 + ’clck
    ·非整点:
    顺读法:(先读小时 后读分钟 从左到右)
    例:7:20 seven twenty 12:40 ________ 9:20 _________
    逆读法:
    ·1≤分钟≤30时:分钟 + past + 点钟(half表示半点;quarter表示一刻)
    ·30<分钟<60时:(60 - 分钟)+ t + (点钟 + 1)
    【特例】:1:58 ______________ 2:59 _____________
    【“一个半”表达】:
    一个半小时 ne hur and a half 或 ne and a half hurs
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ ★★考点:百分数表达(percent)
    ·数词 + percent 例: frty percent 百分之四十
    = 6 \* GB2 ⑹ ★★考点:小数表达(pint)
    ·整数位正常读,小数位按顺序读 例:5.7 five pint seven
    = 7 \* GB2 ⑺ ★★考点:次数表达
    ·一次 nce 两次 twice 三次及三次以上 基数词≥3 + times
    例:一年两次 twice a year
    ★★拓展:倍数表达
    ·A + 动词+ 倍数 + as +adj./adv. 原级 + as + B
    例:This classrm is fur times as large as that ne.
    ·A + 动词+ 倍数 + the + 名词(size/length/width/depth/height等)+ f + B
    例:This classrm is fur times the size f that ne.
    ·A + 动词+ (倍数-1) + 比较级 + than + B
    例:This classrm is three times larger than that ne.
    = 8 \* GB2 ⑻ ★★考点:数学运算
    + “plus/and”(加) - “minus” (减)
    * “times”(乘) ÷“divide”(除)
    = 9 \* GB2 ⑼ ★★考点:长、宽、高表达
    ·基数词(=1)+ 单位 + adj.
    基数词(>1)+ 单位(s)+ adj.
    ç
    = 10 \* GB2 ⑽ ★★考点:年龄表达
    ·数词 + year(s)+ ld 例:He is ten years ld.
    ·数词 - year - ld + 名词 例:He is a ten-year-ld by.
    ·at the age f + 基数词 例:He is at the age f ten.
    ·a/an + 名词 + f + 基数词(years ld)例:He is a by f ten (years ld).
    ·be aged + 基数词 例:He is aged ten.
    ·名词 + aged + 基数词 例:He is a by aged ten.
    注:“in ne’s + 整十复数”表示“几十多岁”
    “in ne’s early/late + 整十复数”表示“几十一二岁或几十八九岁
    = 11 \* GB2 ⑾ ★★编号
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 房间号码 例:房间105 Rm 105 或 Rm One O Five
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 公交车 例:13路公交 Bus N.13
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 页码 例: 第五页 Page Five
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 电话号码 例:电话号码110
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 航班 例:370航班 Flight 370
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 课数 例:第一课 Lessn One 或 the fist lessn
    = 7 \* GB3 ⑦ 座位 例:第一排 Rw One 或 the first rw
    = 9 \* GB3 ⑨ 班级年级 例:六年级三班 Class Three,Grade Six
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 序数词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 序数词构词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般在基数词后加th 例:fur-furth
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 以-ve结尾,变-ve为-fth 例:five-fifth
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 以-ty结尾,变-y为-ieth 例:twenty- twentieth
    【特例】:ne-first tw-secnd three-third
    注:两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分基数词变序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 序数词考点
    = 1 \* GB3 ① ★★考点:
    ·序数词前,一般加定冠词the。(有修饰词除外)
    例:I’m in the third grade.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② ★★考点:分数表达
    ·分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1,分母加-s。
    【特例】:a half 或 ne half 二分之一
    a quarter 或 ne quarter 或 ne furth 四分之一
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ ★★考点:日期表达
    ·月 日 例:10月1日 Octber(the)first
    ·日 月 例:10月1日 the first f Octber
    ·月 日 年 例:1999年2月14日 February(the)furteenth,1999
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    数词,主要考察数词用法。
    ·数词用法
    (2021·湖南郴州市·中考真题)Our Party was funded in 1921. We’ll celebrate her ______ birthday n July 1st this year.
    A.ne hundred B.ne hundredth C.the ne hundredth
    (2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)As we all knw, the Yellw River is ______ lngest river in China.
    A.the twiceB.the secndC.twiceD.secnd
    (2021·广西玉林市·中考真题)- Susan, hw many wmen teachers are there in yur schl? - In ur schl, ______f the teachers ______ wmen teachers.
    A.third furth; areB.third furth; isC.three furths; isD.three furths; are(2021·辽宁朝阳市·中考真题)- Hw many students in yur class get t schl n ft?
    - Abut ______ f them d.
    A.three fifthsB.tw thirdC.first furD.ne secnds
    (2021·辽宁鞍山市·中考真题)- We shuld try t devte(献身于)urselves t ur cuntry like Yuan Lngping.
    - I think s. He still wrked n the research int agriculture(农业)at the age f ______.
    A.eightiesB.eightiethC.eightyD.eighty-year-ld
    (2021·辽宁营口市·中考真题)He gt ______ birthday cakes n his ______ birthday.
    A.secnd;fifteenB.tw;fifteenC.secnd;fifteenthD.tw;fifteenth
    (2021·四川广元市·中考真题)In ur schl every student has t chse a club t jin, s abut ne ______ students have jined the Sprts Club.
    A.hundred fB.hundreds fC.hundredD.hundreds
    (2021·广西梧州市·中考真题)This Saturday is my ______ birthday.
    A.furteenB.furteenthC.frtyD.the frtieth
    (2021·广西中考真题)China’s Natinal Day cmes in Octber, the ______ mnth f the year.
    A.eighthB.ninthC.tenthD.eleventh
    (2021·山东滨州市·中考真题)- China is a great cuntry with a histry f abut five ______ years.
    - Yes. And ______ f freigners cme t visit it every year.
    A.thusand; thusandB.thusands; thusands
    C.thusand; thusandsD.thusands; thusand
    专题六·形容词(Adjective)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    形容词是修饰名词,说明名词性质或特征的词。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 功能
    形容词在句中可以充当不同成分。
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 形容词作定语 例:This is a beautiful girl.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 形容词作表语 例:This girl is beautiful.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 形容词作补语 例:He’s finding the trip very exciting.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 形容词作状语 例:He arrived hme, hungry and tired.
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 构词
    单词的构词由不同的词根及词缀组成,根据不同的组合判断其词性及词意,以下通常作形容词后缀:
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 名词 + -al/-ial 例:nature-natural、industry-industrial
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 名词 + -ic/-tic/-fic 例:science-scientific
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 名词 + -ish 例:child-childish
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 名词 + -ful 例:care-careful
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 名词 + -less 例:hpe-hpeless
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 名词 + -ary 例:planet-planetary
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 名词 + -en 例:wd-wden、gld-glden、wl-wlen
    = 8 \* alphabetic h. 名词 + -ern 例:east-eastern、west- western、suth-suthern、nrth- nrthern
    = 9 \* alphabetic i. 名词 + -y 例:rain-rainy、health-healthy、luck-lucky
    = 10 \* alphabetic j. 名词 + -us 例:danger-dangerus、humr-humrus、fame-famus
    = 11 \* alphabetic k. 动词 + -ive 例:act-active、talk- talkive
    = 12 \* alphabetic l. 动词 + -ed 例:excite-excited、surprise-surprised
    = 13 \* alphabetic m. 动词 + -ing 例:interest-interesting、mve-mving
    = 14 \* alphabetic n. 名词/动词 + -able/-ible 例:value- valuable、cunt- cuntable
    = 15 \* alphabetic . 名词/动词 + -sme 例:truble-trublesme、tire-tiresme
    = 16 \* alphabetic p. 名词/动词 + -ant/-ent 例: difference-different、distance-distant
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 品质形容词(表示人或物品质)例:beautiful、cl、careful 等
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 类属形容词(表示属于哪一类)例:ecnmic、electric、hist 等
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 颜色形容词(表示颜色)例:black、blue、brwn、range 等
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 强调形容词(表示强调)例:real、ttal、cmplete、perfect 等
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. -ing形容词
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. -ed形容词
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 复合形容词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 形容词 + 名词-ed
    例:big-eyed、middle-aged、narrw-minded、sft-hearted 等
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 副词 + 过去分词
    例:well-dressed、well-knwn 等
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 副词 + 现在分词
    例:hard-wrking、lng-standing 等
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 形容词 + 名词
    例:full-time、white-cllar 等
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 基本用法
    形容词一般放在名词前(作定语),或放在系动词后(作表语)。
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ ★★考点:系动词
    系动词包括纯系动词和半系动词:
    纯系动词:be动词(am、is、are)
    半系动词:感官动词(lk、sund、smell、taste、feel) 变化类系动词(becme、get、turn、grw、g、cme、fall)
    保持类系动词(keep、remain、stay、lie、stand)
    其他系动词:(appear、seem)
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ ★★考点:
    ·形容词在修饰复合不定代词时,需要后置。
    例:smething imprtant 一些重要的事情
    【句型】:There is smething wrng with my cmputer.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ ★★易错点:-ly后缀
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般形容词加-ly可构成副词,例:quiet-quietly,slw-slwly
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 以-ly结尾,却只能是形容词,例:friendly,ugly,lnely,lvely
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 以-ly结尾,形副同形 例:daily,early
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ ★★考点:多个形容词顺序
    美(美丑)小(大小高矮)圆(形状)旧(新旧)黄(颜色)
    法国(国家)木(材质)书(用途)房(被修饰的名词)
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 以a-开头的形容词通常只作表语,不作前置定语。
    afraid 害怕的 alike 相像的 alive 活着的
    alne 单独的 asleep 睡着的 awake 醒着的
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    形容词,主要考察形容词用法、形容词固定搭配及形容词词意辨析。
    ·形容词词意辨析
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)N ne is _____. The key is t learn frm mistakes and never stp.
    A.carefulB.generusC.famusD.perfect
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)Huawei Mate 40 is _____ f the three mbile phnes.
    A.expensiveB.mre expensiveC.the mst expensive
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- Des the stre have gd fame?
    - Yes, the prices here are always very fair. The wner just wants t make a(an) _____ living.
    A.hnestB.healthyC.relaxingD.exciting
    (2021·天津中考真题)It is _____ t say “thank yu” very ften, even t family members.
    A.pliteB.rudeC.dangerusD.humrus
    (2021·江苏苏州市·中考真题)Peter has _____ memry and ften frgets the names f peple arund him.
    A.lngB.gdC.richD.pr
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)It’s nt _____ t talk with yur muth full.
    A.bringB.pliteC.terribleD.sleepy
    (2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)I can’t believe yu made the life—like cat ut f paper. Hw _____ yu are!
    A.lyalB.creativeC.helpfulD.rganized
    (2021·云南中考真题)- I think it is a gd way t study English by watching English mvies.
    - I agree. I find it _____ t imprve my listening.
    A.harmfulB.thankfulC.carefulD.helpful
    (2021·江苏连云港市·中考真题)Drinking tea is usually seen as a _____ lifestyle in China.
    A.strictB.bringC.cleanD.healthy
    (2021·安徽中考真题)- The Chinese language is mre and mre ppular.
    - Exactly! It’s becming a _____ language skill in the internatinal cmmunity.
    A.similarB.difficultC.necessaryD.traditinal
    (2021·四川自贡市·中考真题)- Hw d yu like art?
    - It’s as _____ as ther subjects. It can help us develp a sense f beauty.
    A.bringB.imprtantC.difficult
    ·形容词固定搭配
    (2021·辽宁中考真题)- Yu are ging t get much exercise. Are yu ______ that?
    - Of curse. I prmise t keep it.
    A.prud fB.thirsty frC.sure abutD.interested in
    (2021·贵州贵阳市·中考真题)Guizhu is______ Huanggushu Waterfall and Mutai in the wrld.
    A.famus fr B.ppular with C.regarded as
    专题七·副词(Adverb)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句等的一类词。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 功能
    副词在句子中充当不同成分。
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 副词作状语 例:Hpefully, we will meet next Thursday.(修饰整句)
    He is very happy.(修饰形容词)
    They will be here pretty sn.(修饰副词)
    They run slwly.(修饰动词)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 副词作定语 例:The air here is fresh.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 副词作表语 例:The light is still n.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 副词作补语 例:The by was seen upstairs.
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 种类
    副词主要分为时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、程度副词、疑问副词等。
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV. 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 基本用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 副词位置
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 程度副词、频率副词常放在be动词、助动词及情态动词后,实义动词前。
    例:I have never seen him befre.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 方式副词一般放在实义动词后。
    例:“Shut up !” his father shuted angrily.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 修饰整个句子的副词,往往被置于句首。
    例:Frtunately, he was saved by the sldiers.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ enugh既可以作副词,也可以作形容词。作形容词,修饰名词,放在名词前;作副词,修饰形容词副词,放在被修饰词之后。
    enugh adj. 足够的 例:足够的时间 _________________
    adv. 足够地 例:足够大 _____________________
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 地点副词,时间副词一般放在句末。例:
    I will wait fr him here. I will visit her tmrrw.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 副词构词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 规则变化:
    ·在形容词词尾直接加-ly 例:slw-slwly
    ·以“辅音字母加-y”结尾的形容词,把-y变-ily 例:busy- busily
    ·以-le结尾的形容词,去-e加-y 例:simple-simply
    ·“元音字母+-e”结尾的形容词,去-e加-ly
    例:terrible-terribly true-truly gentle-gently
    ·以-ll结尾的形容词,只加-y 例:full-fully
    ·以-ic结尾的形容词,加-ally 例:basic-basically
    注:whle-whlly、shy-shyly、dry-dryly
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 不规则变化:
    ·形副同形:early、late、fast、hard、high(早、晚、快、努力、高)
    ·形副异形:gd-well
    ★★易错点:well用法
    ·well既可以作形容词,意为“身体好”,也可以作副词,意为“好”。
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 副词辨析
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ ag、befre
    = 1 \* GB3 ① ag 从现在算起若干时间以前,常与一般过去时连用。
    例:I graduated frm the cllege 10 years ag.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② befre 从过去某一时间算起若干时间以前,常与过去完成时连用。
    例:She said that she had married him 5 mnths befre.
    不具体表明多长时间以前,只表示“从前,以前”。
    例:He asked me whether I had been t that village befre.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ hardly、hard
    = 1 \* GB3 ① hardly adv. 意为“几乎不”
    = 2 \* GB3 ② hard adj. 意为“困难的;坚硬的”
    adv. 意为“努力地;猛烈地”
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ s、such
    = 1 \* GB3 ① s + 形容词/副词
    s + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词
    s + many/few + 复数名词
    s + much/little + 不可数名词
    = 2 \* GB3 ② such +(形容词)+ 复数名词/不可数名词
    such + a/an(+ 形容词)+ 单数可数名词
    注:名前such,形副s,多多少少也用s。
    little一词特殊记,小用such,少用s。
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ late、later、latter、latest、lately
    = 1 \* GB3 ① late adj./adv. 意为“迟、晚”
    = 2 \* GB3 ② later adj. 意为“后来的、以后”
    adv. 意为“后来”
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ latter adj. 意为“(两者中)后者的”
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ latest adj. 意为“最新的、最近的”
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ lately adv. 意为“最近、近来”
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ als、t、either、as well
    = 1 \* GB3 ① als adv. 意为“也”,通常用于肯定句,位于be动词、助动词及情态动词之后,实义动词之前。
    = 2 \* GB3 ② t adv. 意为“也”,通常用于肯定句,句末。
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ as well 意为“也”,通常用于肯定句,句末。
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ either adv. 意为“也”,通常用于否定句,句末。
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    副词,主要考察副词用法及副词词意辨析。
    ·副词词意辨析
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Clth shes became ppular during the Ming Dynasty, _____ in Sichuan prvince.
    A.hardlyB.nearlyC.reallyD.especially
    (2021·江西中考真题)Sue wrks _____, s she never seems t make mistakes.
    A.lateB.alneC.happilyD.carefully
    (2021·浙江温州市·中考真题)Susan went int her bedrm and ate chclate _____, nt letting her parents knw that.
    A.slwlyB.calmlyC.secretlyD.prperly
    (2021·安徽中考真题)The dancing teacher gives us instructins _____ until we are perfect in every mve.
    A.patientlyB.quicklyC.bravelyD.suddenly
    (2021·辽宁盘锦市·中考真题)When yu g abrad, ______ frget t bring yur passprt.
    A.alwaysB.hardlyC.neverD.smetimes
    (2021·广西中考真题)Mrs Smith always waits ______ fr students t ask questins after class.
    A.patientlyB.quicklyC.luckilyD.deeply
    (2021·广西贵港市·中考真题)- What time is it nw?
    - I can’t tell yu the time ______, but I knw it’s t late.
    A.exactlyB.suddenlyC.plitelyD.wisely
    (2021·山东滨州市·中考真题)- What’s the article abut, David?
    - It’s abut sme tricks n hw t save and spend mney ______.
    A.cheaplyB.kindlyC.wiselyD.cmfrtably
    (2021·山东临沂市·中考真题)Yu and I are lucky as we’ve ______ had t wrry abut finding clean water.
    A.ften B.usually C.never
    (2021·湖北襄阳市·中考真题)- Des yur sister spend her mney ______?
    - Yes, f curse. She knws what t buy and what nt t buy.
    A.quicklyB.wiselyC.badlyD.simply
    (2021·吉林中考真题)Kelly, dn’t g ut, please. It’s raining ______.
    A.slwly B.heavily C.luckily
    (2021·湖北十堰市·中考真题)- Yu are nt ______ dressed fr the weather.
    - But I feel cmfrtable.
    A.prperlyB.heavilyC.directlyD.hardly
    (2021·黑龙江鸡西市·中考真题)It is snwing ______. We can make a snwman tmrrw.
    A.heavily B.hardly C.strngly
    专题八·形容词&副词 等级比较
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    在英语中用三个等级,来表示事物的等级差别。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 原级比较(同级比较)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 比较级
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 最高级
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 构词(形容词变比较级和最高级)
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 规则变化:
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 形容词变比较级一般在词尾加-er,变最高级加-est
    例:hard-harder-hardest, great-greater- greatest
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 形容词以不发音-e结尾,变比较级加-r,变最高级加-st
    例:nice-nicer-nicest,wide-wider-widest
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 形容词以重读闭音节结尾,双写尾字母加-er,双写尾字母加-est
    例:大(big)胖(fat)瘦(thin)热(ht)湿(wet)伤心(sad)
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 在多音节形容词前,变比较级加mre,变最高级加mst
    例:difficult-mre difficult-mst difficult
    注:clever-cleverer/mre clever-cleverest/mst clever
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 不规则变化:
    ·gd/well - better -best(好)
    ·bad/badly/ill - wrse - wrst(坏)
    ·little - less - least(少)
    ·much/many - mre - mst(多)
    ·far - farther(具体)- farthest(具体)(远)
    far - further(抽象)- furthest(抽象)
    ·ld - lder(年龄大)- ldest(年龄大)(老)
    ·ld - elder(血缘关系)- eldest(血缘关系)
    注:副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本一致
    ★★易错点:开放类副词
    ·开放类副词即以-ly结尾的副词,一般在该词前加mre或mst
    例:quickly-mre quickly-mst quickly quietly-mre quietly-mst quietly
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 等级比较
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 原级用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 只能修饰原级的词:very、quite、s、t
    例:He is t tired t walk n.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 用原级的句式
    肯定句:“as + 形容词/副词原级 + as”表示“和…一样”
    否定句:“nt as/s + 形容词/副词原级 + as”表示“不如…”
    例:This tree is as tall as that ne. This tree isn’t as/s tall as that ne.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 倍数表达
    “A + 动词+ 倍数 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + B”
    例:Tm is as ld as Kate. Tm runs as fast as Mike.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 比较级用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 修饰比较级的词:much、a lt、far、a little、a bit、even等
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 形容词/副词比较级 + than……
    例:He is lder than me.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”“越…,越…”
    例:The mre,the better.
    ★★难点:
    ·“A + be + the + 形容词比较级 + f the tw + 名词”
    例:Lk at the tw bys. Tm is the taller f the tw.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 比较级 + and + 比较级”表示“越来越…”
    例:He is getting taller and taller.
    ★★考点:
    ·“特殊疑问词 + be +形容词比较级,A r B?”
    例:Which is bigger, the earth r the mn?
    ·“特殊疑问词 + 实意动词 + 副词比较级,A r B?”
    例:Wh draws better,Jenny r Danny?
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 最高级用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① the + 形容词/副词最高级 + f + 同类事物(副词最高级前the可省)
    例:Of all the subjects, I like English best.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② the + 形容词/副词最高级 + in +地域范围(副词最高级前the可省)
    例:Jack is the tallest student in the class.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 +(that)I have ever seen/knwn
    例:Yu are the tallest man I have ever knwn.
    ★★考点:
    ·“ne f + the + 最高级 + 名词复数 + 三单” 表示 “最…的…之一…”
    例:One f the tallest players in China is Li Ming.
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    ·等级比较
    (2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)- I think this bk is ______ than that ne.
    - Yu’re right. I prefer that ne.
    A.mre ppularB.mre usefulC.less interestingD.less bring
    (2021·广西柳州市·中考真题)Sam runs ______ f all the bys in his class.
    A.fast B.faster C.fastest
    (2021·辽宁朝阳市·中考真题)Jane has becme ______ than befre. She can express herself in public nw.
    A.much utgingB.mst utgingC.mre utgingD.less utging
    (2021·辽宁鞍山市·中考真题)- D yu want t buy the chair?
    - N. I want t buy a bigger ne because it may be much ______.
    A.quickerB.mre cmfrtableC.mre cmfrtablyD.mre quickly
    (2021·广西桂林市·中考真题)Guilin isn’t as ______ as Beijing.
    A.bigB.biggerC.biggest
    (2021·辽宁营口市·中考真题)Credit cards (信用卡) matter a lt ______ than befre. We usually pay with smart phnes nw.
    A.littleB.fewerC.lessD.mre
    (2021·四川广元市·中考真题)I think there’s n need t buy such an expensive cat fr a kid. I’d like a ______ ne.
    A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapestD.lwer
    (2021·广西梧州市·中考真题)Elsa has ______ rice than Daniel.
    A.fewB.fewerC.littleD.less
    (2021·辽宁大连市·)Nw peple can send messages with their vices. It is ______ than using a keybard.
    A.fastB.fasterC.fastestD.the fastest
    (2021·山东滨州市·中考真题)- What d yu think f this kind f clay art?
    - Great! I have never seen a ______ ne.
    A.beautifulB.mre beautifulC.much beautifulD.mst beautiful
    (2021·湖北黄石市·中考真题)Dr. Yuan Lngping had a dream that he culd develp rice as ______ as peanuts (花生).
    A.largeB.largestC.largerD.the largest
    (2021·湖南邵阳市·中考真题)- Our final examinatin is cming and we are s busy.
    - I agree. We have mre exercises t d and ______ time t rest nw.
    A.mre B.fewer C.less
    (2021·湖北黄冈市·中考真题)- Wh is the girl dancing n the stage?
    - Oh, she’s my friend Maria. She dances ______ than befre.
    A.wellB.much betterC.bestD.the best
    (2021·北京中考真题)The teacher is glad t see that Tny is ______ than befre.
    A.carefulB.mre carefulC.mst carefulD.the mst careful
    (2021·山东东营市·中考真题)Life isn't always perfect, but it's up t yu t make yur life ______.
    A.betterB.richerC.easierD.busier
    (2021·福建中考真题)Children usually play this kind f wrd game ______ than grwn-ups.
    A.well B.better C.best
    (2021·新疆中考真题)- D yu knw that Tm is ne f ______ students in his class?
    - Yes, I d. He’s as ______ as my brther.
    A.the tallest;tallerB.tallest;tallerC.the tallest;tallD.tallest;tall
    专题九·连词(Cnjunctin)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    连词是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何成分。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 并列连词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 表示并列关系 例:and、bth…and…等
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 表示转折关系 例:but、yet、while 等
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 表示选择关系 例:r、either…r…等
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 表示因果关系 例:fr、s 等
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 从属连词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 引导名词性从句
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 引导宾语从句
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 引导表语从句
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 引导主语从句
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 引导同位语从句
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导状语从句
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 引导时间状语从句 例:when、as、while、after、befre、as sn as 等
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 引导地点状语从句 例:where、wherever 等
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 引导原因状语从句 例:because、as 等
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 引导条件状语从句 例:if、unless、as lng as 等
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 引导目的状语从句 例:s that、in rder that 等
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 引导让步状语从句 例:althugh、thugh、as 等
    = 7 \* GB3 ⑦ 引导结果状语从句 例:s…that…、such…that…等
    = 8 \* GB3 ⑧ 引导比较状语从句 例:than、as 等
    = 9 \* GB3 ⑨ 引导方式状语从句 例:as、as if 等
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 并列连词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ and
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 当连接三个以上并列成分时,一般在最后两者间加and,其余逗号隔开。
    例:Slid, liquid and gas are the three states f matter.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② “动词 + and + 同一个动词”表示动作长时间地“继续”或“重复”
    例:We waited and waited.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ r
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示选择,意为“或、还是”
    例:Wuld yu like tea r cffee?
    = 2 \* GB3 ② (用于警告或忠告)意为“否则,不然”
    例:Hurry up, r yu’ll be late fr schl.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ but
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示转折,意为“但是”
    例:Jane said she was ill, but I saw her in the street just nw.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 此外,but还可用于“I’m srry but…”、“Excuse me, but…”句型
    例:I’m srry but I wn’t be able t cme tnight.
    注:althugh/thugh不能与but连用,但可以和yet连用。
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ s
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示因果,意为“所以”
    例:The shps were clsed, s I didn’t get any milk.
    注:在表示因果关系的连词中,特别需要注意because,虽然其表示因果关系,但不是并列连词,连接并列句,而是从属连词,引导原因状语从句。
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 从属连词
    从属连词运用于各种复合句中,在复合句的各个专题展开。
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    连词,主要考察连词词意辨析及复合句。(其中并列连词主要考察词意辨析,从属连词考察复合句运用)
    ·连词词意辨析
    (2021·青海中考真题)- Mm, can I have the pink skirt and the white shirt? I like them very much.
    - Sny, baby. They cst t much, but yu can chse ______ the skirt ______ the shirt.
    A.bth, andB.either, rC.neither, nr
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)We gt s wet. We had ______ umbrellas ______raincats with us!
    A.either; rB.bth; andC.neither; nrD.nt nly; but als
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Read the bk Cute Pets, ______ yu will knw hw t take care f yur cat.
    A.rB.sC.andD.but
    (2021·辽宁营口市·中考真题)He never smkes ______ drps litter in public.
    A.andB.rC.butD.s
    (2021·广西中考真题)The great scientist Yuan Lngping left us last mnth, ______ he will live in ur hearts fr ever.
    A.sB.butC.ifD.since
    (2021·湖南益阳市·中考真题)This dress is very beautiful, ______ it desn’t lk gd n me.
    A.fr B.s C.but
    (2021·广西贺州市·中考真题)______ Tm ______ Tim is ging with yu because ne f them must stay at hme.
    A.Either; rB.Neither; nrC.Bth; andD.Nt nly; but als
    专题十·动词(Verb)
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    表示动作或状态的词称为动词。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 按功能分: = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 系动词 = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 助动词 = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 情态动词 = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 实义动词
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 按成分分: = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 谓语动词 = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 非谓语动词
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 功能
    动词是构成英语句子的核心,是主语发出的动作或存在的状态,在句子中充当谓语,一般位于主语后。
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    按功能:
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 系动词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    系动词说明主语状态、性质或身份。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    系动词包括纯系动词和半系动词:
    纯系动词:be动词(am、is、are)
    半系动词:感官动词(lk、sund、smell、taste、feel) 变化类系动词(becme、get、turn、grw、g、cme、fall)
    保持类系动词(keep、remain、stay、lie、stand)
    其他系动词:(appear、seem)
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 句子结构
    主语 + 系动词 + 表语(主系表结构)
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 句式变化(含be动词)
    肯定句:主语 + be +其他
    否定句:主语 + be + nt + 其他
    一般疑问句:Be + 主语 + 其他 ?
    回答—肯定:Yes,主语 + be 否定:N,主语 + be + nt
    特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 助动词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    助动词帮助构成各种时态、语气、语态等的结构,一般没有具体含义。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    常见的助动词有be、d、des、did、have、has、will等。
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 情态动词用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    表示态度、能力、请求和推测含义的词。(情态动词后必须跟实意动词整体构成谓语,其不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化)
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    常见的情态动词有can(culd)、may(might)、must、shall(shuld)、need、dare等。
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① can和culd
    ·表示能力,意为“会”(此时can和culd时态不同,culd为过去式)
    例:Mary can speak English.
    ·表示请求或许可,意为“可以”(此时can和culd语气不同,culd更加委婉)
    例:Can/Culd yu tell me the way t the z?
    ·表示推测,意为“可能”(用于否定句或疑问句)
    例:Can this be true?This bk can’t be his.
    ★★can在对于不同时间状态下的推测:
    对现在或将来动作推测:can’t + d
    对现在进行的动作推测:can’t + be ding
    对过去动作推测:can’t have dne
    对过去进行动作推测:can’t have been ding
    = 2 \* GB3 ② may和might
    ·表示请求或许可,意为“可以”
    例:May I cme in?
    ·表示推测,意为“可能”(用于肯定句)
    例:He may be very busy nw.
    ★★may在对于不同时间状态下的推测:
    对现在或将来动作推测:may + d
    对现在进行的动作推测:may + be ding
    对过去动作推测:may have dne
    对过去进行动作推测:may have been ding
    ·表示祝愿,意为“祝”(用于祈使句)
    例:May yu succeed.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ must
    ·表示主观意愿,意为“必须”(have t表示客观条件,意为“不得不”)
    例:Yu must cme here in time.
    注:must提问时,否定用needn’t回答
    ·表示推测,意为“一定”
    例:Yu’re Tm’s gd friend, s yu must knw what he likes best.
    ★★must在对于不同时间状态下的推测:
    对现在或将来动作推测:must + d
    对现在进行的动作推测:must + be ding
    对过去动作推测:must have dne
    对过去进行动作推测:must have been ding
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 句式变化
    肯定句:主语 + 情态动词 + 动词原形 +其他
    否定句:主语 + 情态动词 + nt + 动词原形 + 其他
    一般疑问句:情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 ?
    回答—肯定:Yes,主语 + 情态动词
    否定:N,主语 + 情态动词 + nt
    特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 实意动词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    实义动词是表示具体动作的词。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 及物动词
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 不及物动词
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 句子结构
    ·主语 + 不及物动词(主谓结构)
    例:The bus stpped.
    ·主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语(主谓宾结构)
    例:He ften helps thers.
    ·主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语(主谓双宾结构)
    常跟t接双宾语的及物动词:
    常跟fr接双宾语的及物动词:
    ·主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(主谓宾宾补结构)
    常见的跟宾语补足语的及物动词:
    注:在主谓宾宾补句子结构中,使役动词用法:
    ·使役动词是表示“使、令、让”等意义的动词,如:let、make、have 等
    ·使役动词用于被动语态时,还原t
    例:I was made t laugh by him.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 句式变化
    肯定句:主语 + 实意动词 + 其他
    否定句:主语 + 助动词 + nt + 实意动词 + 其他
    一般疑问句:助动词 + 主语 + 其他?
    回答—肯定:Yes,主语 + 助动词
    否定:N,主语 + 助动词 + nt
    特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
    注:一般在句子中,be动词和实意动词不能同时存在,除进行时外
    按成分:
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 谓语动词
    谓语动词是句子成分的核心组成部分,涉及在不同时间下的不同形态,即多种时态变化和语态变化。(在时态及语态专题中展开)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 动词
    非谓语动词在句子中的运用灵活多变,涉及不同形式变化,属于重难点,初中阶段初步了解即可。
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    动词,主要考察动词用法及动词(词组)词义辨析。
    ·动词(词组)词义辨析
    (2021·青海中考真题)Mm is cking chicken sup, it _____ s gd.
    A.sundsB.tastesC.smells
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)The Internet is s clsely cnnected with ur daily life. Can yu _____a life withut it?
    A.imagineB.expectC.understand
    (2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)- Is anything wrth seeing in Xi’an?
    - Yes. Dn’t ________ the amazing Terractta Army.
    A.fferB.missC.share
    (2021·山西中考真题)- T _____ ur eyesight, we’d better relax fr a while after reading fr a lng time. - I agree with yu.
    A.harmB.prtectC.examine
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)The drama “Yuhuaya” _____ citizens in Nanjing with a chance t learn and listen t the Party’s histry.
    A.prvidedB.guardedC.cmparedD.prtected
    (2021·河北中考真题)The trip _____ really exciting t me. Hw I wish t g!
    A.sundsB.smellsC.tastesD.feels
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Alice ften _____ the fun f ding DIY with us. She is s creative!
    A.sharesB.prvidesC.makesD.gives
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- D yu have any new findings in the reprt?
    - Yes, we have ________ 10,000 peple, and 90% f them wuld like t buy ur new prducts.
    A.chsenB.surveyedC.examinedD.listed
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)The fficial newspaper _____ the news f Tiangng 1, fr it tk a big step frward int space.
    A.heardB.checkedC.believedD.celebrated
    (2021·江西中考真题)These beautiful animals are endangered. We must _____ them.
    A.saveB.shwC.stpD.catch
    (2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)- Hw did yu cme t Baying?
    - By high-speed rail. It _____ me nly 28 minutes t get here.
    A.spentB.paidC.lstD.tk
    (2021·辽宁中考真题)- Sam, let’s ______ these ld things. I dn’t need them anymre.
    - N. We can try t put them t gd use.
    A.pull dwnB.fix upC.hand utD.thrw away
    (2021·辽宁中考真题)Junir high schl days are ver and it’s hard t ______ ur dear teachers and friends.
    A.separate frmB.deal with
    C.believe inD.depend n
    (2021·湖北鄂州市·中考真题)- Why des Linda dislike me?
    - I dn’t knw. Yu’ll have t ______ the reasn yurself.
    A.g utB.bring utC.cme utD.find ut
    (2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)I’ll g t senir high schl sn. I can’t believe hw fast the time ______!
    A.went nB.went ffC.went byD.went ut
    (2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)If yu ______ his invitatin, he will be unhappy.
    A.cut dwnB.write dwnC.take dwnD.turn dwn
    (2021·广西玉林市·中考真题)- Why did he ______ yur invitatin that day?
    - Because he had an imprtant meeting.
    A.turn dwnB.put awayC.turn upD.cut dwn
    (2021·江苏常州市·中考真题)My cusin is creative enugh t ______ the new challenging task.
    A.take nB.take utC.put upD.put in
    ·动词用法
    (2021·湖南郴州市·中考真题)- Whse skirt is this?
    - It ______ be Carl’s. She is the nly girl in the team.
    A.might B.need C.must
    (2021·辽宁中考真题)Sit dwn, please. Yu ______ be tired after standing fr s lng.
    A.culdB.canC.mustD.might
    (2021·辽宁中考真题)Dn’t yu knw passengers ______ smke n high-speed trains?
    A.needn’tB.mustn’tC.wuldn’tD.culdn’t
    (2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)- Lk! There are s many peple in the restaurant.
    - Yes. The fd there ______ be delicius.
    A.shuldn’tB.can’tC.mustD.need
    (2021·江苏常州市·中考真题)- Culd yu play the pian at the age f five?
    - N, I ______. I started at six.
    A.can’tB.shuldn’tC.needn’tD.culdn’t
    专题十一·主谓一致
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 语法一致(主语单复数决定谓语动词单复数)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 意义一致(谓语动词单复数由主语的意义决定)
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 就近一致(谓语动词要和距离它近的主语在数上保持一致)
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 就远一致(谓语动词要和距离它远的主语在数上保持一致)
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 语法一致
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。
    例:The results f the research are t be published sn.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
    例:Nthing is impssible t a willing heart.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ “each f + 名词复数/them/us/yu”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
    例:Each f the students has an apple.
    注:若“we,yu,they或名词复数 + each”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
    例:The students each have an apple.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 代词all作主语,若指人,谓语动词用复数;若指物,谓语动词用单数。
    例:All are equal befre the law.
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。
    例:Having t change trains is a small incnvenience.
    = 6 \* GB2 ⑹ 表示时间、重量、距离、价格和体积等的名词复数作主语时,通常被当作整体看待,谓语动词用单数。
    例:Twenty years is a lng time in ne’s life.
    = 7 \* GB2 ⑺ “分数、百分数、half、the rest或mst f + 名词”作主语时,谓语动词需要与f后的名词保持数量一致。
    例:Abut ne third f the bks are wrth reading.
    = 8 \* GB2 ⑻ “a number f + 名词复数 + 谓语动词复数”表示“许多”,“a number f + 名词复数 + 谓语动词单数”表示“…的数量”。
    例:A number f students are frm the suth.
    The number f students frm the nrth is small.
    = 9 \* GB2 ⑼ “a quantity f + 名词复数/不可数名词”,谓语动词用单数;“quantities f + 名词复数/不可数名词”,谓语动词用复数。
    例:A large quantity f bks is n sale nw.
    注:在以上结构中,谓语动词单复数取决于quantity单复数。
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 意义一致
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 集合名词class、family等作主语时,谓语动词根据其所指的意义决定。
    例:The whle class are ding experiments.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ “the + adj”和“the + 姓氏复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
    例:The Greens are ging t Lndn.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 如maths、physics、plitics等学科类以-s结尾却表示单数概念,news等以-s结尾却表示不可数概念的词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
    例:Bad news has wings.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ sheep、deer、fish、Chinese、Japanese、means等单复同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词的数与其实际表示的意义保持一致。
    例:Three sheep are eating grass there.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 就近一致
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ r、either…r…、neither…nr…、nt nly…but als…、nt…but…连接并列主语,或在there be句型中,谓语动词与距离近的主语一致。
    例:Neither yu nr I am wrng.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 就远一致
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 在含“名词/代词 + with、alng with、tgether with、as well as、except、but”等结构的句子中,谓语动词与距离远的主语一致。
    例:Tm as well as tw f his friends was invited t the party.
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    (2021·四川遂宁市·中考真题)The number f the whales ______ smaller and smaller because f human activities nw.
    A.wereB.wasC.isD.are
    (2021·广西柳州市·中考真题)There ______ a TV set in the rm.
    A.be B.is C.are
    (2021·广西柳州市·中考真题)He______ like his brther.
    A.lk B.lks C.lking
    (2021·贵州贵阳市·中考真题)Vlunteering ur time t help peple ______ a gd way t learn new things.
    A.am B.is C.are
    (2021·四川广元市·中考真题)I plan t travel t America next mnth, and I think 2000 dllars ______ enugh.
    A.was B.are C.is D.were
    专题十二·时态
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    在不同时间下,主语所存在的状态或发出的动作。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 现在进行时
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 一般现在时
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 一般将来时
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 一般过去时
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 过去进行时
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 现在完成时
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 过去完成时
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 现在进行时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    现在正在进行的动作;一段时间内,持续进行的动作。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 变化规则
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表现在:nw、at the mment、at present
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 表动作:lk、listen、祈使句
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 其他:It’s + 时间、where提问、these days
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 现在进行时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情。
    例:Nw I am planning ur schedule fr the trip.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 有些位移动词g、arrive、leave、cme等,用现在进行时形式,表示将来。
    例:The bus is cming.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 与always、cnstantly、cntinually、frever等连用表示赞赏、厌恶等情绪。
    例:Maria is always thinking f thers instead f herself.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 某些动词不能用于进行时
    ·表示感官的动词 例:seem、taste、lk、smell、appear 等
    ·表示情感的动词 例:like、lve、hate、want、wish 等
    ·表示状态的动词 例:have、belng t、pssess 等
    ·表示心理的动词 例:believe、dubt、knw、frget 等
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 一般现在时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    表示现在经常性、习惯性动作或状态。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 变化规则
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① every系列:every day、every week、every mnth、every mrning 等
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 频率副词:always、ften、usually、smetimes、seldm、never 等
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ n + 星期s:n Mndays
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 一般现在时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示现在经常性、习惯性动作或状态。
    例:We have meals three times a day.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。
    例:The sun rises in the east.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 在时间状语、条件状语、让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时形式,表示将来。(主将从现)
    例:If it rains tmrrw, the sprts meeting will be put ff.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 一般将来时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    将来某一时刻将要进行的动作或状态。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① next系列:next week、next mnth、next year 等
    = 2 \* GB3 ② tmrrw系列:tmrrw mrning、the day after tmrrw 等
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 其他:in + 时间段、in the future、sn、this afternn/weekend 等
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 一般将来时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① will + 动词原形
    ·表示将来的习惯性动作或状态。
    例:Spring will cme again.
    ·表示将来发生的一次性动作。
    例:If yu dn’t hurry, yu will miss the train.
    ·表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。
    例:Fish will die withut water.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② be ging t + 动词原形
    ·用于口语中,表示“计划,打算要做某事”。
    例:He is ging t speak n TV this evening.
    ·表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
    例:Lk at the dark cluds. It is ging t rain.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ be abut t + 动词原形
    ·表示“立即的将来”,不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用。
    例:The train is abut t cme.
    ·用于举行“be abut t d…when”意为“正要做某事…突然…”
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ be t + 动词原形
    ·表示“按计划或安排要做的事”
    例:When are yu t leave fr hme ?
    ·表示要求做某事,意为“应该”相当于shuld或ught t。
    例:Yu are t reprt it t the plice.
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 其他表示将来含义用法
    ·有些动词,如cme、g、arrive、leave、begin、start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。
    例:I’m leaving fr Beijing next mnth.
    ·某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事,这种用法多用于条件状语从句、时间状语从句中。
    例:I will miss her when she leaves.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 一般过去时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    过去某个时刻做过的动作或存在的状态。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 变化规则
    注:以元音字母加-y结尾的动词,规则变化是直接加-ed,如 play-played;不规则变化是变-y为-id,如 pay-paid、say-said
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① last系列:last week、last mnth、last year 等
    = 2 \* GB3 ② ag系列:three days ag、five years ag 等
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ yesterday系列:yesterday mrning、the day befre yesterday 等
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 其他:the ther day、just nw、in + 过去年份、in the past 等
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 一般过去时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示过去一次性或习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。
    例:We ften played basketball tgether.
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 过去进行时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    过去某个时刻正在进行的动作;过去某一时间段,持续的动作。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① at + 时刻 + 过去时间
    = 2 \* GB3 ② frm…t… + 过去时间
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ at that time/ mment、when + 句子、the whle mrning、all day
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 过去进行时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作。
    例:The last time I saw Jane, she was picking cttn in the fields.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。
    例:We were watching TV frm seven t nine last night.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 有些动词g、cme、stay、leave等,过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
    例:She asked him whether he was cming back fr supper.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 表示过去反复性或习惯性的动作,长于always、frequently、cnstantly、cntinually等连用,常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩。
    例:His mther was always wrking like that.
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 现在完成时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    过去完成的动作对现在造成的影响。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① lately、recently、in the past + 时间
    = 2 \* GB3 ② up t nw、up till nw、s far
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ since + 时间点、fr + 时间段
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ already、just、yet、ever、befre 等
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 现在完成时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(甚至到将来)。
    例:He has written 8 bks s far.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。
    例:The cncert has already started.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 在“最高级 + 名词”或“It/ This is + the + 序数词 + time”之后的从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。
    例:This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ “has/have gne t”意为“去了”;“has/have been t”意为“去过”。
    注:在完成时中,瞬间动词不可以接表示一段时间的状语。
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 过去完成时
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作。(过去的过去)
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 时间状语
    = 1 \* GB3 ① befre、after
    = 2 \* GB3 ② by the end f + 过去时间
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 过去完成时用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 表示从过去某一时间开始,延续到过去某一时间的动作。(过去的过去)
    例:By then he had learned English fr 3 years.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 在“That/ It/ This was the first/secnd/… time + tha 从句”句型中,that从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时。
    例:It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 在“hardly/scarcely/Barely…when”和“n sner…than…”句型中,when和than从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时。若hardly/n sner等位于句首,要倒装,意为“一…就…”
    例:N sner/ Hardly had I gt hme than/ when the rain pured dwn.
    = 5 \* ROMAN V 题型
    (2021·青海中考真题)Mm is cking chicken sup, it _____ s gd.
    A.sundsB.tastesC.smells
    (2021·青海中考真题)- Tm _____ every day.
    - Really? But why is he s weak nw?
    A.used t exerciseB.is used t exercisingC.used t stay up late
    (2021·青海中考真题)- I lst my cellphne in the shpping mall yesterday.
    - Why nt g t the Lst and Fund? They _____ ne.
    A.fundB.have fundC.had fund
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)Lk! Many peple _____ in the park.
    A.danceB.are dancingC.were dancing
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)As is knwn t all, the 2022 Winter Olympics _____ in China.
    A.is heldB.will hldC.will be held
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)- Treasure Island is exciting.
    - I agree with yu. I _____ it twice.
    A.have readB.had readC.read
    (2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题)Thanks t the use f 5G technlgy, ways f cmmunicatin _____ a lt.
    A.imprvesB.has imprvedC.have imprved
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)- Have yu tasted zngzi, a kind f traditinal Chinese rice dumplings? - Sure. It’s said that a lt f zngzi _____ at the fd factry twenty days ag.
    A.are madeB.were madeC.made
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)- There _____ a basketball game against Class Tw this Sunday.- I see. I will cme and cheer yu n.
    A.will haveB.is ging t beC.is ging t have
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)- Culd yu tell me _____?
    - The day after tmrrw.
    A.when we had the schl leavers’ party
    B.when did we have the schl leavers’ party
    C. .when will we have the schl leavers' party
    D. when we will have the schl leavers’ party
    (2021·山西中考真题)- China has made a cmplete victry in its fight against pverty (贫困).- As Chinese, we ________ ur cuntry.
    A.are prud fB.are friendly tC.are interested in
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)I saw Julia in April and I _____ her since then.
    A.dn’t seeB.didn’t seeC.wn’t seeD.haven’t seen
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)- D yu knw _____, Alfred?
    - At 2:00 tmrrw afternn.
    A.when the end-f-term cncert beganB.when did the end-f-term cncert begin
    C.when the end-f-term cncert will beginD.when will the end-f-term cncert begin
    (2021·河北中考真题)I saw Bb in the garden. He _____ flwers there.
    A.watersB.has wateredC.is wateringD.was watering
    (2021·河北中考真题)Yu can brrw this film—surely yu _____ watching it.
    A.enjyB.enjyedC.will enjyD.have enjyed
    (2021·河北中考真题)The trip _____ really exciting t me. Hw I wish t g!
    A.sundsB.smellsC.tastesD.feels
    (2021·河北中考真题)These gifts _____ by children in their last summer hlidays.
    A.madeB.were madeC.makeD.are made
    (2021·河北中考真题)William _____ six bks, and all f them are bestsellers.
    A.will writeB.is writingC.has writtenD.was writing
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)During Dr Mar’s last visit, he _____ n 150 patients n the ORBIS plane.
    A.peratesB.is peratingC.will perateD.perated
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Alice ften _____ the fun f ding DIY with us. She is s creative!
    A.sharesB.prvidesC.makesD.gives
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Rainbws _____ when sunlight passes thrugh small drps f water in the sky.
    A.prduceB.prducedC.are prducedD.were prduced
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)The blender_____ fr making a banana milk shake just nw.
    A.will be usedB.was usedC.is used
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- We _____ very simply and d nt spend much mney n fd. - That’s why yu’re called the Greens.
    A.eatB.ateC.will eatD.had eaten
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- What gd bks did yu read recently?
    - I _____ Tales f China since last year, and nw the third time.
    A.readB.am readingC.have readD.will read
    专题十三·语态
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 主动语态(主语为动作发出者)
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 被动语态(主语为动作承受者)
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 主动语态
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 被动语态
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 结构
    各时态被动语态结构:
    现在进行时:主语 + am/is/are + being dne + 其他
    一般现在时:主语 + am/is/are + dne + 其他
    一般将来时:主语 + will/shall + be dne + 其他
    一般过去时:主语 + was/were + dne + 其他
    过去进行时:主语 + was/were + being dne + 其他
    现在完成时:主语 + has/have + been dne + 其他
    过去完成时:主语 + had + been dne + 其他
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 被动语态用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者。
    例:A meeting will be held in the ffice at 8 tmrrw.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 强调或突出动作的承受者。
    例:The wman was taken t hspital.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
    例:The idea was supprted by thse wh wished t make much mney.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 主动形式表被动意义
    ·“系动词lk、sund、feel、smell、taste等 + 形容词”构词系表结构。
    例:The steel feels cld.
    ·某些与can’t,wn’t等连用的不及物动词,如pen、shut、mve等。
    例:The dr wn’t shut.
    ·某些可和well,easily等副词连用的表示主语内在品质或性能的不及物动词,如read,write,draw,wash。clean,ck,sell等。
    例:Nyln cleans easily.
    ·take place、belng t、need、be wrth、want、require、deserve等
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    (2021·青海中考真题)- Students begin t pay mre attentin t subjects f art educatin.
    - That’s true. They _____ in senir high schl entrance examinatin.
    A.are testedB.were testedC.will be tested
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)As is knwn t all, the 2022 Winter Olympics _____ in China.
    A.is heldB.will hldC.will be held
    (2021·湖南怀化市·中考真题)In the big earthquake f Gansu, peple _____ t the safe places by the army.
    A.takeB.tkC.were taken
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)- Have yu tasted zngzi, a kind f traditinal Chinese rice dumplings? - Sure. It’s said that a lt f zngzi _________ at the fd factry twenty days ag.
    A.are madeB.were madeC.made
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)- There _____ a basketball game against Class Tw this Sunday. - I see. I will cme and cheer yu n.
    A.will haveB.is ging t beC.is ging t have
    (2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)- D yu think it necessary fr teenagers t learn cking at hme? - Sure. Cking is _____ an imprtant part f educatin in China.
    A.prepared frB.regarded asC.cmpared with
    (2021·河北中考真题)These gifts _____ by children in their last summer hlidays.
    A.madeB.were madeC.makeD.are made
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)The blender_____ fr making a banana milk shake just nw.
    A.will be usedB.was usedC.is used
    (2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- Did yu ntice the students _____ a few why questins in Mr. Zhang’s class? - Yes, I think he wanted t train their abilities f deep thinking.
    A.are askedB.must be askedC.have been askedD.were asked
    (2021·天津中考真题)The Mnkey King is a traditinal Chinese cartn her. Tday, he _____ by peple f all ages.
    A.will lveB.was lvedC.is lvedD.will be lved
    (2021·江苏苏州市·中考真题)Nw teenagers _____ t d vluntary wrk fr their lcal cmmdities.
    A.are encuragedB.were encuragedC.have encuragedD.are encuraging
    (2021·江西中考真题)The man did a great jb in fighting COVID-19. He _____ n TV and becmes very knwn.
    A.interviewedB.has interviewed
    C.was interviewedD.will be interviewed
    (2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)- D we have t read anything next week, Mr Wu?
    - Sure, Yu _____ t read Black Beauty frm pages 58 t 85.
    A.were expectedB.will expectC.are expectingD.are expected
    (2021·云南中考真题)- Did yu have a welcme party fr Laura last night?
    - N, we didn’t. It was _____ because Laura was in hspital.
    A.put ffB.taken ffC.cut ffD.turned ff
    (2021·四川成都市·中考真题)The Party’s 100th birthday _____ n July 1st this year in ur cuntry.
    A.will be celebratedB.has been celebratedC.will celebrate
    (2021·重庆中考真题)A lt f trees _____ in ur city in spring every year.
    A.are plantedB.were plantedC.plantD.planted
    (2021·四川泸州市·中考真题)“I’m still wrking because I’m still capable and hpe t guide mre yung peple,” said Wu Mengcha when he _____.
    A.is interviewedB.is interviewingC.was interviewedD.was interviewing
    (2021·四川遂宁市·中考真题)T celebrate the 100th birthday f the Cmmunist Party f China, a speech cmpetitin _____ in ur schl last week.
    A.hldB.heldC.is heldD.was held
    专题十四·句子
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    句子是构词篇章的基本单位,是通过语法结构组成的能完整表达的语言单位。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 成分
    宾补
    定语
    同位语
    例:
    谓语
    地点状语
    宾语
    主语
    My friend, Tm, fund his mney missing n the way hme
    表语
    时间状语
    yesterday. He was wrried.
    主语:即句子的主体,是句子要说明的人或事物。
    谓语:表示主语的动作或状态。
    例:He ften reads newspapers.
    表语:即谓语系动词后,表示主语的特征、类属、身份或状态。
    宾语:表示动作的对象或行为承受者。
    宾语补足语:即位于宾语之后,表示对宾语补充说明。
    定语:修饰或限定名词或代词。
    状语:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子。
    同位语:对其前面的名词做进一步解释说明。
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 结构
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 按句子用途分:
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 陈述句(陈述事实、表达看法等)
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 肯定句
    例:Time cured him f his grief.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 否定句
    例:Our taxi cmpany desn’t permit smking in the taxi.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 疑问句(提出问题、询问情况等)
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般疑问句
    例:Have yu ever been t Japan?
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 特殊疑问句
    例:Where are yu ging?
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 选择疑问句
    例:Which d yu want, apples r bananas?
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 反意疑问句
    例:He is a teacher, isn’t he?
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 祈使句(提出命令、要求等)
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 肯定祈使句
    例:Cme in and take a seat.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 否定祈使句
    例:Dn’t be afraid t ask fr help when yu need it.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 感叹句(表达赞美、惊讶等情绪)
    例:Hw well he plays the vilin.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 按句子结构分:
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 简单句
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 主语 + 谓语(不及物动词)
    例:He cried.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
    例:The trees turn green in spring.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
    例:We lve ur great mtherland.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
    例:I give him a piece f paper.
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
    例:I saw her singing happily in the classrm yesterday.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 并列句
    句子 + 并列连词 + 句子
    例:She likes singing, but her brther likes drawing.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 复合句
    主句 + 从属连词 + 句子
    例:D yu knw what I mean?
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 陈述句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 肯定句
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 否定句
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 疑问句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 一般疑问句
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般用yes或n回答的疑问句
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 用yes或n以外的词回答,如:certainly(nt)、surly、f curse(nt)等
    例:- Wuld yu mind me jining yur talk?- Of curse nt.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 特殊疑问句
    结构:特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 选择疑问句
    结构:一般疑问句 + r + 其他
    注:选择疑问句区别于一般疑问句,不用yes或n回答,选择其一回答或可用不定代词回答。
    例:- D yu g t wrk by bus r by car?- By car.(二选一)
    - D yu like cffee r tea?- Neither.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 选择疑问句
    原则:前肯后否,前否后肯;实事求是,前后一致
    例:He is a teacher, isn’t he?
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 祈使句
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 肯定祈使句
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 否定祈使句
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 感叹句
    注:去主谓,往前看,有名what,无名hw(选择what或hw)
    一断,二加,三换位(句型变化)
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 特殊句式(there be)
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 定义
    表达“某处/某时存在某人/某物”。
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 结构
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 用法
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 就近原则
    例:There is sme juice and sme cakes n the table.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 衍生结构
    = 1 \* GB3 ① There be + 名词 + ding(与名词形成主动关系)
    例:There must be smething blcking the pipe.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② There be + 名词 + dne(与名词形成被动关系)
    例:There’s nly fur days left.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ There be + 名词 + t d(未发生,表将要做…)
    例:There is still a lt f wrk fr me t d.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 固定句型
    = 1 \* GB3 ① There is n pint/sense (in) ding sth “做某事没意义”
    例:There is n pint/sense arguing further.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② There is n dubt that… “毫无疑问…”
    例:There is n dubt that the new technlgy is changing the way we wrk.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ There is n need t d sth “没必要做某事“
    例;There is n need t get up early tmrrw.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ there be 和 have
    = 1 \* GB3 ① there be与have都可表示“有”,但在意义上,have表示所有关系,即“拥有”,there be则表示“客观存在”。
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 当have表示事物特征时,可与there be互换。
    例:There are thirty-six classes in ur schl.
    Our schl has thirty-six classes.
    专题十五·宾语从句
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    在复合句中,句子作动词或介词宾语,称之为宾语从句。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 动宾从句
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 介宾从句
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 形宾从句
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 结构
    动宾从句结构:
    介宾从句结构
    形宾从句结构
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 宾语从句引导词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ that引导的宾语从句(引导陈述句)
    例:D yu knw (that) he has jined the army ?
    He has made it clear that he will nt give in.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ whether/ if引导的宾语从句(引导一般疑问句)
    例:I dn’t knw whether/ if yu are right.
    宾语从句中if/ whether通常可互换,除以下情况:
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 只能用whether,不能用if
    ·与r nt直接连用时
    例:I dn’t care whether r nt he cmes.
    ·为了强调宾语从句,将宾语从句提前时
    例:Whether he will cme I am nt sure.
    ·后加不定式时
    例:I dn’t knw whether t g there.
    ·作介词宾语时
    例:It depends n whether yu can d the wrk well.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ wh,where,why等引导的宾语从句(引导特殊疑问句)
    例:I can’t imagine hw he did it.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 宾语从句语序
    宾语从句使用陈述语序。
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 宾语从句时态
    主现从随便,主过从必过,客观真理永一现。
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 主现从随便,即主句一般现在时,宾语从句可根据实际情况用任何时态。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 主过从必过,即主句一般过去时,宾语从句可根据实际用相应的过去时态。
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 客观真理永一现,即宾语从句所述为客观真理,用一般现在时。
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 直接引语&间接引语
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 人称变化(一随主,二随宾,三不变)
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一随主
    例:She said t me, “ I like tennis.”
    She said t me that she liked tennis.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 二随宾
    例:He asked Lily, “ Must yu get up early ?”
    He asked Lily if she must get up early.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 三不变
    例:She asks me, “ What d they want ?”
    She asks me what they want.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 时态变化
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般现在时 → 一般过去时
    例:Tm said, “ I usually get up at six.”
    Tm said that he usually gt up at six.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 一般过去时 → 过去完成时
    例:Mike tld me, “ I walked t schl.”
    Mike tld me that he had walked t schl.
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 一般将来时 → 过去将来时
    例:she said, “ I will see yu at the same place tmrrw.”
    She said that she wuld see me at the same place the next day.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 现在进行时 → 过去进行时
    例:Nina tld me, “ Linda is watching TV at hme.”
    Nina tld me that Linda was watching TV at hme.
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 现在完成时 → 过去完成时
    例:Betty said, “ I have wrked in this factry fr 5 years.”
    Betty said that she had wrked in that factry fr 5 years.”
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 过去完成时 → 过去完成时
    例:Bb tld me, “ I had lived here fr years befre he mved ut.
    Bb tld me that he had lived there fr years befre he mved ut.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 其他变化
    = 1 \* GB3 ① this→that these→thse
    = 2 \* GB3 ② nw→then tday→that day
    this mrning /week/ mnth→that mrning/ week/ mnt
    yesterday→the day befre tmrrw→the next/ fllwing day
    three days/ mnths/ years ag→three days/ mnths/ years befre
    last week/ mnth/ year→the week/ mnth/ year befre
    next week/ mnth/ year→the next week/ mnth/ year
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ here→there
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ cme→g bring→take
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    (2021·青海中考真题)- Wuld yu like t talk abut _____ in the summer hliday?
    - I’m ging t be a vlunteer in ur neighbrhd.
    A.hw yu will dB.what yu will dC.where yu will g
    (2021·湖南湘潭市·中考真题)- Hi, Jeff. Culd yu please tell me _____ n Dragn Bat Festival? - I ate zngzi and watched the bat races.
    A.what did yu dB.what d yu dC.what yu did
    (2021·湖南怀化市·中考真题)- Culd yu tell me _____? - Sure, I’d lve t.
    hw can I take a taxi thrugh “Didi”
    hw I can take a taxi thrugh “Didi”
    C.why I can take a taxi thrugh “Didi”
    (2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)- Did yu ntice _____ in his ffice?
    - Yes, he was ging ver ur hmewrk.
    A.hw Mr. Li was dingB.what is Mr. Li dingC.what Mr. Li was ding
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)- Culd yu tell me _____? - The day after tmrrw.
    when we had the schl leavers’ party
    B.when did we have the schl leavers’ party
    when will we have the schl leavers' party
    D.when we will have the schl leavers’ party
    (2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)- Culd yu please shw me _____?
    - Sure. First f all yu’d better make sure yu’ve gt everything yu need.
    A.hw can I make a Chinese lantern
    B.hw I can make a Chinese lantern
    C.hw culd I make a Chinese lantern
    (2021·山西中考真题)- China’s wmen’s sccer team beat Team Suth Krea n April 13th. I wnder _____. - They never gave up and fught the last minute in the game.
    A.hw they wn the game
    B.why they played the game
    C.where they played the game
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)- D yu knw _____, Alfred?
    - At 2:00 tmrrw afternn.
    when the end-f-term cncert began
    B.when did the end-f-term cncert begin
    when the end-f-term cncert will begin
    D.when will the end-f-term cncert begin
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)- Jim is planning a trip t Shanghai this weekend, but still desn’t decide_____. - Why nt take the high-speed railway? It’s fast and cmfrtable.
    A.wh will he visitB.what he will d
    C.hw he’s ging thereD.whm is he ging with
    11.(2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)- What did Daniel say t yu? - He asked me _____.
    A. hw did I get t Hubei Museum
    B.why I liked ht-dry ndles s much
    C.hw many bridges are there in Wuhan
    D.what will I study in Wuhan University
    12.(2021·天津中考真题)- Culd yu tell me _____ “the Father f Rice”?
    - Because he helped many cuntries grw mre rice.
    when was Yuan Lngping called
    B.why is Yuan Lngping called
    C.when Yuan Lngping was called
    D.why Yuan Lngping is called
    13.(2021·江苏苏州市·中考真题)- Amy, I wnder _____ in the street when I cme t pick yu up.
    - Well, there’s a big tree by the frnt gate and it’s cvered in lvely white flwers at the mment.
    hw will I find yur huse
    B.hw I will find yur huse
    C.when I will find yur huse
    D.when will I find yur huse
    14.(2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)- By the way, culd yu tell us _____?
    - Frm the Internet.
    A.why are yu interested in ur cmpany
    B.why yu are interested in ur cmpany
    C.where did yu hear abut ur cmpany
    D.where yu heard abut ur cmpany
    专题十六·定语从句
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    在复合句中,句子作定语修饰名词或代词,称之为定语从句。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 限制性定语从句
    限制性定语从句对先行词修饰限制
    例:He has tw sns wh wrk in the same cmpany.
    他有两个在同一家公司工作的儿子。
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 非限制性定语从句
    非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用,先行词往往与定语从句逗号隔开
    例:He has tw sns, wh wrk in the same cmpany.
    他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。
    = 3 \* ROMAN III. 结构
    定语从句
    主句 + 关系词(关系代词/副词)+ 从句
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 关系代词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 关系代词wh
    wh可用于限制性或非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,在从句中作主语、宾语,在限制性定语从句中可用that替。
    例:She is the girl. The girl lives next dr.
    → She is the girl wh/ that lives next dr.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 关系代词whm
    whm可用于限制性或非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,在句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可用wh或that替。若有介词提到关系代词前,则只能用whm。
    例:That is the girl. I teach the girl.
    → That is the girl wh/ whm/ that I teach.
    He is the man. I wrk with the man.
    → He is the man wh/ whm/ that I wrk with./ He is the man with whm I wrk.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 关系代词which
    which可用于限制性或非限制性定语从句,先行词指物,在句中作主语、宾语,在限制性定语从句中可用that替,若有介词提到关系代词前,则只能用which。
    例:This is the bk. I want t read the bk.
    → This is the bk that/ which I want t read.
    This is the huse. I live in the huse.
    → This is the huse which/ that I live in./ This is the huse in which I live.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 关系代词that
    that只用于限制性定语从句,先行词指人或物,在剧中作主语、宾语或表语,指人时通常可用wh,whm替,指物时可用which替,若介词提前,不用that。
    例:She is the girl. The girl likes sprts.
    → She is the girl wh/that likes sprts.
    That is the place. All f us are eager t visit the place.
    → That is the place which/that all f us are eager t visit.
    = 5 \* GB2 ⑸ 关系代词whse
    whse可用于限制性或非限制性定语从句,先行词指人或物,在句中作定语,相当于f whm或f which。
    例:This is the scientist. The scientist’s achievements are well knwn.
    → This is the scientist whse achievements are well knwn.
    This is the huse. The windw f the huse was brken last night.
    → This is the huse whse windw was brken last night.
    = 6 \* GB2 ⑹ 关系代词as
    as用于限制性定语从句中,先行词指人或物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。常用于“such + 名词 + as…”或“the same + 名词 + as…”中。
    例:I have the same bk as he has.
    as用于非限制性定语从句中,指代整个主句的内容,意为“正如……”。
    例:As is knwn t us all, China is in the east f Asia.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 关系副词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 关系副词when
    when指时间,在句中作时间状语,相当于“in/at/n/during 等 + which”。
    例:I still remember the day. I first came t Beijing n the day.
    → I still remember the day when (n which) I first came t Beijing.
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 关系副词where
    where指地点,在句中作地点状语,相当于“in/at/n/under 等 + which”。
    例:Can yu tell me the ffice ? He wrks in the ffice.
    → Can yu tell me the ffice where (in which) he wrks.
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 关系副词why
    why指原因,在句中作原因状语,相当于“fr + which”。
    例:D yu knw the reasn ? He is absent fr the reasn.
    → D yu knw the reasn why (fr which) he is absent.
    = 4 \* GB2 ⑷ 特殊用法
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 关系代词只用that不用which
    ·当先行词是不定代词时
    例:D yu have anything that yu want t say fr yurself ?
    ·当先行词前有the nly、the very等修饰时
    例:This is the very bus that I’m waiting fr.
    ·当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时
    例:This is the best way that has been used against pllutin.
    ·当先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词修饰时
    例:He was the secnd persn that tld me the secret.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 关系代词只用which不用that
    ·在非限制性定语从句中
    例:The sprts meeting was put ff, which surprised me.
    ·在定语从句中,介词提前到关系词前时
    例:This is the pen fr which I’m lking.
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 题型
    (2021·湖北鄂州市·中考真题)- Yuan Lngping is a her ______ is knwn fr develping hybrid rice(杂交水稻). - Yes. He is a great man.
    A.whichB.whmC.whatD.that
    (2021·辽宁营口市·中考真题)I’ll never frget the place ______ we visited tgether last year.
    A.whichB.whatC.whD.whm
    (2021·贵州贵阳市·中考真题)Abing’s Erquan Yingyue is a piece f music _____ has becme ne f China’s natinal treasures.
    A.whB.whichC.whse
    (2021·黑龙江大庆市·中考真题)I’d like t express my thanks t everyne ______ served the cmmunity.
    A.whichB.whC.whereD.when
    (2021·山东滨州市·中考真题)In my pinin, f all the bks, this is the nly ne ______ is well wrth reading.
    A.whB.thatC.whmD.what
    (2021·湖北黄冈市·中考真题)- What can we d fr the left-hme children in the village ______ need help? - We culd help them with their study nline n weekends.
    A.whichB.whmC.whseD.wh
    (2021·贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州·中考真题)On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech ______ President Xi Jinping made encuraged us Chinese t wrk harder fr ur mtherland.
    A.whB.whseC.whichD.what
    (2021·贵州铜仁市·中考真题)- D yu knw the by ______ hand writing wn the first in the cmpetitin? - Oh, he is Wang Wei, ur mnitr.
    A.whB.whseC.whmD.which
    (2021·黑龙江绥化市·中考真题)I like smart clthes ______ are made f silk.
    A.whB.whichC.what
    (2021·福建中考真题)We all miss Wu Mengcha ______ saved thusands f lives in his medical wrk.
    A.whichB.whatC.wh
    (2021·湖北十堰市·)This is the first birthday gift ______ I received. I’ve kept it many years.
    A.whichB.thatC.whD.what
    专题十七·状语从句
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    在复合句中,句子作状语用以修饰名词以外的其他成分,称为状语从句。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 时间状语从句
    例:When I was wandering in the street, I met her.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 条件状语从句
    例:As lng as yu dn’t lse heart, yu will succeed.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 目的状语从句
    例:I’ll speak slwly s that yu can understand me.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 结果状语从句
    例:It is such fine weather that we all believe in him.
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 原因状语从句
    例:He was happy, because he wn the game finally.
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 让步状语从句
    例:He is unhappy, althugh he has a lt f mney.
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 方式状语从句
    例:D as yu are tld, r yu’ll be fired.
    = 8 \* alphabetic h. 地点状语从句
    例:Where there is a will, there is a way.
    = 9 \* alphabetic i. 比较状语从句
    例:She is as bad-tempered as her mther is.
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 结构
    状语从句
    主句 + 状语从句引导词 + 句子(状语从句可位于主句前,一般逗号隔开)
    = 4 \* ROMAN IV 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 时间状语从句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    在复合句中,充当时间状语的句子,称为时间状语从句。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导词
    = 1 \* GB3 ①“当…时候”
    注:如果主句表示的式短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内一直进行的动作,此时when/while/as可互换。
    例:When/While/As I was walking dwn the street, I came acrss an ld friend.
    = 2 \* GB3 ②“一…就…”
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ “直到”
    = 4 \* GB3 ④“在…之前/之后”
    ·befre“在…之前”
    例:We have sailed fur days befre we saw land.
    ·after“在…之后”
    例:He changed his idea after he thught it ver.
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤“自从”
    ·since“自从”
    例:I have written hme fur times since I came here.
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 其他
    ·every time,each time等名词短语引导时间状语从句。
    例:Every time I was in truble, he wuld help me.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 条件状语从句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    在复合句中,充当条件状语的句子,称为条件状语从句。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 一般引导词
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 其他引导词
    ·in case“如果,假使”
    例:In case there is a fire, what will we d first?
    ·suppse/ suppsing(that)“假设,如果”
    例:Suppse/ Suppsing (that) they refuse us, wh else can we turn t fr help?
    ·n cnditin that“条件是…”
    例:I will lend yu the bk n cnditin that yu return it befre Mnday.
    ·prvided/ prviding(that)“如果”
    例:We’ll buy everything yu prduce, prvided f curse the price is right.
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 目的状语从句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    在复合句中,充当目的状语的句子,称为目的状语从句。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导词
    = 1 \* GB3 ① “为了,以便”
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 其他引导词
    ·fr fear that“唯恐, 以免(发生危险)”
    例:Mary didn’t want t get ut f bed fr fear that she might wake her baby up.
    ·in case“以防”
    例:Take yur raincat in case it rains.
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 结果状语从句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    在复合句中,充当结果状语的句子,称为结果状语从句。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导词
    注:
    结构:s + 形容词/副词 + that从句
    s + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + that从句
    s + many/much/few/little + 名词 + that从句
    such + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + that从句
    such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数/不可数名词 + that从句
    such + a lt f/lts f + 名词 + that从句
    注:为了强调形容词和副词,当s或such置于句首时,主句要到装。
    = 3 \* GB2 ⑶ 除结果状语从句,t…t…, enugh t…等结构同样可以表示结构。
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 原因状语从句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    在复合句中,充当原因状语的句子,称为原因状语从句。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导词
    = 1 \* GB3 ①“因为”
    ·because“因为”
    例:I was absent frm the meeting because I was ill.
    ·as“由于”
    例:As it is raining, we shall nt g t the park.
    ·nw that/ since“既然”
    例:Nw that/Since everybdy is here, let’s begin ur meeting.
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 让步状语从句
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 定义
    在复合句中,充当让步状语的句子,称为让步状语从句。
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 引导词
    = 1 \* GB3 ①“尽管,虽然”
    专题十八·非谓语
    = 1 \* ROMAN I 定义
    指不能单独作谓语,而是用于充当其他语法功能的动词形式。
    = 2 \* ROMAN II 种类
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 不定式
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 动名词
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 分词
    = 3 \* ROMAN III 用法
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 不定式
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 形式
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 功能
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 不定式作主语
    例:T see is t believe.
    注:常用it做形式主语
    ·It + takes/tk + t d
    例:It takes us an hur t get there by bus.
    ·It’s + 名词 + t d
    例:It’s ur duty t help the pr.
    ·It’s + 形容词 + fr sb t d(形容事物性质)
    It’s + 形容词 + f sb t d(形容人的品质)
    例:It’s easy fr me t d the hmewrk.
    It’s kind f yu t help me.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 不定式作宾语
    例:She prmised t cme at nine.
    注:常用it作形式宾语
    ·在find、think、make等动词后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在句末,常构成“主语 + find/think/make it + 形容词/名词 + t d”
    例:I find it interesting t wrk with him.
    ·疑问词 + 不定式作宾语
    例:He taught me hw t use the tl.
    ·下列词一般用不定式作宾语
    ·下列词接动名词和不定式均可,但意义不同:
    ·下列动词接动名词或不定式均可,但用法不同:
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 不定式作定语
    例:I have smething t tell yu.
    注:不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。不定式作后置定语情况:
    ·当所修饰词被序数词或the nly等修饰时
    例:She was the first wman t win the gld medal in the Olympic Games.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 不定式作状语
    ·不定式作目的状语
    例:I came here t see yu.
    ·不定式作结果状语
    例:What I have dne t ffend yu?
    ·不定式作原因状语
    例:Yu will never knw hw happy I was t see her yesterday.
    注:形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生情绪的原因
    = 5 \* GB3 ⑤ 不定式作表语
    例:Yur task tday is t d yur hmewrk.
    = 6 \* GB3 ⑥ 不定式作补语
    例:The dctr asked him nt t eat t much meat.
    注:下列词常用不定式作补语
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 动名词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 形式
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 功能
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 动名词作主语
    例:Swimming is my favrite sprt.
    注:常用it作形式主语
    ·It is/was n use/gd ding sth
    例:It is n use/gd arguing with him.
    ·It is/was wrth ding sth
    例:It is wrth making an appintment befre yu g.
    ·It is a waste f time/mney ding sth
    例:It is a waste f time playing cmputer games.
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 动名词作定语
    例:There is a swimming pl ver there.
    注:动名词作定语表示其用途
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 动名词作表语
    例:My hbby is swimming in the river.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 动名词作宾语
    例:I have finished reading the nvel.
    注:下列词常用动名词作宾语
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 分词
    = 1 \* GB2 ⑴ 形式
    = 2 \* GB2 ⑵ 功能
    现在分词表示 主动、进行
    过去分词表示 被动、完成
    = 1 \* GB3 ① 分词作表语
    例:The news he tld us is exciting.
    He was excited at the news.
    注:现在分词作表语表特征,意为“令人……的”
    过去分词作表语表心理,意为“感到……的”
    = 2 \* GB3 ② 分词作定语
    及物动词分词形式作定语
    ·v-ing形式作定语(主动)
    例:I have never seen a mre mving mvie.
    ·being dne形式作定语(被动、进行)
    例:The huse being built are fr the teachers.
    ·dne形式作定语(被动、完成)
    例:Things lst never cme again.
    不及物动词形式作定语
    ·v-ing(进行)
    ·dne(完成)
    例:develping cuntry 发展中国家 develped cuntry 发达国家
    表示感觉的动词形式作定语
    ·现在分词 “令人……的”
    ·过去分词 “感到……的”
    例:an exciting vice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited vice 兴奋的声音
    = 3 \* GB3 ③ 分词作补语
    例:I heard him singing a sng in the classrm.
    We fund the grund cvered with snw.
    = 4 \* GB3 ④ 分词作状语
    ·分词作时间状语
    例:When ffering help, we ften feel happy.
    When ffered help, ne ften says “ thank yu”.
    ·分词作原因状语
    例:Being pr, he culdn’t affrd t buy the car.
    Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
    ·分词作伴随状语
    例:Fllwing her husband, she came in the rm.
    Fllwed by her husband, she came in the rm.
    ·分词作让步状语
    例:Having failed many times, he didn’t lse heart.
    Having been tld many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
    ·分词作结果状语
    例:He died, leaving nthing fr his wife.
    The cup fell n the grund, brken.
    ·分词作条件状语
    例:Heating water, we can change it int vapr.
    Heated, water can change int vapr.
    ·分词作方式状语
    例:Jack came here, running.
    (2021·青海中考真题)- The gvernment has develped the law _____.
    - Yeah, lts f restaurants encurage peple t clear the plates.
    A.t keep restaurants cleanB.t prtect peple. C.t stp fd waste
    (2021·湖南怀化市·中考真题)The gvernment asks peple _____ the rubbish frm their daily life in different grups.
    A.t putB.puttingC.put
    (2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)- Wuld yu like t g ut fr dinner tnight?
    - N, I’d rather _____ at hme.
    A.t eatB.eatingC.eatD.ate
    (2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)I wuld be interested t see the pandas in the Wlng Panda Reserve, because it allws peple _____ clser t them.
    A.getB.t getC.gettingD.gt
    (2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Last September, Thunderstrm was shwn _____ Ca Yu, ne f China’s greatest playwrights.
    A.rememberB.rememberingC.rememberedD.t remember
    (2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)The scialist new cuntryside (社会主义新农村)makes farmers _____their living cnditins.
    A.t imprveB.imprveC.imprving
    (2021·天津中考真题)The gvernment plans t _____ mre jbs fr yung peple in western China.
    A.createB.avidC.brrwD.guess
    (2021·天津中考真题)When I was yung, my parents taught me _____ lder peple kindly.
    A.treatsB.t treatC.treatedD.treat
    (2021·四川达州市·中考真题)- Ms. Griffin, what shuld we d _____ stupid mistakes in the cming exams? - Be mre careful.
    A.avid makeB.aviding makingC.avid makingD.t avid making
    10.(2021·四川达州市·中考真题)- Why d sme whales have t _____?
    - Because humans catch whales fr meat, fat and il. Sme f them are _____.
    prtect; dangerusB.prtect; endangered
    C.be prtected; dangerusD.be prtected; endangered
    (2021·江苏苏州市·中考真题)During ur hlidays, we shuld avid _____ up at night and versleeping in the mrning.
    A.stayB.t stayC.stayedD.staying
    (2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)In many cuntries, peple put their fingers up t their muths _____ silence.
    A.ask frB.asking frC.t ask frD.asked fr
    (2021·云南中考真题)The earth is in great danger nw. We have t d smething _____ it.
    A.prtectB.prtectingC.t prtectD.prtected
    (2021·云南昆明市·中考真题)It is necessary t learn _____ time and make gd use f every minute.
    A.t manageB.managingC.t lseD.lsing
    附 常见英语不规则动词表
    AAA

    AAB

    ABA

    ABB
    (1) 在动词原形后加一个辅音字母 d, t 或 ed 构成过去式或过去分词。

    类别/人称
    主格
    宾格
    单数
    复数
    单数
    复数
    第一人称
    I
    we
    me
    us
    第二人称
    yu
    yu
    yu
    yu
    第三人称
    he
    they
    him
    them
    she
    her
    it
    it
    类别/人称
    形容词性物主代词
    名词性物主代词
    单数
    复数
    单数
    复数
    第一人称
    my
    ur
    mine
    urs
    第二人称
    yur
    yur
    yurs
    yurs
    第三人称
    his
    their
    his
    theirs
    her
    hers
    its
    its
    类别/人称
    单数
    单数
    复数
    第一人称
    myself
    urselves
    第二人称
    yurself
    yurselves
    第三人称
    himself
    themselves
    herself
    itself


    单数
    this
    that
    复数
    these
    thse


    few + 可数名词复数
    a few + 可数名词复数
    little + 不可数名词
    a little + 不可数名词
    表否定 “几乎没有”
    表肯定 “有一点儿”
    when “什么时候”(问时间)
    what date “什么日期”(问日期)
    wh “谁”(问人)
    what place“什么地点”(问地址)
    whse “谁的”(问主人)
    hw“怎样”(问情况)
    where “哪里”(问地点)
    hw ld “多大”(问年龄)
    which“哪一个”(问选择)
    hw many“多少”(问数量)
    why “为什么”(问原因)
    hw much“多少钱”(问价格)
    what time“什么时间”(问时刻)
    hw abut“怎么样”(问意见)
    what clr“什么颜色”(问颜色)
    hw far“多远”(问距离)
    what day“星期几”(问星期)
    hw lng“多长”(问时间/长度)
    what abut“怎么样”(问意见)
    hw sn“多久”(问时间)
    what“什么”(问东西)
    hw ften“多久”(问频率)
    元音
    单元音
    长 元音
    [a:]
    [ə:]
    [i:]
    [ɔ:]
    [u:]
    短 元音
    [Λ]
    [ə]
    [i]
    [ɔ]
    [u]
    [æ]
    [e]
    双元音
    [ai]
    [ei]
    [ɔi]
    [iə ]
    [εə]
    [uə ]
    [au]
    [əu]
    辅音

    辅音
    [p]
    [t]
    [k]
    [f]
    [s]
    [∫]
    [t∫]
    [tr]
    [θ]
    [ts]

    辅音
    [b]
    [d]
    [g]
    [v]
    [z]
    [ʒ]
    [dʒ]
    [dr]
    [ð]
    [dz]
    3个鼻音
    [m]
    [n]
    [η]
    3个似鼻音
    [h]
    [r]
    [l]
    2个半元音
    [w]
    [j]
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 数词作定语
    例:Yu can’t ride tw hrses at the same time.
    例:Cnfidence in yurself is the first step t success.
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 数词作同位语
    例:Yu tw take these seats.
    规则
    举例
    注意以下单词拼写(易错点)
    0-12基数词是独立的单词
    zer、ne、tw、three、fur、five、six、seven、eight、nine、ten、eleven、twelve
    fur
    nine
    twelve
    13-19基数词以-teen结尾
    thirteen、furteen、fifteen、sixteen、seventeen、eighteen、nineteen
    thirteen
    fifteen
    eighteen
    nineteen
    20-90基数词整十数以-ty结尾
    twenty、thirty、frty、fifty、sixty、seventy、eighty、ninety
    frty
    eighty
    ninety
    give
    lend
    send
    pass
    hand
    sell
    shw
    take
    ffer
    ……..
    buy
    make
    rder
    ……..
    find
    leave
    make
    keep
    call
    name
    状态
    时间
    一般
    进行
    完成
    完成进行
    现在
    一般现在时
    现在进行时
    现在完成时
    现在完成进行时
    过去
    一般过去时
    过去进行时
    过去完成时
    过去完成进行时
    将来
    一般将来时
    将来进行时
    将来完成时
    将来完成进行时
    过去将来
    过去将来时
    过去将来进行时
    过去将来完成时
    过去将来完成进行时
    主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词 + 其他
    情况
    规则
    例词
    一般情况
    词尾加-ing
    play-playing
    以不发音-e结尾
    去-e加-ing
    dance-dancing
    以重读闭音节结尾
    双写尾字母加-ing
    run-running
    以-ie结尾
    变-ie为y加-ing
    lie-lying
    ·主语(三单)+ 谓语动词(三单)+ 其他
    ·主语(非三单)+ 谓语动词原形 + 其他
    情况
    规则
    例词
    一般情况
    词尾加-s
    design-designs
    以s, ch, sh, x结尾
    词尾加-es
    flash-flashes
    以辅音字母+-y结尾
    变-y为-ies
    apply-applies
    主语(第一人称) + shall + 动词原形 + 其他
    主语 + will + 动词原形 + 其他
    主语 + is/am/are ging t + 动词原形 + 其他
    主语 + is/am/are abut t + 动词原形 + 其他
    主语 + is/am/are + t + 动词原形 + 其他
    主语 + 过去式 + 其他
    情况
    规则
    例词
    一般情况
    加-ed
    pack-packed
    以辅音字母加-y结尾
    变-y为-ied
    carry-carried
    以重读闭音节结尾
    双写尾字母加-ed
    plan-planned
    以不发音-e结尾
    加-d
    prvide-prvided
    主语 + was/were + 现在分词 + 其他
    主语 + has/have dne + 其他
    汉语意思
    瞬间动词(词组)
    延续性动词(词组)

    buy
    have

    brrw
    keep
    结婚
    get married
    be married
    离开
    leave
    be away
    生病
    fall ill
    be ill
    死亡
    die
    be dead
    开始
    begin
    be n
    睡觉
    g t bed
    sleep
    穿
    put n
    wear/ have n
    参加
    jin
    be a member f
    感冒
    catch a cld
    have a cld
    到达
    get t/ arrive in/at/ reach
    be in
    主语 + had dne + 其他
    主语 + be + dne + 其他
    = 1 \* alphabetic a. 主语
    = 2 \* alphabetic b. 谓语
    = 3 \* alphabetic c. 表语
    = 4 \* alphabetic d. 宾语
    = 5 \* alphabetic e. 定语
    = 6 \* alphabetic f. 状语
    = 7 \* alphabetic g. 补语
    = 8 \* alphabetic h. 同位语
    名词作主语
    The apple is red.
    代词作主语
    Nbdy can help yu but yurself.
    数词作主语
    Fur and five makes nine.
    不定式作主语
    T becme a nurse is my wish.
    动名词作主语
    Running is gd fr health.
    句子作主语
    What he frgt t tell me fr the meeting caused sme trubles.
    名词作表语
    Pllutin frm cars has becme a majr prblem.
    代词作表语
    Seventy-fr! Yu dn’t lk it.
    数词作表语
    Angle was the first t leave.
    副词作表语
    I’m here.
    形容词作表语
    Please feel free t say what yu really think.
    介词短语作表语
    Cme t see me tmrrw when I am at wrk.
    不定式短语作表语
    My wish is t becme an artist.
    动名词短语作表语
    Wasting time is killing yurself.
    现在分词作表语
    Time is pressing.
    句子作表语
    This is where we disagree with each ther.
    名词作宾语
    We lve ur mtherland.
    代词作宾语
    Where did yu buy that ?
    数词作宾语
    If yu put 5 and 7 tgether, yu’ll get 12.
    不定式作宾语
    I wish t call n yu.
    动名词作宾语
    I wuld advise waiting until tmrrw.
    句子作宾语
    D yu understand what I mean?
    名词作宾补
    Mst students made him mnitr.
    副词作宾补
    Please keep the dg ut.
    形容词作宾补
    I fund the bk very interesting.
    不定式作宾补
    She asked me t lend her a hand.
    现在分词作宾补
    D yu hear Tm singing?
    过去分词作宾补
    He made himself understd.
    介词短语作宾补
    Please make yurself at hme.
    名词作定语
    This is a stne table.
    代词作定语
    Open yur muth and put ut yur tngue.
    数词作定语
    She cut the cake int tw pieces.
    副词作定语
    The buildings here were just damaged.
    形容词作定语
    It’s a fine day tday.
    动名词作定语
    Put the children in the sleeping bag.
    不定式作定语
    There is smething t drink.
    介词短语作定语
    The bks n the shelf were just bught.
    现在分词作定语
    This is a mving film.
    过去分词作定语
    Please bring me sme biled water.
    句子作定语
    I knw the by wh left just nw.
    副词作状语
    Tm speaks English very fast.
    形容词作状语
    He returned hme, safe and sund.
    不定式作状语
    I went there t see my grandmther.
    现在分词作状语
    Arriving there, call me up.
    过去分词作状语
    Heated, water can change int vapr.
    介词短语作状语
    The meeting is ging t be held in Rm 321 tmrrw.
    句子作状语
    We’ll g where peple need us.
    独立主格结构
    Time permitting, we’ll take a break.
    名词作同位语
    We have tw freign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
    代词作同位语
    They each can get a chance t travel by air.
    数词作同位语
    We tw will g t see yu.
    句子作同位语
    The news that he will cme is true.
    when “什么时候”(问时间)
    what date “什么日期”(问日期)
    wh “谁”(问人)
    what place“什么地点”(问地址)
    whse “谁的”(问主人)
    hw“怎样”(问情况)
    where “哪里”(问地点)
    hw ld “多大”(问年龄)
    which“哪一个”(问选择)
    hw many“多少”(问数量)
    why “为什么”(问原因)
    hw much“多少钱”(问价格)
    what time“什么时间”(问时刻)
    hw abut“怎么样”(问意见)
    what clr“什么颜色”(问颜色)
    hw far“多远”(问距离)
    what day“星期几”(问星期)
    hw lng“多长”(问时间/长度)
    what abut“怎么样”(问意见)
    hw sn“多久”(问时间)
    what“什么”(问东西)
    hw ften“多久”(问频率)
    D 型
    Clse the windw.
    Be 型
    Be careful.
    Let 型
    Let me intrduce myself.
    Dn’t 型
    Dn’t clse the windw.
    Let…nt 型
    Let me nt intrduce myself.
    Dn’t let me intrduce myself.
    N 型
    N parking./ N phts.
    Never 型
    Never give up.
    What + (a/an) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语
    Hw + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语
    Hw + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语
    Hw + 主语 + 谓语
    一般结构:There + be + 名词 + 地点
    将来结构:There will be + 名词 + 地点
    完成结构:There has been + 名词 + 地点
    含情态动词结构:There + 情态动词 + be + 名词 +地点
    主语 + 及物动词 + 引导词 + 从句
    主语 + 及物动词 + it + 宾补 + 从句
    主语 + 谓语 + in/ except + 引导词 + 从句
    主语 + 谓语 + 其他介词 + it + 从句
    主语 + be srry/ glad/ sure + 引导词 + 从句
    作主语
    作宾语
    作定语
    指人
    wh/ that
    wh/ whm/ that/ 省略
    whse
    指物
    which/ that
    which/ that/ 省略
    用法
    when
    从句谓语动词可以是延续性,也可以是非延续性动词
    从句动作可先于主句动作,也可和主句动作同时发生
    When I lived there, I used t g t the seashre n Sundays.
    When the film ended, the peple went back.
    while
    从句谓语动词是延续性动词或表示状态的动词
    侧重某一段时间内主句动作和从句动作同时发生
    Please dn’t talk s lud while thers are wrking.
    as
    从句谓语动词是延续性动词
    从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成
    As time ges n, it’s getting warmer and warmer.
    例词
    例句
    连词类
    as sn as,nce
    I will call yu as sn as I arrive.
    名词类
    the mment,the minute
    The mment I heard the news, I knew my father was cming.
    句型类
    hardly/scarcely…when…
    n sner…than…
    We had n sner arrived at the statin than the train left.
    位置
    例句
    till
    句中
    主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词(句首一般用until,不用till)
    He remained there until/ till she arrived.
    until
    句首、句中
    Until yu tld me I had n idea f it.
    nt…until…
    主句的谓语动词必须非延续性动词
    He wn’t g t bed till/ until she returns.
    词义
    例句
    if
    如果
    Yu’ll fail the exam if yu dn’t wrk hard.
    unless
    除非(如果不)
    Yu’ll fail the exam unless yu wrk hard.
    as/s lng as
    只要
    As lng as yu dn’t lse heart, yu will succeed.
    位置
    例句
    in rder that
    置于句首或句中
    In rder that we might see the sunrise, we started fr the peak early.
    s that
    置于句首或句中
    I’ll speak slwly s that/in rder that yu can understand me.
    例句
    s…that…
    Mike is s hnest a wrker that we all believe in him.
    such…that…
    Mike is such an hnest wrker that we all believe in him.
    例句
    althugh/ thugh
    He is unhappy, althugh/ thugh he has a lt f mney.
    as
    Child as he is, the by knws a lt.
    主动形式
    被动形式
    肯定式
    一般式
    t d
    t be dne
    完成式
    t have dne
    t have been dne
    进行式
    t be ding
    完成进行式
    t have been ding
    否定式
    一般式
    nt t d
    nt t be dne
    完成式
    nt t have dne
    nt t have been dne
    进行式
    n t be ding
    完成进行式
    nt t have been ding
    decide
    determine
    learn
    want
    expect
    hpe
    wish
    refuse
    manage
    pretend
    ffer
    prmise
    plan
    agree
    ask
    beg
    help
    remember t d 记着要做某事
    remember ding 记得做过某事
    frget t d 忘记去做某事
    frget ding 忘记做过某事
    regret t d 遗憾做某事
    regret ding 后悔做过某事
    stp t d 停下去做某事
    stp ding 停下正在做的事
    try t d 尽力去做某事
    try ding 试着做某事
    mean t d 打算做某事
    mean ding 意味着做某事
    can’t help t d 不能帮助做某事
    can’t help ding 情不自禁做某事
    need t d 需要去做某事
    need ding 某事需要做(表被动)
    want t d 想要做某事
    want ding 某事想要做(表被动)
    advise
    allw
    ask
    beg
    encurage
    expect
    intend
    invite
    persuade
    remind
    teach
    tell
    want
    wish
    主动形式
    被动形式
    肯定式
    一般式
    ding
    being dne
    完成式
    having dne
    having been dne
    否定形式
    一般式
    nt ding
    nt being dne
    完成式
    nt having dne
    nt having been dne
    cnsider
    suggest
    lk frward t
    avid
    keep
    practice
    finish
    appreciate
    enjy
    risk
    can’t help
    mind
    allw
    permit
    imagine
    主动形式
    被动形式
    现在分词
    肯定式
    一般式
    ding
    being dne
    完成式
    having dne
    having been dne
    否定形式
    一般式
    nt ding
    nt being dne
    完成式
    nt having dne
    nt having been dne
    过去分词
    肯定式
    dne
    否定式
    nt dne
    形式
    意义
    ding
    与句子主语主动关系,与句子谓语基本同时发生
    having dne
    与句子主语主动关系,先于句子谓语动词发生
    dne
    与句子主语被动关系,表完成
    being dne
    与句子主语被动关系,与句子谓语同时发生
    having been dne
    与句子主语被动关系,先于句子谓语动词发生
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    cst[kɔst]
    cst[kɔst]
    cst[kɔst]
    花费
    cut[kʌt]
    cut[kʌt]
    cut[kʌt]
    割,切
    hurt[hə:t]
    hurt[hə:t]
    hurt[hə:t]
    受伤
    hit[hit]
    hit[hit]
    hit[hit]
    打,撞
    let[let]
    let[let]
    let[let]

    put[put]
    put[put]
    put[put]
    放下
    read[ri:d]
    read[red]
    read[red]

    set[set]
    set[set]
    set[set]
    安排,安置
    spread[spred]
    spread[spred]
    spread[spred]
    展开,传播,涂
    spit[spit]
    spit/spat[spit]
    spit/spat[spit]
    吐痰
    shut[ʃʌt]
    shut[ʃʌt]
    shut[ʃʌt]
    关上, 闭起,停止营业
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    beat[bi:t]
    beat[bi:t]
    beaten['bi:tn]
    打败
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    becme[bi'kʌm]
    became[bi'keim]
    becme[bi'kʌm]

    cme[kʌm]
    came[keim]
    cme[kʌm]

    run[rʌn]
    ran[ræn]
    run[rʌn]

    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    burn[bə:n]
    burnt[bə:nt]
    burnt[bə:nt]
    燃烧
    deal[di:l]
    dealt[delt]
    dealt[delt]
    解决
    dream[dri:m]
    dreamed/dreamt
    dreamed/dreamt[dremt]
    做梦
    hear[hiə]
    heard[hə:d]
    heard[hə:d]
    听见
    hang['hæŋ]
    hanged/ hung[hʌŋ]
    hanged/ hung
    绞死,悬挂
    learn[lə:n]
    learned/learnt[lə:nt]
    learned/learnt[lə:nt]
    学习
    light['lait]
    lit/lighted[lit]
    lit/lighted[lit]
    点燃, 照亮
    mean[mi:n]
    meant[ment]
    meant[ment]
    意思

    (2) 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。

    (3) 原形→ught →ught

    (4) 原形→aught →aught

    (5) 变其中一个元音字母

    prve[pru:v]
    prved[p'ru:vd]
    prven/prved['pru:vən]
    证明, 证实,试

    shine[ʃain]
    shne/shined[ʃəun,
    ʃaind]
    shne/shined[ʃəun, ʃaind]
    使照耀,使发

    shw[ʃəu]
    shwed
    shwed/shwn['ʃəun]
    展示, 给...看
    smell[smel]
    smelled/smelt[smelt]
    smelled/smelt[smelt]
    闻, 嗅
    speed[spi:d]
    sped[sped]/speeded
    sped/speeded[sped]
    加速
    spell[spel]
    spelled/spelt[spelt]
    spelled/spelt[spelt]
    拼写
    wake[weik]
    waked/wke[wəuk]
    waked/wken['wəukən]
    醒来,叫醒,
    激发
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    build[bild]
    built[bilt]
    built[bilt]
    建筑
    lend[lend]
    lent[lent]
    lent[lent]
    借给
    rebuild[ri:'bild]
    rebuilt[ri:'bilt]
    rebuilt[ri:'bilt]
    改建, 重建
    send[send]
    sent[sent]
    sent[sent]

    spend[spend]
    spent[spent]
    spent[spent]
    花费
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    bring[briŋ]
    brught[brɔ:t]
    brught[brɔ:t]
    带来
    buy[bai]
    bught[bɔ:t]
    bught[bɔ:t]

    fight[fait]
    fught[fɔ:t]
    fught[fɔ:t]
    打架
    think[θiŋk]
    thught[θɔ:t]
    thught[θɔ:t]
    思考,想
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    catch[kætʃ]
    caught[kɔ:t]
    caught[kɔ:t]
    捉,抓
    teach[ti:tʃ]
    taught[tɔ:t]
    taught[tɔ:t]

    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    dig[diɡ]
    dug[dʌɡ]
    dug[dʌɡ]
    掘(土), 挖(洞、沟
    等)
    feed[fi:d]
    fed[fed]
    fed[fed]

    find[faind]
    fund
    fund
    发现,找到
    get[ɡet]
    gt[ɡɔt]
    gt/gtten['ɡɔtən]
    得到
    hld[həuld]
    held[held]
    held[held]
    拥有,握住,支持
    lead[li:d]
    led[led]
    led[led]
    引导, 带领, 领导
    meet[mi:t]
    met[met]
    met[met]
    遇见
    sit[sit]
    sat[sæt]
    sat[sæt]

    sht[ʃu:t]
    sht[ʃɔt]
    sht[ʃɔt]
    射击

    (6) 原形→□lt/pt/ft→□lt/pt/ft
    (7) 其它

    ABC
    原形→过去式→原形+(e)n

    spit[spit]
    spit/spat[spæt]
    spit/spat[spæt]
    吐痰
    stick[stik]
    stuck[stʌk]
    stuck[stʌk]
    插进, 刺入, 粘住
    win[win]
    wn[wʌn]
    wn[wʌn]

    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    feel['fi:l]
    felt[felt]
    felt[felt]
    感到
    keep[ki:p]
    kept[kept]
    kept[kept]
    保持
    leave[li:v]
    left[left]
    left[left]
    离开
    sleep[sli:p]
    slept[slept]
    slept[slept]
    睡觉
    sweep[swi:p]
    swept[swept]
    swept[swept]

    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    lay[lei]
    laid[leid]
    laid[leid]
    下蛋, 放置
    pay[pei]
    paid[peid]
    paid[peid]

    say[sei]
    said[sed]
    said[sed]

    stand[stænd]
    std[stud]
    std[stud]

    understand
    understd[,ʌndə'stænd]
    understd[,ʌndə'stænd]
    明白
    lse[lu:z]
    lst[lɔst, lɔ:st]
    lst[lɔst, lɔ:st]
    失去
    have[həv]
    had[hæd, həd, əd]
    had[hæd, həd, əd]

    make[meik]
    made[meid]
    made[meid]
    制造
    sell[sel]
    sld[səuld]
    sld[səuld]

    tell[tel]
    tld[təuld]
    tld[təuld]
    告诉
    retell[ri:'tel]
    retld[ri:'təuld]
    retld[ri:'təuld]
    重讲,重复, 复述
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    blw[bləu]
    blew[blu:]
    blwn

    drive[ draiv ]
    drve[drəuv]
    driven[drivən]
    驾驶
    draw[drɔ:]
    drew[dru:]
    drawn[drɔ:n]
    画画
    eat[i:t]
    ate[et,eit]
    eaten['i:tən]

    fall[fɔ:l]
    fell[fel]
    fallen['fɔ:lən]
    落下
    give[ɡiv]
    gave[ɡeiv]
    given['ɡivən]

    grw[ɡrəu]
    grew[ɡru:]
    grwn[ɡrəun]
    生长
    frgive[fə'ɡiv]
    frgave[fə'ɡɔt]
    frgiven
    原谅, 饶恕
    knw[nəu]
    knew[nju:, ]
    knwn
    知道
    mistake[mi'steik]
    mistk[mi'stuk]
    mistaken
    弄错; 误解
    vereat['əuvə'i:t]
    verate[əuvə'reit]
    vereaten
    (使)吃过量
    prve[pru:v]
    prved
    prven/prved
    证明,证实, 试验
    take[teik]
    tk[tuk]
    taken['teikn, 'teikən]

    thrw[θrəu]
    threw[θru:]
    thrwn[θrəun, 'θrəun]
    抛,扔
    ride[raid]
    rde[rəud]
    ridden['ridən]

    see[si:]
    saw[sɔ:]
    seen[si:n]
    看见
    shw[ʃəu]
    shwed
    shwed/shwn['ʃəun]
    展示
    write[rait]
    wrte[rəut]
    written['ritən]

    原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
    变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)
    其它
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    break[breik]
    brke[brəuk]
    brken['brəukən]
    打破
    chse[tʃu:z]
    chse[tʃəuz]
    chsen['tʃəuzən]
    选择
    get[ɡet]
    gt[ɡɔt]
    gt/gtten['ɡɔtən]
    得到
    hide[haid]
    hid[hid]
    hidden['hidən]
    隐藏
    frget[fə'ɡet]
    frgt[fə'ɡɔt]
    frgtten[fə'ɡɔtn]
    忘记
    freeze[fri:z]
    frze[frəuz]
    frzen['frəuzn]
    冷冻,结冰
    speak[spi:k]
    spke[spəuk]
    spken['spəukən]

    steal[sti:l]
    stle
    stlen['stəulən]

    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    begin[bi'ɡin]
    began[bi'ɡæn]
    begun[bi'ɡʌn]
    开始
    drink[driŋk]
    drank[dræŋk]
    drunk[drʌŋk]

    sing[siŋ]
    sang[sæŋ]
    sung[sʌŋ]

    sink[siŋk]
    sank[sæŋk]
    sunk[sʌŋk]
    下沉, 沉没
    swim[swim]
    swam[swæm]
    swum[swʌm]
    游泳
    ring[riŋ]
    rang[ræŋ]
    rung[rʌŋ]
    打电话
    动词原形
    过去式
    过去分词
    be(am, is, are)
    was/ were
    been

    bear[bεə]
    bre[bɔ:]
    brn/brne[bɔ:n]
    负担, 忍受
    d[du:]
    did[did]
    dne[dʌn]

    fly[flai]
    flew[flu:]
    flwn[fləun]

    g[ɡəu]
    went[went]
    gne[ɡɔn]

    lie[lai]
    lay[lei]
    lain[lein]

    wear[wεə]
    wre[wɔ:]
    wrn[wɔ:n]
    穿

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