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1. 掌握关系代词的选用及用法规则。
2. 明确关系副词在从句中的作用。
3. 区分限定与非限定性定语从句。
4. 牢记特殊情况的关系词使用要求。
(一)考查核心能力
关系词的准确选用能力:定语从句重点考查考生能否根据先行词(被定语从句修饰的名词或代词)的性质(是人、物、时间、地点等)以及从句在整个句子中所起的作用(作主语、宾语、状语等),准确地选择合适的关系词(如 that、which、wh、whm、whse、when、where、why 等)来引导定语从句,使句子结构和语义都正确合理。
从句与先行词及主句的逻辑关联理解能力:需要理解定语从句与先行词之间是修饰限定的关系,同时要把握好定语从句在整个主句语境中所表达的逻辑意义,确保其融入主句后能让整个句子表意清晰、逻辑连贯,不出现理解上的歧义或语法错误。
(二)关键关注要点
先行词的特点判断:仔细分析先行词是表示人、物、抽象概念、时间、地点还是原因等不同类别,因为这会直接影响关系词的选择。例如,先行词表示人时,常用 wh、whm、whse 等关系词;先行词为物时,which、that 等较为常用。
关系词在从句中的作用分析:明确关系词在定语从句中充当的成分至关重要,它可能作主语、宾语、定语或状语等。比如关系词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持主谓一致;作宾语时,还要注意是否可以省略等情况。
从句限定性与非限定性的区分:限定性定语从句对先行词起到限定、明确范围的作用,是句子不可或缺的部分,若去掉会影响句子意思的完整性;非限定性定语从句则只是对先行词做补充说明,有逗号与主句隔开,去掉后不影响主句基本意思的表达,只是少了一些额外的补充信息,而且引导非限定性定语从句时不能用 that。
(一)相关定义:
1.在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词、短语或句子叫先行词。
This is the place which is wrth visiting.(一个词)这是值得参观的地方。
Many life’s prblems which were slved by asking family members,friends r clleagues are beynd the capability f the extended family t reslve.(一个短语)
许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
I tk an ld man t hspital in a taxi immediately,which was why I was late that mrning.(一个完整的句子)
我乘出租车立即把一个老人送到了医院,这就是那天早上我迟到的原因。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用:代指先行词,引导定语从句,在从句中作句子成分。
Beijing,which is the capital city f China,is a very.
(二)关系词分类及用法
1. 关系代词:
wh:用于指人,在定语从句中作主语,一般不能省略。例如:The man wh is standing there is my teacher.(站在那里的那个人是我的老师,“wh” 指代先行词 “The man”,并在从句中作主语。)
whm:同样指人,在从句中作宾语,常可省略,尤其在口语中。例如:The by (whm) I met yesterday is very friendly.(我昨天遇到的那个男孩很友好,“whm” 指代先行词 “The by”,在从句中作宾语,此处可省略。)
whse:指人或物,在从句中作定语,用来表示所属关系,即 “…… 的”。例如:I knw the girl whse father is a dctr.(我认识那个女孩,她的父亲是一名医生,“whse” 修饰 “father”,表明是女孩的父亲。) 又如:The huse whse rf was damaged has been repaired.(那所屋顶损坏了的房子已经被修好了,“whse” 修饰 “rf”,说明是房子的屋顶。)
which:主要指物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。例如:The bk which I bught yesterday is very interesting.(我昨天买的那本书很有趣,“which” 指代先行词 “The bk”,在从句中作宾语,可省略。) This is the car which runs very fast.(这就是那辆跑得很快的车,“which” 在从句中作主语。)
that:既可指人也可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语等,在限定性定语从句中使用频率较高,作宾语时可省略。例如:The persn that/wh helped me is my neighbr.(帮助我的那个人是我的邻居,“that” 指代人,在从句中作主语。) The mvie (that) we watched last night was really exciting.(我们昨晚看的那部电影真的很令人兴奋,“that” 指代物,在从句中作宾语,可省略。)
2. 关系副词:
when:用于表示时间的先行词之后,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于 “介词 + which”(具体介词根据先行词搭配习惯而定)。例如:I still remember the day when we first met.(我仍然记得我们初次见面的那一天,“when” 相当于 “n which”,在从句中作时间状语。)
where:用于表示地点的先行词之后,在从句中作地点状语,等同于 “介词 + which”。例如:This is the place where I grew up.(这就是我长大的地方,“where” 相当于 “in which”,在从句中作地点状语。)
why:用于先行词为 reasn(表示原因)时,在从句中作原因状语,相当于 “fr which”。例如:The reasn why he was late is that he missed the bus.(他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车,“why” 相当于 “fr which”,在从句中作原因状语。)
(三)限定性与非限定性定语从句对比
1. 限定性定语从句:
特点:与先行词关系紧密,对先行词进行限定,使先行词的范围更明确、具体,如果去掉从句,主句意思就不完整或者会改变原意。例如:The students wh study hard will get gd grades.(那些努力学习的学生将会取得好成绩,“wh study hard” 限定了是哪类学生能取得好成绩,若去掉从句,就不清楚具体指哪些学生了。)
关系词使用:可用 that、which、wh、whm、whse、when、where、why 等引导,在从句中作宾语等成分时可省略部分关系词。
2. 非限定性定语从句:
特点:与先行词之间用逗号隔开,只是对先行词做补充说明、附加信息,即使去掉从句,主句的基本意思依然完整、清晰。例如:My mther, wh is a kind wman, always helps thers.(我的妈妈,她是一个善良的女人,总是帮助别人,“wh is a kind wman” 是对 “my mther” 的补充描述,去掉它不影响主句说妈妈总是帮助别人这个基本意思。)
关系词使用:不能用 that 引导,常用 which(指物)、wh(指人)、whm(指人,作宾语时)、whse(指人或物)、when(指时间)、where(指地点)等,且关系词一般不能省略。
(四)特殊情况及易错点
只用 that 不用 which 的情况:
先行词是 all、everything、nthing、smething、anything、little、much 等不定代词时:例如:All that glitters is nt gld.(发光的未必都是金子,先行词 “All” 是不定代词,所以用 “that” 引导定语从句。)
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时:This is the best mvie that I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最好的电影,“the best” 是形容词最高级,用 “that” 引导从句。)
先行词被 the nly、the very、the same、the last 等修饰时:He is the nly persn that I can trust.(他是我唯一能信任的人,“the nly” 修饰先行词 “persn”,用 “that” 引导。)
先行词既有人又有物时:They talked abut the peple and things that they remembered at schl.(他们谈论着他们记得的在学校里的人和事,先行词包含人和物,用 “that” 引导。)
只用 which 不用 that 的情况:
引导非限定性定语从句时:如前面所举例子 “My mther, wh is a kind wman, always helps thers.”,若把 “wh” 换成 “which” 来指人是不符合语法规则的,但如果先行词是物且为非限定性定语从句,就只能用 “which”,例如:The bk, which I bught last week, is very useful.(那本书,我上周买的那本,很有用,这里是非限定性定语从句,用 “which” 引导。)
放在介词后面作宾语时:This is the huse in which I lived fr five years.(这就是我住了五年的房子,“in which” 相当于 “where”,若用 “that” 就不符合语法要求了,这里只能用 “which” 放在介词后引导从句。)
关系词省略问题:
关系代词作宾语时,在限定性定语从句中常可省略:The pen (that/which) I lst yesterday has been fund.(我昨天丢的那支笔已经找到了,“that/which” 在从句中作宾语,可省略。) 但在非限定性定语从句中一般不能省略关系词,如 “The bk, which I bught last week, is very useful.” 中的 “which” 就不能省略。
关系副词 when、where、why 在口语等非正式场合,有时可省略,但在正式书面语中一般保留:I'll never frget the day (when) we first met.(在口语中 “when” 可省略,但书面表达更严谨时建议保留。)
(五)答题步骤与技巧
1. 确定先行词:首先要在句子中准确找出被定语从句修饰的先行词,判断它是人、物、时间、地点还是其他类别。
2. 分析从句成分:仔细分析定语从句本身的结构,确定从句中缺少什么成分(主语、宾语、状语等),以此来判断需要选用哪种类型的关系词(关系代词还是关系副词)。
3. 结合语法规则选择关系词:根据先行词的特点以及从句成分分析的结果,同时考虑限定性与非限定性定语从句的区别、特殊的关系词使用规则等语法知识,准确地选择合适的关系词填入句子中,然后再通读全句,检查句子语法和语义是否正确、通顺。
例题精练,举一反三
1. The bk ________ I carefully selected frm the numerus nes in the library yesterday is really helpful.
2. D yu knw the man ________ is standing ver there and talking with ur teacher?
3. The by ________ mther is a famus singer and ften perfrms n stage has a gift fr music.
4. I visited the city ________ I had always dreamed f since my childhd last year.
5. This is the reasn ________ he didn't cme t the party held in the schl hall last night.
6. The huse ________ rf was painted red by the wrkers last week lks very beautiful.
7. I'll never frget the day ________ we went n a picnic tgether near the beautiful lake.
8. She is the nly persn ________ can help me slve this cmplicated math prblem.
9. The mvie, ________ was released last mnth with a huge prmtinal campaign, gt high praise.
10. That's the place ________ I used t play basketball with my classmates when I was yung.
11. He has a friend ________ father is a famus scientist wrking n imprtant prjects.
12. The students ________ study hard every day and actively participate in class will surely succeed.
13. I like the dress ________ my mther bught fr me with her savings last week.
14. This is the factry ________ we wrked fr a whle year t earn sme mney.
15. The girl ________ I met at the cncert rganized by ur schl became my gd friend.
1.(2024高二下·天津南开·学业考试)EBay and Amazn are ppular websites ________ peple can sell gds t each ther.
A.whenB.which
C.whereD.whse
2.(2023高二下·天津红桥·学业考试)A fast fd restaurant is the place __________, just as the name suggests, eating is perfrmed quickly.
A.whichB.what
C.thereD.where
3.(2023高二下·四川·学业考试)I enjy reading a bk ______ is abut the traditinal culture f paper-cutting.
A.whatB.wh
C.whseD.which
4.(2023高二·天津红桥·学业考试)A year is divided int fur seasns, as we all knw, _______ the first is spring.
A.whichB.f them
C.whenD.f which
5.(2023高二·山西·学业考试)His parents frced him t be a lawyer, ______ was against his wn wishes.
A.whenB.which
C.thatD.what
6.(2023高二下·河北·学业考试)Have yu heard abut the player gt the first prize in the swimming?
A.whichB.what
C.whD.whm
7.(24-25高二上·吉林长春·期中)He tld us the days he was yung were gne.
A.that; thatB.when; when
C.when; thatD.that; when
8.(23-24高一下·广东广州·期末)Thugh the steps are the nly unnatural thing n yur way up the muntain, still it highlights the whle adventure ______ ffers a place ______ yu can sit dwn t rest yur aching legs.
A.which; andB.and; which
C.that; whereD.and; where
9.(23-24高一上·江苏淮安·开学考试)Nwadays mre and mre students are wrking directly n the Internet where different types f curse are supplied.
A.状语B.补语
C.定语D.同位语
10.(23-24高一上·全国·课后作业)Thse ________ suffer ften learn the value f mercy.
A./B.whm
C.whseD.wh
二、语法填空
11.(23-24高一下·广东佛山·阶段练习)The lab in they wrked has pr air quality. (用适当的词填空)
12.(24-25高一上·江苏南京·期中)The artist paintings are displayed in the gallery will be giving a talk next week. (用适当的词填空)
13.(23-24高二上·山东济宁·期末)I encuntered an ld friend frm I had parted fr many years. (所给词的适当形式填空)
14.(2024高二上·江苏·专题练习)She is very patient, is shwn in her wrk. (用适当的词填空)
15.(2024高二上·全国·专题练习)Sme peple always talk ludly in public, is really annying. (用适当的词填空)
16.(2024高二上·全国·专题练习)He has tw Chinese-English dictinaries, bth were bught last week. (用适当的词填空)
17.(2024高二上·全国·专题练习)He tld us the days he was yung were gne. (用适当的词填空)
18.(2024高二上·全国·专题练习)We’ll put ff the uting until next week, we wn’t be busy. (用适当的词填空)
19.(23-24高二下·全国·随堂练习)The British are nt s familiar with different cultures and ther ways f ding things, is ften the case in ther cuntries. (用适当的词填空)
20.(24-25高二上·全国·课后作业)Mensa is a sciety fr bright peple, and it aims t create a platfrm many think can prvide the chance t share their thughts and ideas. (用适当的词填空)
平台可以提供分享他们想法和想法的机会。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词platfrm。先行词指物,在限定性定语从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which或that引导定语从句。故填which/that。
21.(2023高一上·全国·专题练习)I was still tied t the barrel, and the waves sn carried me t an area the ther fishermen were. (用适当的词填空)
22.(2024高二上·全国·专题练习)Thse want t g n the riding trip please gather at the gate after schl. (用适当的词填空)
23.(23-24高二下·全国·单元测试)A grup f scientists study the behavir f animals have fund that the animals als vte t decide whether t hunt. (用适当的词填空)
24.(2024高二上·江苏·专题练习)After everyne cncerned was seated, there was a ceremny f raising the natinal flag, made us excited. (用适当的词填空)
25.(2024高二上·江苏·专题练习)Lcal festivals and custms, may have deep meaning in a particular culture, can simply becme entertainment fr turists. (用适当的词填空)
目录
TOC \ "1-2" \h \u \l "_Tc180577055" 明晰学考要求 PAGEREF _Tc180577055 \h 1
\l "_Tc180577056" 基础知识梳理 PAGEREF _Tc180577056 \h 1
\l "_Tc180577057" 考点精讲讲练2
\l "_Tc180577058" 考点一:相关定义2
\l "_Tc180577058" 考点二:关系词分类及用法3
\l "_Tc180577059" 考点三:限定性与非限定性定语从句对比4
\l "_Tc180577060" 考点四:特殊情况及易错点5
\l "_Tc180577061" 考点五:答题步骤与技巧6
\l "_Tc180577063" 实战能力训练7
关系词
指代
从句中
作用
省略
示例及说明
wh
人
主语
一般不可省略
The man wh is standing there is my teacher.(“wh” 指代先行词 “The man”,在从句中作主语)
whm
人
宾语
常可省略(尤其口语)
The by (whm) I met yesterday is very friendly.(“whm” 指代先行词 “The by”,在从句中作宾语,此处可省略)
whse
人或物
定语
不可省略
I knw the girl whse father is a dctr.(“whse” 修饰 “father”,表明是女孩的父亲);The huse whse rf was damaged has been repaired.(“whse” 修饰 “rf”,说明是房子的屋顶)
which
物
主语或宾语
作宾语时可省略
The bk which I bught yesterday is very interesting.(“which” 指代先行词 “The bk”,在从句中作宾语,可省略);This is the car which runs very fast.(“which” 在从句中作主语)
that
人或物
主语、宾语等
作宾语时可省略
The persn that/wh helped me is my neighbr.(“that” 指代人,在从句中作主语);The mvie (that) we watched last night was really exciting.(“that” 指代物,在从句中作宾语,可省略)
when
时间
时间状语
不可省略
I still remember the day when we first met.(“when” 相当于 “n which”,在从句中作时间状语)
where
地点
地点状语
不可省略
This is the place where I grew up.(“where” 相当于 “in which”,在从句中作地点状语)
why
原因
原因状语
不可省略
The reasn why he was late is that he missed the bus.(“why” 相当于 “fr which”,在从句中作原因状语)
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