第06讲 构词法（讲义）-2025年高考英语寒假讲义（新教材新高考）

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\l "__x0001__1" 02 知识导图·思维引航 2
\l "__x0001__3" 03 考点突破·考法探究4
\l "_考点一 派生法" 考点一 派生法5
\l "_知识点1 派生词的判断依据" 知识点1 解题时派生词的判断依据 5
\l "_知识点2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀" 知识点2 前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 6
\l "_知识点3 名词后缀" 知识点3 名词后缀 7
\l "_知识点4 形容词后缀" 知识点4 形容词后缀9
\l "_知识点5 副词后缀" 知识点5 副词后缀 10
\l "_知识点6 动词后缀" 知识点6 动词后缀 10
\l "_考点二 合成法" 考点二 合成法11
\l "_知识点1 合成名词" 知识点1 合成名词 11
\l "_知识点2 合成形容词" 知识点2 合成形容词 11
\l "_知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他" 知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他12
\l "_考点三 转化法" 考点三 转化法 13
\l "__x0001__4" 04 真题练习·命题洞现
真题实战14
\l "_一、 真题实战" 阅读理解中对构词法的考查14
\l "_一、 真题实战" 语法填空中对构词法的考查14
\l "_二、 命题演练" 命题演练15

考点概述：许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律，这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivatin)、合成法（Cmpsitin）和转换法(Cnversin)三大类。
【高考导航】
1.（2024年浙江1月高考阅读理解D片段） We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin.
2. (2023年新高考I卷) Xia lng ba(sup dumplings), thse amazing cnstructins f delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing ht, ___56___(taste)sup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favrite Chinese street fd.
考点一 派生法
知识点1 派生词的判断依据
冠词、物主代词等词类后一般跟名词。如果所给单词是其他词类，则将其改为名词，并注意名词数的变化。
动词、介词后一般跟名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，则看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。如果所给动词有名词形式，还要看其后有无宾语。如果其后有宾语，用动名词形式；其后无宾语，则用名词形式。
动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词，还要考虑副词级的变化。
名词前一般可有形容词修饰。如果所需词为形容词时，还应考虑形容词级的变化。
例1.（2023·新高考I卷） Shanghai may be the ___59___(recgnize)hme f the sup dumplings but fd histrians will actually pint yu t the neighbring canal twn f Nanxiang as Xia lng Ba’s birthplace.
例2.（2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟）When it cmes t sharing, ne f the (great) gifts China gave t the wrld thrugh the ancient Silk Rad was the technlgy f making paper n an industrial scale,
知识点2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀
【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化，如：
1. en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge扩大；enable使能够；encurage鼓励；
2. a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词：asleep睡着的；alive活着的；
3. ut-可以和一些动词构成名词：utcme结果；utlet出口；utlk观点；
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月阅读理解B篇）This unbeatable price-pint encuraged me t experiment with dzens f titles that I wuld never nrmally cnsider buying. And I’ve discvered sme great bks!
例2. （2024·新高考II卷） Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks—transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
【变式训练1】(2023全国甲卷) Eric Weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy.
【变式训练2】When I’m face t face with a plar bear, I like it t be thrugh a camera with a telepht lens. But smetimes, that is easier said than dne. This was ne f thse times.
知识点3 名词后缀
表示人或物的名词的常用后缀
例1.（ 2024·浙江卷1月) One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma.
例2.（ 2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀
例1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) When enugh f these errrs ________（shrt）tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate.
例2. (2024·浙江卷1月) we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
【变式训练1】Tangshan city has prved t China and the rest f the wrld that in times f disaster, peple must unify and shw the ________（wise）t stay psitive and rebuild fr a brighter future.
知识点4 形容词后缀
例1. (2023·新高考II卷) Seeking and accepting cnstructive feedback (反馈) is crucial t grwth.
例2. （2021·新高考I卷）A histry bk which may cntain the facts in stry frm will be easier t read than ne dealing with (science) subjects.
【变式训练1】Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin.
【变式训练2】Whether yu’re cmmunicating in persn r n the phne, being a gd listener is an imprtant part f any healthy relatinship.
知识点5 副词后缀
例1. (2024·浙江卷1月) But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin.
例2.(2020•全国卷III) As the small bat mved (gentle) alng the river he was left speechless by the muntains being silently reflected in the water.
【变式训练1】 “If we carry ur burdens all the time, sner r later, we will nt be able t carry n, the burden becming (increase) heavier.
【变式训练2】The helicpter made its final apprach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely.
知识点6 动词后缀
考点
构词法考题统计
考情分析
派生法
合成法
转化法
2024（浙江1月高考）：encunter邂逅；criticism；technician；receptinist；assistant；graveyard；presence；educatinal；wastepaper；threaten； safety；hailstrm；delivery；satisfactin；thughtful；cnnectivity；mismatch；individual等。
2023（新高考I卷）：cmpetitr参赛者；ecnmical adj. 经济的，实惠的;sustainable adj.可持续的;strategic adj. 战略(性)的; cmbinatin n. 结合；minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义；available adj.可用的，可得到的; fundatin n. 根基；基础intlerable adj. 无法忍受的；minimalist n. 最低限要求者statistician n. 统计学家estimatin n. 判断；估计additinal adj. 附加的，另外的 cuntless adj. 无数的;多得数不清的verestimate v. 过高估计implicatin n. 牵连；含意；
（新高考II卷）：arrival(arrive)；uneventful太平无事的；unavidable不可避免的；ccasinally adv. 偶尔；有时候；descriptin描写；evaluatin n. 评价，评估；emtinal adj. 感情的；情感的；情绪的initiatr n.发起人；创始人backcuntry偏僻地区breathtaking令人叹为观止utnumber在数量上压倒，比...多representatin代表, 描述increasingly越来越多；
（全国乙卷）wnder(wnders)；skyrcket；apprximately； transfrm；cmbinatin
2022（新高考I卷）：excitement兴奋；adventure冒险；hnrable =hnurable adj. 光荣的；可敬的；高贵的；disqualificatin n. 不合格；取消资格；被罚下场 disqualified不合格的；被取消资格的；willpwer n. 意志力；毅力
（新高考II卷）：asleep adj.睡着的； accidentally adv.偶然地；symblically象征性地；inexpensive廉价的；thrwaway可随意丢弃的；interactive互动的；activate激活；springbard跳板；cnstructive建设性的；
（全国乙卷）：respnsible(respnsibility)
分析近年高考真题可知，高考对构词法的考查越来越多。2024、2023年的听力及阅读理解中都出现了大量的构词法的考查。
通过构词法可以快速推断词义，提高阅读速度和正确率。完形填空中的选项页出现了很多通过构词法产生的新词。语法填空主要考查课标内的词形转换。因此，总结归类构词法知识非常必要。它能综合提高考生的核心素养。
通过对近三年高考高考试题的分析，预测高考试题中构词法构成的新词，将会频繁出现。
复习目标：、
具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力；
掌握构词法的三大规则：派生、合成和转换；
掌握构词法，提高阅读速度，提高核心素养；
具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性，然后准确写出正确形式的能力；
词缀
词缀意义
示例
前缀
aut-自动； fre-之前的；
pst之后的； a⁃构成形容词；
anti⁃反对;抵抗； c⁃共同；
en⁃使； inter-互相；
bi-双； sub⁃下面的;小;
tele⁃强调距离； re⁃再;又,
multi-多； semi-半的
alne单独的； anti⁃gas防毒气的；
autmatic自动的； cperate合作；
enjy使高兴； Internet互联网；
frecast预报； fresee预见；
bimnthly双月的； multi-culture多文化的；
telegram电报； rewrite重写；
semi-final半决赛； semicnductr半导体；
否定
前缀
dis-不，非； il- 不，非；
im-不，非； in- 不，非；
ir- 不，非； nn-不，非；
un- 不，非；
mis-错误；
disappear消失; illegal非法的；
impatient不耐烦的； implite不礼貌的；
incrrect不正确的; incmplete不完全的；
irregular不规则的； irrespnsible不负责任的；
nnstp不停的,不间断的; nnexistent不存在的；
mislead将……引入歧途,误导; unhappy不开心的；
否定
后缀
名词+--less构词形容词
hpeless无希望的； careless粗心大意的；
名词+-free构词形容词
carefree无忧无虑的； sugar-free无糖的；
后缀
意思
例词
­(i)an
来自；专长
于……的人
musician音乐家；Egyptian埃及人;physician内科医生；
­ant
­ent
人，物
servant仆人；president总统；assistant助手；
­ar
­er
-r
人，物
beggar乞讨者；murderer杀人犯；builder建设者；
Farmer农民； dctr医生； recrder录音机
­ee
人，物
emplyee受雇者；refugee难民；trainee受训人员；
­ess
表女性，雌性
hstess女主人；actress女演员；
­ist
人，主义者
nvelist小说家；scialist社会主义者；physicist物理学家；
后缀
意思
例词
­al
表示过程;或状态
remval移动；arrival到达
­ance
表状态，行为
appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠
­(t)in­atin
表状态，动作过;程，行为
suggestin建议；graduatin毕业；liberatin解放；
­dm
身份，领域
freedm自由；wisdm智慧
­ence
性质，状态，行为
difference区别；cnfidence自信；dependence依靠
­ful
充满
basketful满篮；muthful满嘴；huseful一屋子
­hd
性质，身份，状态，时期
childhd儿童时代；neighburhd附近
­ism
宗教，风格，主义
herism英雄气概；rmanticism浪漫主义
­ity
性质，状态
reality现实；ability能力；equality平等
­ment
行为，物，组织，运;动，结果
disappintment失望；mvement运动；agreement协议
­ness
性质，状态
kindness仁慈；tiredness疲劳
­ship
性质，身份，资格
hardship艰苦；leadership领导身份；friendship友谊
­sin
行为，状态
cnclusin结论；tensin紧张
­ure
行为，状态
expsure暴露；failure失败
­th
结果，过程，性质，状态
truth真理；yuth青春；grwth生长；warmth温暖
­age
集合，地点，状态，结果
strage储藏；village村庄；marriage婚姻
后缀
意思
例词
­able/­(i)ble
可……的，能……的
acceptable可接受的；flexible能适应新环境的；
­(u)al
有……属性的；与有关的
agricultural农业的； natinal国家的； chemical化学的
­an
……(地，人)的
republican共和国的；Eurpean欧洲人的
­ary
……的
imaginary想象的；revlutinary革命的
­ative
……的
creative有创造性的；talkative 爱说话的
­ed
(具)有……的(特征)
determined坚定的；learned博学的；aged年老的
­ent
……的
frequent经常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奋的
­ese
(地，人)的
Chinese中国(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的
­ern
表示方向
eastern东方的；suthern南方的
­en
……的
glden金色的；wden木制的；wlen羊毛的
­ic
与……有关的
realistic现实的；energetic精力充足的
­ish
近乎……的，如……的
childish孩子气的；flish愚蠢的；selfish自私的
­ive
与……有关的，有……倾向的，有……特性的
expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；decisive决定性的
­ful
满的；有……性质的，引起……的
faithful信任的；pwerful强大的；cheerful愉快的
­us
多……的，有……特性的
varius各种各样的；humrus幽默的；dangerus危险的
­ly
……品质的，每……的
friendly友好的；mtherly母亲般的；weekly每周的
­ward
向……的
backward向后的；frward向前的
­y
多……的；有……的；如……的
cludy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky运气好的
­sme
引起(或易于)……的
trublesme 讨厌的
后缀
意思
例词
­ly
……地，状态，程度，方式
extremely非常；slwly慢慢地；happily高兴地
­s
时间，地点，状态
utdrs在户外；nwadays现今
­ward(s)
方向
afterward(s)后来；utwards向外；dwnwards向下
后缀
意思
例词
­en
使变成
sharpen削尖；braden加宽；strengthen加强；deepen加深
­fy
使……化
clarify 阐明; simplify简化；beautify美化；purify净化；qualify 使具备资格；
­ize
使……化
mdernize使现代化；realize实现；mechanize使机械化
例1. (2023·全国甲卷) He ______（emphasis）the imprtance f educatin and self-imprvement, which he believed wuld lead t a harmnius sciety.
例2.(2022·江苏卷) There will still be lts f challenges if we are t classify garbage in a shrt time.
【变式训练1】T_______（justificatin）yurself with relevant examples frm yur persnal experience and be specific abut yur achievements.
【变式训练2】 The publicatin f Great Expectatins, which was bth widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading nvelist.
考点二 合成法
考点概述：许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。
知识点1 合成名词
知识点2 合成形容词
知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Yu can als find students n the class discussin bard t rganize a study grup, r schedule in-persn meeting s with yur prfessr t discuss curse cncepts.
例2. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f eaningful interactin they had with nature in the park.
【变式训练1】He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t knw his twn’s name, finding a small neighburhd in a vast cuntry prved t be impssible.
【变式训练2】And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
考点三 转化法
考点概述：在词形不变的情况下，一个单词没有加任何词缀，词性变为另一种词性，这种构词法成为转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。
例1.（2021北京卷）By distracting the mind frm the pain, music, peple say, can lwer stress and anxiety levels.
例2.（2021·全国乙卷写作）
I als water the flwers in the yard and tidy up my wn bedrm whenever necessary.
【变式训练】If yu help me srt ut the things upstairs, I'll breakfast yu tmrrw.
一、 真题实战
根据构词法猜词词义
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）If yu take an nline curse, what can yu d t ensure the best pssible grade?
2.（2023·新高考II卷）The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
3.（2023·全国甲卷）Obviusly, if precautins(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme,smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd.
4.（2023年型高考I卷）Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
5.（2023·型高考I卷）This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same.
6.（2022·新高考全国I卷）The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin.
7. (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ) This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300，000 years ag.“The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings，but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the
prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin，”said Steven Mran，a member f the research team.
8.（2023·上海春招）Teachers and schlars must lk beynd tday's career-mindedness in talking abut challenges t the humanities.
9.（2020•全国新高考I卷）Fllw all rules carefully t prevent disqualificatin.
10. （2020•天津卷）We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Many supermarkets are n lnger ding “buy ne get ne free” prmtins because f the _______ (criticize) that they lead t waste.
2.（2024·1月九省联考）He is happy with the ______ (imprve) he sees in his students’ writing and in his wn writing.
3.(2023·新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right befre the ______ (arrive) f the tw new pandas, Meng Meng and Jia Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the z t feel mre cmfrtable and cnfident speaking English.
4.（2023·全国乙卷）The ________ (remark) develpment f this city, which is cnsciusly designed t prtect the past while stepping int the mdern wrld
5.（2022·1月浙江卷）When the answer was n ,she declined the________(invite) .
6.（2022·6月浙江卷）Jhn Olsn, a frmer (phtgraph)and his team turn paintings int fully textured 3D mdels.
7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Xia lng ba(sup dumplings), thse amazing cnstructins f delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing ht, (taste) sup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favurite Chinese street fd.
8.(2022·新高考II卷) Whenever I tell peple that I teach English at the Berlin Z, I almst always get a questining lk. Behind it, the persn is trying t figure ut wh exactly I teach…the animals?
Since June 2017, right befre the arrival f the tw new pandas, Meng Meng and Jia Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the z t feel mre cmfrtable and (cnfidence) speaking English.
9.(2023·1月浙江高考卷) The hutngs they frmed were rderly, lined by ________ (space)hmes and walled gardens. Farther frm the center lived the cmmners and labrers.
10.（2023·全国甲卷) ______ (difference) frm traditinal fables, Carsn’s stry ends with an accusatin instead f a mral.
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·江苏·模拟预测）Fllwing the barbecue-induced travel craze t the city f Zib in East China, Chinese scial media has nce again highlighted the next internet-famus city wrthy f (explre).
2.（2024·江苏·泰州模拟）It als recreated (memry) mments f genuine exchanges amng peple.
3.（2024·浙江·二模） It is believed that by arranging things (apprpriate), ne can harmnize the energies f the natural wrld.
4.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Apparently, respect fr the elders is the (fund) f the Chinese mral system.
5.（2024·全国·高三模拟）Peking Opera is a (cmbine) f music, dance, art, acrbatics, and martial arts.
6.（23-24高三·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Nwadays, it is mainly in thse minr ethnic grups that this life passage is still celebrated. In sme parts f China, this ceremny is experiencing a (revive).
（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模拟）The Manchu rulers then felt that this ceremny was (meaning) and thus ablished this ceremny which had lasted fr thusands f years.
8.（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模二模 At the time, Chinese fficials didn’t agree with the (decide).
9.（2024·湖北·沙市中学模拟）The West Lake is (definite) a place peple can never miss when visiting Hangzhu.
（2024·湖南一模） Interesting, meaningful and featured activities are (special) designed frm the mment
构成方法
例词
名词＋名词
classrm, schlgirl, weekend, bkshp
形容词＋名词
highway, blackbard, htdg, greenhuse
动词＋副词
get­tgether, break­dwn
名词＋动名词
handwriting, strytelling
副词＋名词
utbreak, vercat
动名词＋名词
dining­rm, sleeping­car, reading­rm
构成方法
例词
形容词＋名词＋­ed
white­haired, warm­hearted, kind­hearted
形容词＋现在分词
gd­lking, easy­ging
形容词＋过去分词
ready­made, new­brn
副词＋现在分词
hard­wrking, well­meaning
副词＋过去分词
well­knwn, newly­built
名词＋现在分词
English­speaking, suth­facing
名词＋过去分词
man­made, water­cvered
名词＋形容词
snw­white, hmesick
副词/形容词＋名词
right­hand, full­time
数词＋名词
100­meter, 17­year­ld
数词＋名词＋形容词
180­ft­high, 10­year­ld
数词＋名词＋­ed
fur­legged, ne­eyed
构成方法
例词
副词＋动词
vercme, understand
副词+名词
indrs, utdrs, verhead, upstairs;
形容词＋动词
dry­clean, white­wash
名词＋动词
typewrite, sleepwalk, daybreak, tthpick, sunrise, haircut;
名词+名词
girlfriend, cwby, cuntryside, seafd, sunlight;
名词+形容词
wrldwide, snw-white, ice-cl
形容词+名词
full-time, part-time
形容词+ving
gd-lking, rdinary-lking, easy-ging;
代词+代词
everybdy, anyne, smebdy, nthing,
介词+其他
utside, inside, thrughut;
转化方式
例词
名词-动词
hand n.手-v.递；上交； chair n.椅子-v.主持； water n.水-v.浇水；name n.名字-v.取名
动词-名词
read v.阅读-n.阅读；shut v.呼喊-n.呼喊；cry v.哭-n.哭；try v.尝试-n.尝试
形容词-动词
better a.更好的-v.改善； last a.最后的-v.持续； slw a.慢的-v.减慢； wn a.自己的-v.拥有；
形容词-副词
enugh足够的-足够地； late晚的-迟于； hard艰苦的-努力地；