作业10　科学研究与发现类说明文--2025年高考英语大二轮复习（专练）

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说明文阅读解题技法

(每小题2.5分，满分30分)
A
(2023·新课标Ⅰ)
On March 7,1907，the English ①statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect.The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases，the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect ②capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs，thse errrs aren’t always the same.Sme peple will tend t ③verestimate，and sme t ③underestimate.When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether，they cancel each ther ut，resulting in a mre accurate estimate.If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs，then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut.In mre technical terms，the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.If fr whatever reasns，peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent，the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist(转折) n this classic phenmenn.The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin，the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.Fr instance，the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a ④fllw-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin.Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time，but it wasn’t the dminant respnse.Mst frequently，the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw，these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr.
Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain，the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
1．What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A．The methds f estimatin.
B．The ⑤underlying lgic f the effect.
C．The causes f peple’s errrs.
D．The design f Galtn’s experiment.
答案 B
解析 段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而变得更准确。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
2．Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A．the crwds were relatively small
B．there were ccasinal underestimates
C．individuals did nt cmmunicate
D．estimates were nt fully independent
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms，the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.”和第三段可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在不完全独立的情况下做出估计，准确率也可以提高。故选D。
3．What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A．The size f the grups.
B．The dminant members.
C．The discussin prcess.
D．The individual estimates.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段前三句可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题可知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
4．What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Dubtful. D．Apprving.
答案 D
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究持赞许的态度。故选D。
B
(2024·浙江台州二模)
When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s，American husewives were dubtful.These mixes，prmising easy cake-baking，felt t easy.The manufacturers discvered that requiring the additin f an egg in the baking prcess was just enugh t make the husewives happy with their wrk.The greater sense f effrt gained frm a little extra labr is believed t have been essential t the later success f the cake mix.
This reflects the IKEA effect(宜家效应)，which is identified by psychlgist Michael I．Nrtn and his clleagues，suggesting we place greater value n things we have wrked t create.They cnducted fur studies in which they asked participants t fld paper cranes and frgs，assemble IKEA bxes，and build sets f Legs.They then asked the builders t bid(出价) fr their creatins，and cmpared the prices with bids frm peple wh hadn’t built them.The builders cnsistently ①utbid the nn-builders.
Interestingly，the IKEA effect wrks even when peple have n pprtunity t fully ②persnalize their creatins.While mst participants’ flding skills left much t be desired，they lved their imperfectly persnalized prducts all the mre.Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creatins nearly five times as much as nn-builders.Beauty，it_seems，is_in_the_eye_f_the_builder.
Tday，as cities are suffering frm severe husing crises，the IKEA effect can give us insight int the ③well-being benefits f a self-building apprach t husing develpment.Prjects like WikiHuse and the “half-a-huse” apprach ④pineered by Alejandr Aravena’s architecture cmpany Elemental are wrking t make husing mre ⑤affrdable and sustainable by making it easier fr peple t build and persnalize their wn hmes.
“The mment peple are invlved with their built envirnment，they have a ttally different relatinship t it，” WikiHuse c-funder Alastair Parvin explained.“When the rf starts leaking r a dr starts creaking，they have the pwer t fix it themselves.”
5．What brught custmers the jy f cake-baking accrding t paragraph 1?
A．A better taste.
B．An easy apprach.
C．A detailed recipe.
D．An additinal effrt.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The manufacturers discvered that requiring the additin f an egg in the baking prcess was just enugh t make the husewives happy with their wrk.”可知，额外的努力给顾客带来了蛋糕烘焙的乐趣。故选D。
6．What des the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply?
A．Creatins are based n skills.
B．Extra labr increases perceived value.
C．Beauty is fund thrugh cntrast.
D．Strict management brings gd quality.
答案 B
解析 句意理解题。根据前文“Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creatins nearly five times as much as nn-builders.”可知，本段主要讲述额外的劳动会让参与者更喜欢和珍视自己的作品，所以画线句意为“额外的劳动增加了感知价值”。故选B。
7．What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude twards public invlvement in husing?
A．Critical. B．Objective.
C．Dubtful. D．Supprtive.
答案 D
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段“WikiHuse的联合创始人Alastair Parvin解释说：‘当人们参与到他们的建筑环境中时，他们与环境的关系就完全不同了。’‘当屋顶开始漏水或门开始吱吱作响时，他们有能力自己修理。’”可推知，Alastair Parvin对公众参与住房建设持支持的态度。故选D。
8．What’s the purpse f this text?
A．T prmte a brand.
B．T make a prpsal.
C．T explain a cncept.
D．T intrduce a study.
答案 C
解析 写作意图题。纵观全文可知，本文主要围绕概念——宜家效应(IKEA effect)展开，所以本文的目的是解释一个概念。故选C。
C
(2024·河南新乡二模)
A sugar replacement called erythritl(赤藓糖醇) has been linked t bld cltting(血液凝固)，strke，heart attack and death，accrding t a new study.
“The degree f risk was nt mdest，” said lead study authr Dr.Stanley Hazen.Peple with existing risk factrs fr heart disease will be twice as likely t experience the risk if they have the highest levels f erythritl in their bld.Erythritl appears t be causing bld platelets(血小板) t clt mre readily.Clts can break ff and travel t the heart r the brain，causing a heart attack r a strke.
Erythritl is a sugar alchl，a carb fund naturally in many fruits and vegetables.Hwever，artificially manufactured in massive quantities，erythritl has becme an extremely ppular ①additive t ②lw-carb prducts.
The discvery f the cnnectin between erythritl and cardivascular issues was purely accidental.Hazen’s research had a simple gal: find unknwn chemicals r cmpunds in a persn’s bld.T d s，the team analyzed 1,157 bld samples.“We fund this substance that seemed t play a big rle，but we didn’t knw it was erythritl，a ③sweetener until later，” said Hazen.T cnfirm the findings，the team tested anther tw batches f bld samples and fund that higher levels f erythritl were cnnected t a greater risk f heart attack，strke r death within three years.
“This certainly sunds an alarm，” said Dr.Andrew Freeman，directr f a hspital in Denver.“Science needs t take a deeper dive int erythritl and in a hurry，because this substance is widely available right nw.If it’s harmful，we shuld knw abut it.”
Hazen agreed，“I nrmally dn’t get up n a pedestal(崇高地位) and sund the alarm，but this is smething that I think we need t be lking at carefully.”
9．Abut the risk，what d Hazen’s wrds in paragraph 2 mean?
A．It is nt wrth cnsidering.
B．It is remved by erythritl.
C．It shuld nt be underestimated.
D．It is just present in peple with disease.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。第二段后三句提到，如果血液中赤藓糖醇的含量达到最高水平，有心脏病风险因素的人患心脏病的可能性会增加一倍。赤藓糖醇似乎能使血小板更容易凝结。血块会脱落并进入心脏或大脑，导致心脏病发作或中风。由此可推知，哈森在第二段的话“这种风险并不小”是为了表明这种风险不应被低估。故选C。
10．What d we knw abut erythritl?
A．Its quality is uncertain.
B．It has been used widely in fd.
C．It is manufactured by artists.
D．It mainly exists in fruits.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段“赤藓糖醇是一种糖醇，是一种存在于许多水果和蔬菜中的天然碳水化合物。然而，大量人工制造的赤藓糖醇已经成为一种非常受欢迎的低碳水化合物产品添加剂”可知，赤藓糖醇被广泛应用于食品中。故选B。
11．What can be cncluded frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Erythritl is nt available t peple.
B．Hazen likes warning peple abut ptential dangers.
C．Peple have realized that erythritl is dangerus.
D．Further research shuld be dne n erythritl.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Science needs shuld knw abut it.(科学需要对赤藓糖醇进行更深入的研究，而且要抓紧时间，因为这种物质现在已经广泛存在。如果它有害，我们就应该知道)”以及最后一段中“but this is smething that I think we need t
be lking at carefully”可推知，应该对赤藓糖醇进行进一步的研究。故选D。
12．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．The Accidental Discvery f a New Sweetener
B．The Ptential Health Risks f Erythritl Uncvered
C．The Rise f Erythritl as a Ppular Sugar Substitute
D．The Surprising Benefits f Erythritl in Diet Prducts
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。根据文章大意尤其第一段“A t a new study.”可知，文章主要讲的是一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。故“发现赤藓糖醇的潜在健康风险”适合作文章标题。故选B。
语篇解读 本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
语境猜词
①statistician(派)＝statistic＋ian统计学家，统计员
②capitalize n充分利用
③verestimate(合)＝ver＋estimate高估
underestimate(合)＝under＋estimate低估
④fllw-up(合)＝fllw＋up后续的
⑤underlying(合)＝under＋lying隐含的，潜在的
语篇解读 本文是说明文。本文通过举例和实验研究解释什么是宜家效应，即人们更加珍视自己亲手创造的东西，并由此引发了对自我建造住房的好处的思考。
语境猜词
①utbid(合)＝ut＋bid 在开价上战胜；出价高于
②persnalize(派)＝persn＋al＋ize 使个性化
③well-being(合)＝well＋being 幸福，安康
④pineer 熟义：n.先驱 生义(文义)：v.倡导；做先锋
⑤affrdable(派)＝affrd＋able 便宜的，付得起的
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。
语境猜词
①additive(派)＝ add＋itive 添加剂，添加物
②lw-carb(合)＝ lw＋carb 低碳水化合物
③sweetener(派)＝ sweet＋en＋er甜味剂