作业14　人与环境类说明文--2025年高考英语大二轮复习（专练）

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A
(2021·全国乙)
Yu’ve heard that plastic is plluting the ceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year.But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des.He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage，frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year，the artist built a piece called “Strawpcalypse，” a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves，frzen mid-crash.Made f 168,000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups，the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City，Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce f plastic pllutin，but they’ve recently cme under fire because mst peple dn’t need them t drink with and，because f their small size and weight，they cannt be recycled.Every straw that’s part f Vn Wng’s artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes.Once the drink is gne，the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018，Vn Wng wanted t illustrate a specific statistic：Every 60 secnds，a ①trucklad’s wrth f plastic enters the cean.Fr this wrk，titled “Trucklad f Plastic，” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic，which were then tied tgether t lk like they’d been dumped(倾倒) frm a truck ②all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
1．What are Vn Wng’s artwrks intended fr?
A．Beautifying the city he lives in.
B．Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C．Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.
D．Reducing garbage n the beach.
2．Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．T shw the difficulty f their recycling.
B．T explain why they are useful.
C．T vice his views n mdern art.
D．T find a substitute fr them.
3．What effect wuld “Trucklad f Plastic” have n viewers?
A．Calming. B．Disturbing. C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.
4.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Artists’ Opinins n Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C．Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D．Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
语境猜词
①trucklad(合)＝truck＋lad
②all at nce
B
(2024·安徽皖南八校联考)
Drught is an increasing prblem in ur warming wrld.All cntinents have been experiencing mre extended perids withut rain，leading t frest fires and pr crp grwth.Cnsequently，peple are lking at clud seeding t slve the prblem—a methd f encuraging precipitatin(降水) by sending small particles f certain chemicals int cluds.
Clud-seeding expert Arlen Huggins has been studying its ①effectiveness.“My earliest experience was t use clud seeding t reduce the amunt f hail(冰雹) in nrtheast Clrad.We didn’t have any luck with that，but we had success later n in increasing snwfall in Utah.Nw，the fcus is shifting twards increasing rainfall frm summer cluds，which is far mre ②unpredictable，” said he.
The prblem is that it’s pretty hard t knw whether precipitatin resulted directly frm clud seeding.It might have rained r snwed anyway.Even if yu practice clud seeding in ne place and dn’t in anther，it’s impssible t knw fr sure what caused the precipitatin.“As clud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness uncertain，its usefulness is still a matter f pinin，” says Katja Friedrich，a researcher f University f Clrad.
Additinally，it’s nt during fggy and snwy cnditins that peple think f increasing the chance f rainfall.When a cuntry is hit by drught，then clud seeding isn’t an ptin due t the lack f cluds.During drught，skies tend t be clear with few cluds.The best ptin t prevent drught is t seed at times f the year when rainfall levels are nrmal r higher.
There are als envirnmental issues regarding the impact f clud seeding.At high levels，the chemicals sent int the cluds can harm humans and ther animals，and sme studies have fund them slightly pisnus.Apart frm that，sme envirnmentalists are cncerned abut the ③lng-term impacts，as there isn’t data n hw much thse chemicals accumulate in the envirnment ver 10 years.
5．What is the purpse f clud seeding?
A．T increase grain utput.
B．T slw dwn glbal warming.
C．T reduce chemicals in the air.
D．T deal with dry and rain-free weather.
6．Hw is Arlen Huggins’ earliest experience in paragraph 2?
A．It’s effective. B．It’s unsuccessful.
C．It’s satisfying. D．It’s ④fruitful.
7.What is Katja Friedrich’s attitude twards clud seeding?
A．Favurable. B．Oppsed.
C．Unclear. D．Dubtful.
8．What can be inferred frm the text?
A．Drught currently ⑤pses the nly threat t frests and crps.
B．Rainmaking in any weather will cme true in the near future.
C．Researchers nw can nt tell if rainfall is brught by clud seeding.
D．Chemicals sent int the cluds will becme less pisnus ver time.
语境猜词
①effectiveness(派)＝effect＋ive＋ness
②unpredictable(派)＝un＋predict＋able
③lng-term(合)＝lng＋term
④fruitful(派)＝ fruit＋ful
⑤pse熟义：n.姿势
生义(文义)：v.
C
(2024·湖南长沙二模)
The Yellw River is the cradle f Chinese civilizatin.And fld cntrl and preventin have always been key t the well-being f the peple living alng it.Nw，scientists can better wrk n these issues by giving the river a digital twin.
The digital twin f the Yellw River uses varius technlgies，including big data，artificial intelligence，and the Internet f things.Devices set up alng the river cllect and transmit infrmatin t the center.Based n the infrmatin，a 3D mdel f the river is presented n the cmputer screen.It’s like the Yellw River has a twin that reflects its real cnditins.
One big ①breakthrugh in the river’s digital ②gvernance is “smart stnes”．Accrding t Wang Qin，a lead researcher at the Infrmatin Center f Yellw River Henan Bureau，a smart stne is a water-prf stne-shaped device with chips，a battery，and a signal transmitter.They are buried in imprtant dike(堤坝) lcatins t recrd and reprt the mvement f dike stnes.“Upn feeling mvement f the dike stnes，the smart stne sends an alarm t the center fr quick respnse，” Wang said.
“In the past，researchers had t learn the cnditins f the dike n the spt by themselves，putting their lives at risk，” said Zha Xiaxing frm the bureau.“Nw the smart stnes can d this fr us，mre safely，quickly，and accurately.”
And in the sky，drnes(无人机) are flying.On the rutes designed by engineers，the drnes becme expert patrllers(巡逻员) f the river，lking at its dikes and fld preventin prjects.Accrding t Shen Lin frm the Yellw River Cnservancy Cmmissin，thanks t the drnes，researchers at the cmmand center can get first-hand phts and infrmatin.“Researchers then update the 3D mdel accrding t the changes the drnes reprted.The newly updated mdel helps us test ur fldwater release plans in case we ever need t ③batten dwn the hatches(未雨绸缪)，” said Shen.
Under the water and up in the sky，intelligence systems are helping t prtect the Yellw River Basin n all frnts.Accrding t the Ministry f Water Resurces，in the future，we can expect t see the cnstructin f an even mre cmprehensive digital system fr this imprtant river.
9．What is the main purpse f creating a digital twin f the Yellw River?
A．T cnduct histrical research.
B．T create a virtual turist attractin.
C．T raise public awareness f river prtectin.
D．T imprve fld cntrl and preventin effrts.
10．Hw d the smart stnes cntribute t the river’s digital gvernance?
A．They recrd water quality.
B．They imprve the river’s beauty.
C．They mnitr and reprt the status f the dike.
D．They serve as markers fr imprtant lcatins.
11.What is ne f the functins f drnes in the digital gvernance f the Yellw River?
A．Entertaining turists.
B．Cllecting infrmatin n dike cnditins.
C．Patrlling and taking wildlife phts.
D．Testing water quality.
12．What des the underlined wrd “cmprehensive” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A．Cmplete. B．Basic. C．Beautiful. D．Natural.
语境猜词
①breakthrugh(合)＝break＋thrugh
②gvernance(派)＝gvern＋ance
③batten dwn
答案精析
1．C [推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage，frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.”可知，艺术家Vn Wng制作雕塑的目的是迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料制品的关系，即关注塑料垃圾造成的问题。故选C。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是其中的“Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce f plastic f their small size and weight，they cannt be recycled.”可知，全球仅有9%的塑料废弃物被回收利用，而且作者特别说明了塑料吸管因为体积小和重量轻而无法被回收。由此可知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管的问题是为了说明塑料吸管回收的困难。故选A。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，Trucklad f Plastic这一作品直观展现了塑料污染的严重性，会令人不安，故选B。]
4．D [标题归纳题。通览全文可知，作者主要讲述了艺术家Vn Wng用塑料垃圾制作雕塑以唤起人们对环保问题的关注，故选D。]
5．D [细节理解题。根据第一段“Drught is an increasing precipitatin(降水)． int cluds.(在我们日益变暖的世界里，干旱是一个日益严重的问题。所有大陆都经历了更多的长时间无雨期，导致森林火灾和作物生长不良。因此，人们正在研究人工增雨来解决这个问题——一种通过将某些化学物质的小颗粒送入云层来促进降水的方法)”可知，人工增雨是为了应对干旱无雨的天气。故选D。]
6．B [推理判断题。根据第二段中“My earliest with that(我最早的实践是在科罗拉多州东北部使用人工增雨来减少冰雹的数量。我们运气不好)”可知，Arlen Huggins 最初的实践没有成功。故选B。]
7．D [观点态度题。根据第三段中Katja Friedrich的话“As clud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness uncertain，its usefulness is still a matter f pinin(由于人工增雨成本高昂，其有效性也不确定，因此其实用性仍有待讨论)”可知，Katja Friedrich对人工增雨的做法持怀疑态度。故选D。]
8．C [推理判断题。根据第三段中“The prblem is that it’s pretty hard t knw whether precipitatin resulted directly frm clud seeding.(问题是，很难知道降水是否直接来自人工增雨)”可知，研究人员现在无法判断降雨是否是由人工增雨带来的。故选C。]
eq \x(语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了黄河数字孪生体的创建目的、运行方式和发展。)
9．D [细节理解题。根据第一段“The Yellw River fld cntrl and giving the river a digital twin.(黄河是中华文明的摇篮。洪水的控制和预防一直是保障黄河沿岸人民幸福生活的关键。现在，科学家们可以通过给黄河创建一个数字孪生体来更好地解决这些问题)”可知，创建黄河数字孪生体的主要目的是加强洪水的控制和预防工作。故选D。]
10．C [细节理解题。根据第三段中“They are buried dike stnes.(它们被埋在重要的堤坝上，以记录和报告堤坝石块的活动)”以及第四段“‘过去，研究人员必须冒着生命危险，亲自到现场了解堤坝的情况，’来自该局的赵潇雄说道。‘现在智能石头可以帮我们更安全、更快速且更精确地完成这项工作。’”可知，智能石头监测和报告堤坝的状况。故选C。]
11．B [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“On the rutes preventin prjects.(在工程师设计的路线上，无人机成为河流的专业巡逻员，监视河堤和防洪工程)”可知，无人机在黄河数字化治理中的作用之一是收集堤防状况信息。故选B。]
12．A [词义猜测题。根据最后一段内容可知，在水下和空中，智能系统正在帮助保护黄河流域的各个方面，据水利部表示，在未来，我们可以期待为这条重要河流建设一个更全面的数字系统。由此猜测，画线词意为“全面的”。故选A。]
语境猜词答案
A．①一卡车(的量) ②突然地；同时
B．①有效性，效力 ②无法预测的 ③长期的 ④成果丰硕的 ⑤造成，引起
C．①突破，重大进展 ②管理，治理 ③准备应对可能的麻烦或困难
语篇解读 艺术家Benjamin Vn Wng非常关注塑料污染的问题，他用回收的废旧塑料垃圾创作巨型雕塑，以唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了虽然人工增雨被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法，但是人工增雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和受气候条件的制约。因此，虽然人工增雨可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。