专题14 阅读理解议论文 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

这是一份专题14 阅读理解议论文 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用），文件包含专题14阅读理解议论文解析版docx、专题14阅读理解议论文原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共44页， 欢迎下载使用。

目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 主旨大意题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 细节理解题5
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 推理判断题6
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型04 词义猜测题9
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 11
题型简介
高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。
命题类型
主旨大意题：要求提炼文章核心论点，常以 “What's the main idea f the passage?” 这类问句出现，选项可能是对全文中心思想的精准概括，也可能是过于宽泛、片面的干扰表述。
细节理解题：针对文中论据、支撑性事例或特定关键信息设题，题目会明确指向文章某一处，如 “Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing statements abut... is true?”，考查学生捕捉精准细节的能力。
推理判断题：需依据文章现有论述、语气倾向推测隐含意义、作者态度，题干表述多为 “What can be inferred frm the passage?”，答案并非原文直白呈现，要经适度推导。
词义猜测题：聚焦文中超纲词、熟词僻义或特定语境下有特殊含义的词汇，例如 “The underlined wrd ‘XXX’ in the paragraph mst prbably means...”，要求结合上下文破解词义谜团。
解题思路
读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。
通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。
定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “fr example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。
推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。
核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。
题型01 主旨大意题

关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。
抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。
综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。
“Wman reading bk, under a night sky, dreamy atmsphere,” I type int Deep Dream Generatr’s Text 2 Dream feature. In less than a minute, an image is returned t me shwing what I’ve described.
Welcme t the wrld f AI image generatin, where yu can create what n the surface lks like tp-rank artwrk using just a few text prmpts (提示). But clser examinatin shws ddities. The face f the wman in my image has very dd features, and appears t be hlding multiple bks. And, while there’s an initial thrill at seeing an image appear, there’s n creative satisfactin.
AI image generatin culd influence everything frm film t graphic nvels and mre. Children’s illustratrs were quick t raise cncerns abut the technlgy. They say AI-generated art is the exact ppsite f what art is believed t be. Fundamentally, art is all abut translating smething that yu feel internally int smething that exists externally. Whatever frm it takes, true art is abut the creative prcess much mre than it’s abut the final piece. And simply pressing a buttn t generate an image is nt a creative prcess.
Beynd creativity, there are deeper issues. T create images frm prmpts, AI generatrs rely n databases f already existing art and text. This culd lead t the creatin f images that are intentinally meant t imitate the style f ther artists, withut their agreement. There is an argument that AI generatrs wrk n differently t humans when it cmes t being influenced by thers’ wrk. Hwever, a human artist is als adding emtin and nuance (细微差别) int the mix. AI desn’t d the same — it can nly cpy.
The increasing use f AI will als lead t a devaluing (贬低) f the wrk f artists. There’s already a negative prejudice twards the creative industry. Peple will begin t think that their “wrk” is as excellent as that created by smene wh has spent a career making art. It’s nnsense, f curse. Yu can use yur mbile phne t take a nice picture f yur daughter, but yu are n match fr prfessinals.
7．What is Paragraph 4 f the text mainly abut?
A．The styles f human artwrks and AI nes.
B．Human artists’ influence n AI generatrs.
C．Different means used in human and AI art creatin.
D．The drawbacks f drawing frm existing art and text.
8．Which f the fllwing best summarizes the last paragraph?
A．Art is the mirrr f life.B．Rme is nt built in a day.
C．N man can d tw things at nce.D．Dn’t judge a bk by its cver.
【答案】 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为人工智能图像生成虽然便捷，但也有不少弊端，在文中从几个方面进行了阐述。
7．主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句到第四句“T create images frm prmpts, AI generatrs rely n databases f already existing art and text. This culd lead t the creatin f images that are intentinally meant t imitate the style f ther artists, withut their agreement. There is an argument that AI generatrs wrk n differently t humans when it cmes t being influenced by thers’ wrk.(为了根据提示创建图像，人工智能生成器依赖于已经存在的艺术和文本数据库。这可能会导致在未经其他艺术家同意的情况下，故意模仿其他艺术家的风格。有一种观点认为，人工智能生成器在受他人工作影响方面与人类没有什么不同。)”和最后两句“Hwever, a human artist is als adding emtin and nuance (细微差别) int the mix. AI desn’t d the same — it can nly cpy.(然而，人类艺术家也在混合中添加情感和细微差别。人工智能不会做同样的事情——它只能复制。)”可知，第四段主要是讲在人类和AI艺术创作中使用的不同手段。故选C。
8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“The increasing use f AI will als lead t a devaluing (贬低) f the wrk f artists.(越来越多地使用人工智能也将导致艺术家的作品贬值。)”可知，“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”最能总结最后一段。故选B。
题型02 细节理解题

抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。
注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。
利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。
Recently, I was walking with sme parents when we came acrss a five-pund nte lying n the grund. We std arund it fr a mment, a bit awkwardly, until smene suggested putting it n a nearby bench. Then ne f the parents remarked that we’d prbably have behaved differently — that is, we wuld have just taken the mney — had we been alne.
This relates t a classic questin in studies f human genersity: d we behave mre selfishly when we aren’t being bserved? The debate ges n acrss the psychlgical and bilgical sciences, as well as in ppular culture, abut whether kindness can exist in a cmpetitive wrld.
Ym Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religius hliday when Jewish peple fast and ask fr frgiveness fr the wrngs they’ve cmmitted. One f the pints f Ym Kippur is t behave better regardless f wh is watching. There’s an evlutinary beauty t the teachings f Ym Kippur, which are the prducts f thusands f years f cultural changes and evlutin.
The Maasai peple f Kenya practice stua: relatinships between peple that perate based n need. When smene frms an stua relatinship with anther, they enter int an unwritten cntract t help their partner in times f need. And hunter-gatherer grups, which can represent the circumstances ur species evlved in, have many similar examples.
Cultural evlutin helps t explain the existence and cmplexity f these systems. Cultural changes are far faster than bilgical evlutin, allwing intelligent species like humans t develp behaviral adaptatins fr managing cmplex scial envirnments. Ostua, r any ther practice that helps t maintain gd treatment f thers in sciety, is the result f tens f thusands f years f cultural trial and errr. The custms passed dwn ver time are thse that help us t develp as cultural grups.
The study f thse changes has helped us t understand hw we successfully spread arund the wrld as cperative grups. Bilgical evlutin has helped humans be mre cperative, but cultural changes have accelerated this prcess.
Cultural evlutin helps us t vercme ur selfish natures. Try t understand rules befre yu ignre them — and next time yu find a fiver n the grund, yu might think abut the awkward situatin yur discvery represents.
13．What made the parents feel a bit awkward?
A．The difficulty sharing the mney.
B．The difficulty finding the wner f the mney.
C．The thught f putting the mney n the bench.
D．The thught f keeping the mney fr themselves.
15．Hw is bilgical evlutin different frm cultural evlutin?
A．It evlves much slwer.B．It takes much less time.
C．It is a mre cmplex prcess.D．It makes humans mre cperative.
【答案】13．D 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了在这个充满竞争的世界里善行是存在的，不同的社会中存在不同的善行的事例，而善行的存在是千百年来的文化进化所致，它帮助我们克服自私的本性。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We std arund it fr a mment, a bit awkwardly, until smene suggested putting it n a nearby bench. Then ne f the parents remarked that we’d prbably have behaved differently — that is, we wuld have just taken the mney — had we been alne. (我们围着它有点尴尬地站了一会儿，直到有人建议把它放在附近的长凳上。然后，其中一位家长说，如果我们单独在那里，我们的行为可能会有所不同——也就是说，我们会直接拿走钱)”可知，当看到地上的钱时，这些父母们实际上产生了自私的想法：将钱占为己有，这种想法使人感到有点尴尬。故选D项。
15．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Cultural changes are far faster than bilgical evlutin, allwing intelligent species like humans t develp behaviral adaptatins fr managing cmplex scial envirnments. (文化的变化比生物进化要快得多，这使得像人类这样有智力的物种能够发展出适应复杂社会环境的行为)”可知，生物进化与文化进化的不同之处在于它进行地慢得多。故选A项。
题型03 推理判断题

以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。
体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。
关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man? He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining, and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives, he deter-mines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes, and the bk was Dn Quixte (《堂吉诃德》). And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days, while thers g t seed lng befre?
We’ve all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can’t all get there. I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us, in fact, prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us——an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm, we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever, we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs (自我), whether t lved nes, t fellw humans, t wrk, r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate (视……等同于) “cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, r running a stre———make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They’ve learned life’s mst valuable lessn.
1．The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that ________.
A．lss f freedm stimulates ne’s creativity
B．age is nt a barrier t achieving ne’s gal
C．misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D．disability cannt stp a man´s pursuit f success
2．What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4?
A．Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B．Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C．Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D．Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
3．What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5?
A．A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B．A wise man can live withut self-pity.
C．A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D．A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life.
4．What is the authr’s purpse in writing the passage?
A．T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B．T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C．T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D．T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以名著《堂吉诃德》的作者Cervantes的事迹为例，讲述了想要成功，就要不断地学习，这样人生才有意义。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining, and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives, he deter-mines t write a bk. (他今年53岁。他成年后的大部分时间都在与债务和不幸作着失败的斗争。一次战争受伤使他的左手失去了功能，他经常被关进监狱。不知出于什么动机，他决定写一本书。)”可知，Cervantes已经53岁，不再年轻，前半生一直生活在不幸中，但即便这样，他还是决定写一本书；根据第二段“The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. (事实证明，这本书350多年来一直受到全世界的欢迎。)”可知，他最终实现了目标，并取得了巨大成功。由此推知，文章用Cervantes的故事作为开始，是为了告诉读者年龄不是实现目标的障碍。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere. (没什么让我们惊讶的。我们失去了惊奇感。但是，如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在。)”可知，从第4段可以推断出机会垂青于有好奇心的人。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“We learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us——an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing. (我们学会忍受我们无法改变的事情。我们学会避免自怜。我们知道，无论我们多么努力地取悦别人，有些人永远不会爱我们——这个想法一开始会让人烦恼，但最终会让人放松。)”可推知，作者是想告诉我们，要学会用恰当的方式来对待生活。故选D。
4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第六段“With high mtivatin and enthusiasm, we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever, we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs (自我), whether t lved nes, t fellw humans, t wrk, r t sme mral cncept. (有了高度的动力和热情，我们就能继续学习。然后我们就会知道在我们的生活中有意义是多么重要。然而，只有当我们对比我们的小我更重要的事情做出承诺时，我们才能获得意义，无论是对所爱的人，对人类同胞，对工作，还是对某些道德观念。)”可知，作者的目的是为了给人们指导人们如何过上有意义的成年生活。故选A。
题型04 词义猜测题

利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。
注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。
借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。例如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。
The mushrming vide screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away ur already rare resurce: a place fr a mment f peace. Taking a nap r reading a bk n buses is less pleasant nw, as the LCD screens bradcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable vlumes.
Yu pay the bus fare simply t get a ride—undisturbed—but nw yu are expsed t this “added value”, whether yu like it r nt. If it’s a crwded bus, the nise is even mre exasperating. Mre and mre Chinese cities have jined Shanghai, regarded as the first t put vide screens n buses, disturbing millins f passengers.

29．What des the underlined wrd “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Entertaining.
B．Encuraging.
C．Disappinting.
D．Annying.
【答案】29．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了在公交车、出租车、公寓大厅里用视频屏幕播放内容这一现象，这夺走了人们寻找片刻安宁的机会。
29．词句猜测题。根据画线词前句“Yu pay the bus fare simply t get a ride—undisturbed—but nw yu are expsed t this ‘added value’, whether yu like it r nt.(你支付公交车费用只是为了乘车——不受干扰——但现在你暴露在这种‘附加值’中，无论你喜欢与否。)”可知，乘客
乘坐公交车是为了不受干扰地乘车，但视频屏幕播放内容会打扰乘客享受安宁，再结合画线词所在句中的“a crwded bus”和“the nise”可推知，在拥挤的公交车中，播放视频的噪音会更加让人生气。exasperating意为“惹人生气的”，与annying意思最接近。故选D。
First-year cllege students ften are expected r required t live in drmitries. In the rest years, it’s usually up t thse students t decide whether t live n r ff campus.
At first glance, ff-campus husing can appear less expensive. But the additinal expenses utside f rent — like utilities, grceries, Internet access, cable and furniture — are ften verlked. T reduce ff-campus csts, sme students chse t verpack huses r apartments, smetimes with fur r five peple in a tw-bedrm huse. Unlike ff-campus husing, the ttal cst f living n campus is typically all-inclusive, cveting rent, utilities, furniture, Wi-Fi and a meal plan.
19．What des the underlined wrd “verpack” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Overlk.B．Overcnsume.C．Overestimate.D．Overlad.
【答案】 19．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是大学生选择校内外住宿的优劣，并提供了选择建议，分析了校内住宿对学习的益处和校外住宿的独立生活技能需求。
19．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“T reduce ff-campus csts(为了减少校外居住的成本)”以及划线单词后的“smetimes with fur r five peple in a tw-bedrm huse(有时四五个人住在一套两居室的房子里。)”可知，为了降低成本，有些学生选择在两室的卧房里住进四五个人，说明房子里住的人太多，由此可推断，划线单词verpack的意思应与“塞满或者挤满”意思相近。故选D项。
题型01 主旨大意题
【来源】上海市格致中学2024-2025学年高三上学期阶段练习卷
As cmputers becme mre and mre ppular in China, Chinese peple are increasingly depending n cmputer keybards t input Chinese characters. But if they use the cmputer t much, they may end up frgetting the exact strkes (笔画) f each Chinese character when writing n paper. Experts suggest peple, especially students, write by hand mre.
……..
Many educatrs think differently. Shi Liwei, the headmaster f a famus primary schl in the capital said, “Chinese characters enjy bth practical value and artistic beauty. But thse characters typed with cmputer keybards nly maintain their practical value. All the artistic beauty f the characters is lst. And handwriting cntains the writer’s emtin. Thrugh ne’s handwriting, peple can get t knw ne’s thinking and persnality. Beautiful writing will give peple a better first impressin f them.”
T encurage students t hand-write mre, many primary schls in Beijing have made writing classes cmpulsry (必修的) and in universities, sme prfessrs are asking students t turn in their hmewrk and essays written by hand.
24．Which f the fllwing can best serve as the title f the passage?
A．T Type r t Hand-write.
B．Hw t Imprve Handwriting.
C．Practical Value and Artistic Beauty f Chinese Characters.
D．Writing by Cmputer Will Replace Writing by Hand.
【答案】 24．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕电脑的普及使手写减少，引发对手写价值的讨论。
24．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“As cmputers becme mre and mre ppular in China, Chinese peple are increasingly depending n cmputer keybards t input Chinese characters. But if they use the cmputer t much, they may end up frgetting the exact strkes (笔画) f each Chinese character when writing n paper. Experts suggest peple, especially students, write by hand mre.(随着电脑在中国越来越普及，中国人越来越依赖电脑键盘输入汉字。但是，如果他们使用电脑太多，他们可能会忘记在纸上写字时每个汉字的准确笔画。专家建议人们，尤其是学生，多用手写字。)”及最后两段可知，文章主要讨论了随着计算机在中国的普及，中国人越来越依赖电脑键盘输入汉字，但这可能导致他们忘记在纸上书写汉字的确切笔画。专家建议人们，尤其是学生，应该更多地手写。文章通过对比手写和打字的优缺点，探讨了手写汉字的重要性和价值。因此，“T Type r t Hand-write”可以作为文章的最佳标题，因为它准确地概括了文章的主要内容和讨论的主题。故选A。
题型02 细节理解题
【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试卷
JULY 19TH was a day fr help- desk heres. A rutine sftware update by CrwdStrike, a cyber-security cmpany, caused cmputer breakdwn in ffices, hspitals and airprts wrldwide. Mst white-cllar wrkers lked miserably at their screens and realised just hw useless they are if they cannt lg in. Peple in IT came t the rescue f helpless clleagues and stranded passengers. Their wrk that day was full f stress — but als full f meaning.
If machines can add purpse t sme jbs when they fail, what abut when they wrk prperly? This is nt a meaningless questin. Technlgies tend t spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than rle by rle. Befre machines replace individuals, they change the nature f the wrk they d.
A recent paper, frm Milena Niklva and Femke Cnssen lked at the prevalence f rbts in industrial settings and hw that affected wrkers. Rbts reduced the perceived meaningfulness f jbs acrss the bard, regardless f age, gender, skills and the type f wrk. In thery, machines can free up time fr mre interesting tasks; in practice, they seem t have had the ppsite effect.
……..
13．Which f the fllwing statements is TRUE accrding t the first and secnd paragraphs?
A．Machines can smetimes add mre purpses t jbs when they fail.
B．Technlgies typically spread acrss entire rles, replacing wrkers in ne g.
C．Ptential demerits f intrducing machines in the wrkplace have been recrded.
D．A cyber-security cmpany caused technlgical faults n purpse when testing the sftware.
14．What’s the cnclusin f Ms Niklva’s research in industrial settings?
A．Wrkers feel mre autnmus and in cntrl when wrking with rbts.
B．Machines reduce the sense f purpse in human wrkers’ jbs in reality.
C．Industrial rbts replace human wrkers, eliminating their tasks and rles.
D．Autmatin facilitates manual labr, increasing the variety f tasks.
【答案】13．A 14．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“机器和人工智能对工作质量和员工感受的影响”这一主题展开讨论，通过引用多个研究案例和分析，探讨了机器在出现故障和正常运转时对工作的影响，以及自动化和人工智能在不同行业中的应用对员工感受和工作质量的潜在影响。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Mst white - cllar wrkers lked miserably at their screens and realised just hw useless they are if they cannt lg in. Peple in IT came t the rescue f helpless clleagues and stranded passengers. Their wrk that day was full f stress— but als full f meaning. (大多数白领悲惨地盯着他们的屏幕，意识到如果无法登录，他们的工作将变得毫无意义。信息技术部门的人员前来解救那些无助的同事和被困的乘客。他们那天的工作充满了压力，但也充满了意义。)”以及第二段“If machines can add purpse t sme jbs when they
fail, what abut when they wrk prperly? (如果机器在出现故障时能给某些工作增添意义，那么当它们正常运转时又会怎样呢？)”可知，有时候机器出现故障的时候，会给一些工作增添意义。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A recent paper, frm Milena Niklva and Femke Cnssen lked at the prevalence f rbts in industrial settings and hw that affected wrkers. Rbts reduced the perceived meaningfulness f jbs acrss the bard, regardless f age, gender, skills and the type f wrk. In thery, machines can free up time fr mre interesting tasks; in practice, they seem t have had the ppsite effect.( Milena Niklva和Femke Cnssen撰写的一篇近期论文研究了工业环境中机器人的普及程度以及这对工人的影响。机器人普遍降低了工作的意义感，无论年龄、性别、技能水平和工作类型如何。理论上，机器可以腾出时间让人去做更有趣的任务；但实际上，它们似乎产生了相反的效果。)”可知，Niklva女士的研究表明，机器减少了人类工作者工作中的意义感。故选B。
题型03 推理判断题
【来源】上海市延安中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语试题
Being single is a jyful defiance f cnventin
Single peple are ften seen as living half a life. We’re just incmplete puzzles, desperately searching fr the missing piece t make us whle. But what if the risk is nt what we’ll miss ut n if we dn’t centre ur lives arund a rmantic partner, but what we’ll miss ut n if we d?
Fr millins f peple, being single is the key t living their best life. They are what Dr Bella DePaul calls the “single at heart”, and when I first heard that term, I knew she was talking abut me.
After reading survey data frm mre than 20,000 peple acrss 100 cuntries carefully, DePaul fund that — cntrary t cultural assumptins that the unpartnered will die miserable and alne, surrunded by cats - thse wh embrace their single status actually grw happier as they age. The “single at heart” are thriving because f their sl status, nt in spite f it.
17．What can be inferred abut the scietal perceptin f single peple frm the passage?
A．Sciety has a neutral attitude twards and desn’t discriminate against them.
B．Sciety almst fully supprts and understands the chices f single peple.
C．Sciety ften views single peple negatively and assumes they are incmplete.
D．Sciety has n expectatins and impses n restrictins fr single peple.
18．What des the authr imply by saying “Perhaps if single status was nt viewed as smething every unpartnered persn wants t change, we wuld see greater equity fr thse ding life sl”?
A．Current plicies are fair t and have n huge impact n single peple.
B．Changing sciety’s prejudice culd lead t better treatment f single peple.
C．Single peple shuld try t change their status by striving fr equal pprtunities.
D．Scietal status shuld be cnsidered by single peple instead f by everyne.
【答案】17．C 18．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了单身生活作为一种积极、独立且自由的选择，而非传统观念中所谓的“不完整”或“次等”的生活方式。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Single peple are ften seen as living half a life. We’re just incmplete puzzles, desperately searching fr the missing piece t make us whle.(单身的人常常被认为过着一半的生活。我们只是不完整的拼图，拼命地寻找缺失的那块使我们完整。)”可知，社会经常消极地看待单身人士，认为他们是不完整的。故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Perhaps if single status was nt viewed as smething every unpartnered persn wants t change, we wuld see greater equity fr thse ding life sl.(也许，如果单身状态不被视为每个单身人士都想改变的事情，我们就会看到那些独自生活的人获得更大的平等。)”可知，如果社会不再将单身状态视为需要改变的事情，那么选择单身生活的人将得到更公平的待遇，作者通过说这句话暗示了改变社会偏见可能会让单身人士得到更好的待遇。故选B。
题型04 词义猜测题
【来源】上海市格致中学2024-2025学年高三上学期阶段练习卷
………
All the students interviewed say they usually use a cmputer.
It’s faster and easier t crrect if using a cmputer. And that’s why cmputers are being used mre and mre ften t mdern educatin. But when peple are taking stck f cmputers increasingly, prblems appear.
………
22．What des the underlined expressin “taking stck f” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Getting bred with.B．Thinking carefully abut.
C．Getting curius abut.D．Becming crazy abut.
22．B
22．词句猜测题。结合选项和下文“prblems appear (问题就出现了)”可推知，当人们开始仔细审视电脑时，就会发现问题。所以taking stck f表示与同义Thinking carefully abut，意为“(对某情况)进行反思，作出评估”。故选B。
A
（2025年宝山一模）
Wrld Hunger Day is abut celebrating slutins that keep peple frm suffering r dying due t lack f fd. Read abut sme causes and als sme f the effrts being made t stp this wrldwide prblem.
Why, in a wrld where we technically prduce enugh fd t feed everyne, d millins f peple g t bed hungry each night? The statistics are tragic, and such a cntradictin shuld have n place in ur mdern wrld.
The UN's secnd sustainability gal, "Zer Hunger," is an ambitius plan t end hunger in the wrld by 2030. Hwever, the glbal scale f the hunger staggers the imaginatin, and it's getting wrse. Accrding t Wrld Visin, as many as 828 millin peple, r 10% f the glbal ppulatin, are suffering frm fd insecurity. What are the driving frces behind this stubbrn blight (疫病) f hunger?
Armed cnflict is ne. It frces peple frm their hmes, ruins ecnmies and turns millins f peple int refugees wh becme reliant n aid, and luck, fr their daily needs.
Extreme weather events - like drughts, flding, hurricanes and cyclnes - als drive wrld hunger by destrying hmes and making farmland unusable.
Finally, arund 30 percent f the wrld's fd is lst r wasted annually. Fd lss ccurs when fd is damaged r spiled while mving thrugh the supply chain. Fd waste happens when individuals, supermarkets r restaurants buy mre fd than they need and thrw away the excess (超过).
Wrld Hunger Day, which is tday, isn't just abut bad news. Funded in 2011 by The Hunger Prject, Wrld Hunger Day is als abut celebrating slutins that will eliminate starvatin.
In Africa, The Hunger Prject has been wrking t encurage mre sustainable and efficient farming methds. Fr example, by diversifying their crps, farmers will have healthier sil. Furthermre, since farmers need access t safe, clean water, The Hunger Prject teaches peple hw t mnitr, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps. The UN Wrld Fd Prgramme aids farmers by helping them cnnect t lcal ecnmies, imprve prductin methds and reduce crp lsses. And, fr wmen wh are pregnant r nursing and fr children, they prvide special fds like nutrient-rich peanut paste.
S what can yu d t help rt ut wrld hunger? Aside frm striving t reduce yur fd waste, keep educating yurself and thers abut the issue. Lk fr pprtunities t feed the hungry in yur wn cmmunities. There are sme fantastic rganizatins such as SALT Cllectiv, wh regularly rganize and crdinate events t help rphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each chice, each vice can help make hunger a thing f the past.
43. The wrd stagger in the third paragraph mst prbably means ______.
A. shck B. imprve C. restrictD. affect
The purpse f the passage is ______.
t bjectively analyze the reasns f starvatin
t seriusly warn peple f the starvatin
t encurage peple t fight against hunger
t think highly f the effrt t try t get rid f hunger
What can we infer frm the passage?
Hunger will becme a thing f the past.
Starvatin exists mainly in Africa.
Peple wh need fd may get it arund themselves.
It is impssible t get rid f starvatin in the wrld.
Which f the fllwing might be the best title f the passage?
The Cause f Starvatin
The March tward Zer Hunger
The Slutin t Starvatin
The Cnsequence f Hunger
【答案】 43. A 44. D 45. C 46. B
【导读】
本文围绕世界饥饿问题展开，首先指出在全球粮食产量理论上足够的情况下，仍有大量人口面临饥饿的矛盾现状，接着分析了导致饥饿的原因，如武装冲突、极端天气和食物浪费等。同时介绍了世界饥饿日及其所倡导的解决饥饿问题的措施，像非洲实施可持续农业方法、联合国世界粮食计划署提供援助等，最后呼吁人们行动起来，共同对抗饥饿。
【解析】
43. 词义猜测题：根据第三段 “The UN's secnd sustainability gal, 'Zer Hunger,' is an ambitius plan t end hunger in the wrld by 2030. Hwever, the glbal scale f the hunger staggers the imaginatin, and it's getting wrse.” 可知，联合国虽有消除饥饿的目标，但全球饥饿的规模与之形成反差且愈发严重，这种情况应是令人震惊的。“imprve” 意为 “改善”；“restrict” 意为 “限制”；“affect” 意为 “影响”，均不符合此处语境。“shck” 有 “使震惊” 之意，符合语境，所以答案是 A。
44. 目的意图题：文章不仅分析了饥饿的原因，还强调了为解决饥饿问题所做的努力和解决方案。文章的基调是积极的，鼓励人们参与到抗击饥饿的行动中来，因此正确答案是D. t think highly f the effrt t try t get rid f hunger（高度评价努力消除饥饿的努力）。
45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “Lk fr pprtunities t feed the hungry in yur wn cmmunities. There are sme fantastic rganizatins such as SALT Cllectiv, wh regularly rganize and crdinate events t help rphans and feed the hungry.” 可知，有组织在社区开展帮助饥饿人群的活动，由此可推断需要食物的人可能在自己周边获得食物，C 选项正确。A 选项 “饥饿将成为过去” 过于绝对，文中只是呼吁努力让饥饿成为过去，但未表明一定会实现；B 选项 “饥饿主要存在于非洲”，文中提到全球都有饥饿问题，并非主要在非洲；D 选项 “在世界上消除饥饿是不可能的” 与文章倡导的努力消除饥饿相悖。所以答案是 C。
46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕消除饥饿这一主题，既提到了饥饿问题及原因，也介绍了为实现 “零饥饿” 目标所做的努力和人们应采取的行动，“The March tward Zer Hunger”（迈向零饥饿）能很好地概括文章内容，B 选项正确。A 选项 “饥饿的原因” 和 C 选项 “饥饿的解决办法” 都只是文章部分内容；D 选项 “饥饿的后果” 文中未提及。所以答案是 B。
【重点词块】
sustainability gal 可持续发展目标
armed cnflict 武装冲突
extreme weather events 极端天气事件
fd insecurity 粮食不安全
supply chain 供应链
sustainable farming methds 可持续农业方法
diversify crps 使农作物多样化
rt ut 根除
strive t 努力做……
【复杂句式】
1. “Why, in a wrld where we technically prduce enugh fd t feed everyne, d millins f peple g t bed hungry each night?”
分析：这是一个特殊疑问句，“in a wrld where we technically prduce enugh fd t feed everyne” 是地点状语，其中 “where we technically prduce enugh fd t feed everyne” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “wrld”。句子主干是 “Why d millins f peple g t bed hungry each night?”，正常语序为 “Millins f peple g t bed hungry each night in a wrld where we technically prduce enugh fd t feed everyne. Why?”，这里将 “in a wrld...” 提前，是为了强调这种矛盾的情境。
翻译：为什么在一个理论上我们生产的食物足以养活所有人的世界里，每天晚上仍有数百万人饿着肚子上床睡觉呢？
2. “Armed cnflict is ne. It frces peple frm their hmes, ruins ecnmies and turns millins f peple int refugees wh becme reliant n aid, and luck, fr their daily needs.”
分析：前一句 “Armed cnflict is ne.” 是简单句，表明武装冲突是导致饥饿的一个原因。后一句是一个复合句，“It frces peple frm their hmes, ruins ecnmies and turns millins f peple int refugees” 是并列的谓语结构，描述武装冲突带来的一系列后果，“wh becme reliant n aid, and luck, fr their daily needs” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “refugees”，说明难民对援助和运气的依赖。
翻译：武装冲突是（导致饥饿的原因）之一。它迫使人们背井离乡，破坏经济，并使数百万人沦为难民，这些难民依赖援助和运气来满足他们的日常需求。
3. “Finally, arund 30 percent f the wrld's fd is lst r wasted annually. Fd lss ccurs when fd is damaged r spiled while mving thrugh the supply chain. Fd waste happens when individuals, supermarkets r restaurants buy mre fd than they need and thrw away the excess.”
分析：第一句是简单句，说明全球食物损失和浪费的比例。第二句是复合句，“when fd is damaged r spiled while mving thrugh the supply chain” 是时间状语从句，描述食物损失发生的情况。第三句同样是复合句，“when individuals, supermarkets r restaurants buy mre fd than they need and thrw away the excess” 是时间状语从句，阐述食物浪费发生的情形，其中 “than they need” 是比较状语从句。
翻译：最后，全球每年约有 30% 的食物损失或浪费。食物损失发生在食物在供应链流转过程中受损或变质的时候。当个人、超市或餐馆购买的食物超过他们的需求并扔掉多余的部分时，就会发生食物浪费。
4. “In Africa, The Hunger Prject has been wrking t encurage mre sustainable and efficient farming methds. Fr example, by diversifying their crps, farmers will have healthier sil. Furthermre, since farmers need access t safe, clean water, The Hunger Prject teaches peple hw t mnitr, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps.”
分析：第一句是简单句，“has been wrking” 是现在完成进行时，表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作，说明 “饥饿项目” 一直在努力鼓励采用可持续和高效的农业方法。第二句是简单句，“by diversifying their crps” 是方式状语，表明通过多样化种植农作物来实现土壤更健康的方式。第三句是复合句，“since farmers need access t safe, clean water” 是原因状语从句，说明 “饥饿项目” 教人们如何监测、维护和修理水系统的原因。
翻译：在非洲，“饥饿项目” 一直在努力鼓励采用更可持续和高效的农业方法。例如，通过使农作物多样化，农民将拥有更健康的土壤。此外，由于农民需要获得安全、清洁的水，“饥饿项目” 教人们如何监测、维护和修理水泵等水系统。
B
（2025年普陀区一模）
Art has always ccupied a special place in sciety. Many peple cnsider artists t be the ultimate authrities n the nature and expressin f beauty. Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists —inspiratin —has its wn magical qualities. Literally, "inspiratin"is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.
Of curse, artists cntributed t this mythlgy(神话). Many artists credited their talents t the presence f sme supernatural pwer. "Whle mvements f art have centered n the suppsedly therwrldly nature f art. Fr example, the Rmantic pets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth. The search fr this ideal led them t explre bth natural and supernatural themes in their wrks.
Anther persistent view f art regarded its divrce frm lgic. Reasn and lgic were the prvince f scientists and philsphers, whereas creativity and insight were the area f the artists. The tw separate aspects f the mind were suppsed t remain distinct.
But in 1704, a majr breakthrugh ccurred. Sir Isaac Newtn, mathematician and physicist, published his study f light, Opticks. One f Newtn's majr discveries was n the nature f clr. Using a prism(棱镜), Newtn fund that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw. He even prvided a scientific explanatin fr the presence f rainbws. The artistic cmmunity was shcked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it t the simple refractin f beams f light thrugh the prism f a raindrp. A scientist had ventured int their sacred territry.
Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw. "His clleague, Samuel Taylr Cleridge, famusly remarked that the suls f five hundred Newtns wuld be needed t make ne Shakespeare. And yet, frm anther perspective, Newtn did nt reduce the beauty f the rainbw;he enhanced it. In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime(绝妙). Newtn's discvery paved the way fr the develpment f the science f spectrscpy, a way f analyzing the chemical makeup f light. Nw scientists can lk at the stars and knw their cmpsitin. The sense f wnder this ability creates is nt much different frm the wnder the pet r artist feels when staring at thse same stars.
43. Accrding t the passage, what was the cmmn view f artists in histry?
A. Artists were cnsidered lgical and ratinal.
B. Artists were seen as inspired and smewhat strange.
C. Artists were primarily fcused n scientific discvery.
D. Artists were thught t be withut any supernatural beliefs.
44. Hw did the Rmantic pets react t Newtn's discvery abut light and clr?
A. They believed it added a new dimensin t the appreciatin f beauty.
B. They credited Newtn's insights t mystical influences.
C. They were inspired t integrate mre scientific themes in their petry.
D. They felt it faded the petic beauty f natural phenmena.
45. Why des the authr mentin Jhn Keats'and Samuel Taylr Cleridge's views n Isaac Newtn?
A. T emphasize the superir creativity f pets ver scientists.
B. T highlight the impact f scientific discveries n artistic perceptin.
C. T state that Shakespeare's knwledge f beauty was unmatched.
D. T shw that Rmantic pets bjected t scientific prgress.
46. Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
A. The Artistic Interpretatin f Science B. The Cntrast between Art and Lgics
C. The Interplay f Art and Science
D. Isaac Newtn's Influence n Arts
【答案】 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C
【导读】本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。
【解析】
43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists — inspiratin — has its wn magical qualities. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。
44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。
45. 推理判断题：作者提及约翰・济慈和塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治对牛顿的看法，是为了突出科学发现对艺术认知的影响，B 选项正确。A 选项，并非强调诗人创造力优于科学家；C 选项，提及莎士比亚不是重点，重点是体现科学对艺术认知的影响；D 选项，诗人并非反对科学进步，而是认为牛顿的发现影响了艺术对美的认知。所以答案是 B。
46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕艺术与科学展开，阐述了两者在历史认知中的不同以及牛顿的科学发现对艺术认知的影响，体现了艺术与科学的相互作用，C 选项 “艺术与科学的相互作用” 为最佳标题。A 选项 “科学的艺术解读” 片面；B 选项 “艺术与逻辑的对比” 只是其中一部分内容；D 选项 “艾萨克・牛顿对艺术的影响” 也过于片面。所以答案是 C。
【重点词快】
ultimate：adj. 最终的；根本的；最好的，最典型的
authrity：n. 权威；权力；当局
inspiratin：n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物）
mythlgy：n. 神话；神话学；虚构的故事
supernatural：adj. 超自然的；神奇的；不可思议的
divrce：n. /v. 离婚；分离，脱离
prvince：n. 领域；省份；职权
prism：n. 棱镜；棱柱体
refractin：n. 折射
venture：v. 冒险；敢于；冒昧地说 n. 冒险；风险项目
sacred：adj. 神圣的；宗教的；庄严的
enhance：v. 提高；增强；增进
sublime：adj. 绝妙的；宏伟的；令人赞叹的
spectrscpy：n. 光谱学；波谱学
【复杂句式】
1.“Literally, "inspiratin" is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.”
分析：第一个句子是简单句，阐述 “inspiratin” 字面含义。第二个句子中 “wh were uniquely inspired t create” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “peple”，说明被认为是艺术家的这类人的特点。
翻译：从字面上看，“灵感” 就是一种精神的吸入。艺术家被认为是那些受到独特启发去创作的人。
2. “Whle mvements f art have centered n the suppsedly therwrldly nature f art. Fr example, the Rmantic pets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth.”
分析：第一个句子为主谓宾结构，“centered n” 为谓语短语。第二个句子中 “that art was a term that meant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth” 为宾语从句，作 “believed” 的宾语，其中 “that meant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth” 又是定语从句，修饰 “term”。
翻译：整个艺术运动都围绕着艺术所谓的超凡脱俗的本质。例如，浪漫主义诗人认为艺术是一个意味着美与真的终极表达的术语。
3. “Using a prism (棱镜), Newtn fund that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw. He even prvided a scientific explanatin fr the presence f rainbws.”
分析：第一个句子中 “Using a prism” 为现在分词短语作方式状语，“that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw” 为宾语从句，作 “fund” 的宾语。第二个句子是简单句。
翻译：牛顿使用棱镜发现，白光实际上是由彩虹的所有颜色组成的。他甚至为彩虹的出现提供了科学解释。
4.“Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw."”
分析：“Mre than a hundred years later” 为时间状语，“ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets” 为插入语，对 “Jhn Keats” 进行补充说明，“accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw"” 为句子的主干部分，其中 “by "unweaving the rainbw"” 为方式状语。
翻译：一百多年后，最著名的浪漫主义诗人之一约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过 “解开彩虹” 来减少美。
5. “In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime (绝妙).”
分析：第一个句子中 “In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw” 为介词短语作状语，表明牛顿在做某事的过程中，句子主干为 “Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist”。第二个句子是简单句。
翻译：在探索彩虹秘密的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家的惊奇感、创造力和灵感。他也给了世界另一个体验绝妙之处的机会。
C
【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题
The recent trust crisis has led many scientists t take up arms t defend their enterprise, but in their attempt t fight back against varius frms f science denial, sme scientists say things that just aren’t true - and yu can’t build trust if the things yu are saying are nt trustwrthy.
One ppular mve is t insist that science is right - full stp - and that nce we discver the truth abut the wrld, we are dne. Anyne wh denies such truths is ignrant. Or, as Nbel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even thugh a scientific thery is in a sense a scial cnsensus (共识), it is unlike any ther srt f cnsensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, n. Science is a prcess f learning and discvery, and smetimes we learn that what we thught was right is wrng. Even a mdest familiarity with the histry f science ffers many examples f matters that scientists thught they had reslved, nly t discver that they needed t be recnsidered.
Anther ppular mve is t say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific methd”. But we can never actually agree n what that methd is. Sme will say it is empiricism: bservatin and descriptin f the wrld. Others will say it is the experimental methd: the use f experiment t test hyptheses (假设). Recently sme prminent scientists claimed the scientific methd was t avid fling neself int thinking smething is true that is nt, and vice versa.
Each f these cmmnly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any ne f these is the scientific methd, then they all fail. Histry and philsphy have shwn that the idea f a singular scientific methd is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methds f science have varied between disciplines and acrss time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests f significance, have been develped with the idea f aviding wishful thinking and self-deceptin, but that hardly cnstitutes “the scientific methd”. Scientists have bitterly argued abut which methds are the best, and, as we all knw, bitter arguments rarely get reslved.
In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is t claim that this is all smehw simple and therefre t imply that anyne wh desn’t get it is dumb. Science is nt simple, and neither is the natural wrld; therein lies the challenge f science cmmunicatin. What we d is bth hard and, ften, hard t explain. Our effrts t understand and prtray the natural wrld are just that: effrts. Because we’re human, we ften fall flat. The gd news is that when that happens, we pick urselves up, brush urselves ff, and get back t wrk. Understanding the beautiful, cmplex wrld we live in, and using that knwledge t d useful things, is bth its wn reward and why taxpayers shuld be happy t fund research.
Scientific theries are nt perfect cpies f reality, but we have gd reasn t believe that they capture significant elements f it. And experience reminds us that when we ignre reality, it sner r later cmes back t bite us.
1．The qute frm Steven Weinberg is intended t ______.
A．illustrate that scientific theries are free frm cultural influences
B．stress what was believed t be true may turn ut t be false theries
C．shw even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the histry f science
D．serve as an example f the belief that science prduces permanent truths
2．What can be learned frm all the ppular pinins n “the scientific methd” mentined in the passage?
A．One way t make scientific discvery is ding experiments t bserve and describe the wrld.
B．Sme hld the scientific methd fcuses n prving hyptheses crrect thrugh experiments.
C．Sme suggest emplying the scientific methd t avid self-deceptin in scientific inquiry.
D．The scientific methd has evlved ver time and varied acrss scientific disciplines.
3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is clsest in meaning t ______.
A．fail t achieve a galB．lie n ne’s back
C．fall behind the timesD．rise t challenges
4．Which f the fllwing statements des the authr prbably agree with?
A．It’s pintless t agree n a single scientific methd as science is right in itself.
B．Science can’t supply abslute truths abut the real wrld, but it brings us clser.
C．Reflectin n the histry f science may help scientists restre public trust in science.
D．Making scientific theries easily understandable is the biggest challenge fr scientists.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了在信任危机下科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题，包括忽视科学是一个不断学习与发现的过程，认为某种单一的科学方法更好，以及将科学简单化，同时指出科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“One ppular mve is t insist that science is right - full stp - and that nce we discver the truth abut the wrld, we are dne. Anyne wh denies such truths is ignrant. Or, as Nbel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even thugh a scientific thery is in a sense a scial cnsensus (共识), it is unlike any ther srt f cnsensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” (一种流行的做法是坚称科学是正确的——到此为止——一旦我们发现了世界的真相，我们就完成了任务。任何否认这些真理的人都是无知的。或者，正如诺贝尔奖得主物理学家Steven Weinberg所说，“尽管科学理论在某种意义上是一种社会共识，但它不同于任何其他类型的共识，因为它不受文化的影响，而且是永恒的。”)”可知，Steven Weinberg认为科学理论与文化无关，是永恒的，这支撑了前面提到的科学产生永恒真理的观点，是对其例证。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Recently sme prminent scientists claimed the scientific methd was t avid fling neself int thinking smething is true that is nt, and vice versa. (最近，一些著名的科学家声称，科学的方法是避免欺骗自己，使自己误以为某事是真的，反之亦然。)”可知，一些人建议采用科学的方法来避免在科学研究中自我欺骗。A项“进行科学发现的一种方法是通过实验来观察和描述世界”与第三段中“Sme will say it is empiricism: bservatin and descriptin f the wrld. (有人会说这是经验主义：对世界的观察和描述。)”不符，观察和描述世界是经验主义的方法；B项“一些人认为科学方法的重点是通过实验证明假设是正确的”与第三段中“Others will say it is the experimental methd: the use f experiment t test hyptheses (假设). (其他人会说这是实验方法：用实验来检验假设。)”不符，实验是用来检验假设的，假设有可能被证伪；D项“科学方法随着时间的推移而发展，在不同的科学学科中也有所不同”与第四段中“In fact, the methds f science have varied between disciplines and acrss time. (事实上，不同学科和不同时代的科学方法是不同的。)”不符，科学方法在不同时代不同不意味着它随着时间的推移而发展。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Science is nt simple, and neither is the natural wrld; therein lies the challenge f science cmmunicatin. What we d is bth hard and, ften, hard t explain. Our effrts t understand and prtray the natural wrld are just that: effrts. Because we’re human (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然界的努力仅仅是努力。因为我们是人类)”可知，科学和自然界都不简单，人类在理解和描绘自然界上面临挑战，存在局限性。由此可知，我们经常会失败，画线部分意思应该与fail t achieve a gal“目标达成失败”意思相近。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Science is a prcess f learning and discvery, and smetimes we learn that what we thught was right is wrng. (科学是一个学习和发现的过程，有时我们会发现我们认为正确的是错误的。)”、倒数第二段中“Science is nt simple, and neither is the natural wrld; therein lies the challenge f science cmmunicatin. What we d is bth hard and, ften, hard t explain. Our effrts t understand and prtray the natural wrld are just that: effrts. (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然世界的努力仅仅是努力。)”和最后一段中“Scientific theries are nt perfect cpies f reality, but we have gd reasn t believe that they capture significant elements f it. (科学理论并不是对现实的完美复制，但我们有充分的理由相信，它们捕捉到了现实的重要元素。)”可知，作者指出，人类在理解和描绘自然界上存在局限性，而且科学本身是学习和发现的过程，其中也会发生错误，但科学理论的确可以揭示现实的某些重要方面。由此可知，作者的观点可能是“科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理”。故选B项。
D
【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考英语试题
In the cllege-admissins wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing ur kids t get gd grades, take SAT preparatry curses and build resumes t they can get int the cllege f ur first chice. I’ve twice been t the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, smething different is happening. We see ur kids’ cllege backgrund as a prize demnstrating hw well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknwledge that ur bsessin is mre abut us than them. S we’ve cme up with varius justificatins that turn ut t be half-truths, prejudices r myths. It actually desn’t matter much whether Aarn and Nicle g t Stanfrd.
We have a full-blwn prestige panic; we wrry that there wn’t be enugh prizes t g arund. Fearful parents urge their children t apply t mre schls than ever. Underlying the hysteria (歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjy mre success because they get a better educatin and develp better cntacts. All that is plausible-- and mstly wrng. We haven’t fund any cnvincing evidence that selectivity r prestige matters. Selective schls dn’t systematically emply better instructinal appraches than less selective schls, On tw measures- prfessrs’ feedback and the number f essay exams selective schls d slightly wrse.
By sme studies, selective schls d enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is cnsidered at 2-4% fr every 100-pint increase in a schl’s average SAT scres. But even this advantage is prbably a statistical fluke (偶然). A well-knwn study examined students wh gt int highly selective schls and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates frm higher-status schls.
Kids cunt mre than their clleges. Getting int Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambitin. But it’s nt the nly indicatr and its significance is declining. The reasn: s many similar peple g elsewhere. Getting int cllege is nt life’s nly cmpetitin. In the next cmpetitin--the jb market and graduate schl-the results may change. Old-by netwrks are breaking dwn. Princetn ecnmist Alan Krueger studied admissins t ne tp Ph.D．prgram. High scres n the GRE helped explain wh gt in; degrees f prestigius universities didn’t.
S, parents, lighten up. The stakes (风险) have been vastly exaggerated. Up t a pint, we can ratinalize (合理化) ur pushiness. America is a cmpetitive sciety; ur kids need t adjust t that. But t much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambitin we impse n ur children may get sme int Harvard but may als set them up fr disappintment. One study fund that, ther things being equal, graduates f highly selective schls experienced mre jb dissatisfactin. They may have been s cnditined t being n tp that anything less disappints.
9．Why des the authr say that parents are the true fighters in the cllege-admissins wars?
A．They have the final say in which university their children are t attend.
B．They knw best which universities are mst suitable fr their children.
C．They care mre abut which cllege their children g t than the children themselves.
D．They have t carry ut intensive surveys f clleges befre children make an applicatin.
10．What des the authr mean by “kids cunt mre than their clleges” Line 1, para.4?
A．Cntinuing educatin is mre imprtant t a persn’s success.
B．Kids’ actual abilities are mre imprtant than their cllege backgrund.
C．A persn’s happiness shuld be valued mre than their educatin.
D．What kids learn at cllege cannt keep up with jb market requirements.
11．What des Krueger’s study tell us?
A．Getting int Ph.D．prgrams may be mre cmpetitive than getting int cllege.
B．Graduates frm prestigius universities d nt care much abut their GRE scres.
C．Cnnectins built in prestigius universities may be sustained lng after graduatin.
D．Degrees f prestigius universities d nt guarantee entry t graduate prgrams.
12．Accrding t the passage, ne pssible result f pushing children int elite universities is that ________.
A．they experience mre jb dissatisfactin after graduatin
B．they earn less than their peers frm ther institutins
C．they turn ut t be less cmpetitive in the jb market
D．they veremphasize their qualificatins in jb applicatin
【答案】9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕大学录取战争中的家长行为、名校崇拜的现象及其背后的真相展开论述，对这一现象进行了深入的分析和批判，并给出了作者自己的建议和看法。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In the cllege-admissins wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing ur kids t get gd grades, take SAT preparatry curses and build resumes t they can get int the cllege f ur first chice.(在大学录取这场战役中，我们家长才是真正的战士。我们催促孩子取得好成绩，参加SAT备考课程，并打造简历，以便他们能进入我们首选的大学。)”以及“We see ur kids’ cllege backgrund as a prize demnstrating hw well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknwledge that ur bsessin is mre abut us than them.(我们把孩子的大学背景视为一个奖品，证明我们把他们培养得有多好。但我们不愿承认，我们的痴迷更多是关于我们自己，而不是他们。)”可知，家长比孩子更关心他们上哪所大学，因此成为了这场“战争”中的真正战士。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据该句下文“Getting int Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambitin. But it’s nt the nly indicatr and its significance is declining. The reasn: s many similar peple g elsewhere. Getting int cllege is nt life’s nly cmpetitin. In the next cmpetitin — the jb market and graduate schl — the results may change.(进入耶鲁可能代表着智慧、才华和雄心壮志。但这并不是唯一的指标，而且其重要性正在下降。原因是，很多类似的人都去了其他学校。进入大学并不是人生中的唯一竞争。在接下来的竞争——就业市场和研究生院中——结果可能会发生变化。)”可知，进入好的大学确实很重要，但是步入社会后，实际能力可能更重要。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Princetn ecnmist Alan Krueger studied admissins t ne tp Ph.D. prgram. High scres n the GRE helped explain wh gt in; degrees f prestigius universities didn’t.(普林斯顿大学经济学家Alan Krueger研究了一个顶尖博士项目的录取情况。高分GRE成绩有助于解释谁能被录取；而名校学位则没有这种作用。)”可知，Krueger的研究发现，对于申请顶尖法学院的学生来说，本科学校的名气并没有像人们普遍认为的那样重要，即使本科是名校，也不能保证进入研究生项目。故选D。
12．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The very ambitin we impse n ur children may get sme int Harvard but may als set them up fr disappintment. One study fund that, ther things being equal, graduates f highly selective schls experienced mre jb dissatisfactin. They may have been s cnditined t being n tp that anything less disappints.(我们对孩子强加的雄心可能会让他们中的一些人进入哈佛大学，但也可能让他们为失望埋下伏笔。一项研究发现，在其他条件相同的情况下，高度选择性学校的毕业生对工作的满意度更低。他们可能已经习惯了处于顶尖地位，因此任何低于这一标准的结果都会让他们感到失望。)”可知，家长对孩子进入名校的过度关注可能导致孩子没有真正准备好面对现实世界，从而可能在毕业后对工作和职业有更多的不满。故选A。