专题02 阅读理解推理判断题- 高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

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2024 年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。
阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。
推理判断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查大家通过文章的表面文字信息，进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。这类题通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断，以及对作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。 做这类题时，同学们应该根据文章中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。
推理判断题
推理判断隐含意义题解题思路：
推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，再结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，作者的言外之意。
①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础;
②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里、由浅入深、从具体到抽象、从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;
④要把握句，段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。
除此之外，还要注意几个误区：
①原文信息的简单重复，并不是推断出来的结论。
②文中无关紧要或片面推出的结论。
③与文章内容不符的推论或相反的推论。
④不合常理或不合逻辑的推论。
⑤虽然符合考生的常识，但文中并没有支撑的依据。
题型01 细节推断题
【题型诠释】
细节判断要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。因果关系判断要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。题干主要包括下列五个动词：infer（推断）, imply（暗示）, suggest（暗示）, cnclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。
主要设题形式：
It can be inferred frm the passage/text that _________。
The authr strngly suggests that__________.
It can be cncluded frm the passage that__________.
The paragraph fllwing the passage will mst prbably be __________.
The writer implies but nt directly states that_________
The passage is intended t__________.
The writer/authr indicates/suggests/implies that __________.
Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt？
Why must a pp singer wrk even harder when he has becme famus? ___________
The writer talked abut the waitress' age because he thught___________.
What des the authr imply abut newspapers?
关键词句细推敲
第一步：定位细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。
第二步：揣摩细节——对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）At an airprt I verheard an ld man and his daughter in their last mments tgether. They had annunced her plane’s departure and standing near the dr, he said t his daughter, “I lve yu, I wish yu enugh.”
She said, “Daddy, ur life tgether has been mre than enugh. Yur lve is all I ever needed. I wish yu enugh, t, Daddy. ” They kissed gd-bye and she left.
He walked ver tward the windw where I was seated. Standing there I culd see he wanted and needed t cry. I tried nt t intrude n his privacy, but he welcmed me in by asking, “Did yu ever say gd-bye t smene knwing it wuld be frever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied.
Saying that brught back memries I had f expressing my lve and appreciatin fr all my Dad had dne fr me. Recgnizing that his days were limited, I tk the time t tell him face t face hw much he meant t me. S I knew what this man was experiencing.
“Frgive me fr asking, but why is this a frever gd-bye?” I asked.
“I am ld and she lives much t far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be fr my funeral,” he said.
“When yu were saying gd-bye I heard yu say, ‘I wish yu enugh. ‘May I ask what that means?”
He began t smile. “That’s a wish that has been handed dwn frm ther generatins. My parents used t say it t everyne. ”He paused fr a mment and lking up as if trying t remember it in detail, he smiled even mre.
“When we said ‘I wish yu enugh’, we were wanting the ther persn t have a life filled with enugh gd things t sustain them, ”he cntinued and then turning tward me, he shared the fllwing as if he were reciting it frm memry.
“I wish yu enugh sun t keep yur attitude bright. I wish yu enugh rain t appreciate the sun mre. I wish yu enugh happiness t keep yur spirit alive. I wish yu enugh pain s that the smallest jys in life appear much bigger. I wish yu enugh gain t satisfy yur wanting. I wish yu enugh lss t appreciate all that yu pssess. I wish enugh ‘Hells’ t get yu thrugh the final ‘Gd-bye’. ”
1．The ld man want t cry because _______
A．he was guilty fr nt lving his daughter enugh
B．his daughter didn’t care abut him as expected
C．he had a slim chance t see his daughter again
D．his daughter’s parting wrds made him sad
2．The authr mentined his Dad t shw________
A．his appreciatin fr his father’s devtin
B．his srrw fr his father leaving the wrld
C．his understanding f the ld man’s feeling
D．his cncern fr the ld man’s mental state
3．What message des the ld man’s wish cnvey?
A．Every mment is a blessing.
B．Great hpes make great men.
C．Happiness lies in cntentment.
D．T get time is t get everything.
4．Accrding t the passage, which can best describe the ld man?
A．Helpful and gentle.B．Wise and lving.
C．Mdest and thughtful.D．Kind and generus.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了在机场一位老人与女儿告别的情景，通过他们的对话展现了亲情、离别与祝愿的主题，同时也穿插了作者自身的回忆与感悟。
1．推理判断题。根据第六段““I am ld and she lives much t far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be fr my funeral,” he said. (“我老了，她住得太远了。我面临着挑战，而现实是，她下次回来将是参加我的葬礼。”)”可知，老人知道自己可能无法活到女儿下次回来的时候，因此这可能是他们最后一次见面，所以老人想哭。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Standing there I culd see he wanted and needed t cry. I tried nt t intrude n his privacy, but he welcmed me in by asking, “Did yu ever say gd-bye t smene knwing it wuld be frever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied. (站在那里，我看得出他想哭，也需要哭。我尽量不去侵犯他的隐私，但他欢迎我，问我：“你有没有跟一个明知要永远再见的人说再见？”我回答说：“是的。”)”和第四段“Saying that brught back memries I had f expressing my lve and appreciatin fr all my Dad had dne fr me. Recgnizing that his days were limited, I tk the time t tell him face t face hw much he meant t me. S I knew what this man was experiencing. (这句话勾起了我对父亲为我所做的一切表达爱和感激的回忆。意识到他的日子不多了，我花时间当面告诉他，他对我来说有多重要。所以我知道这个人正在经历什么。)”可知，作者提到自己的父亲是因为他曾经也有过向父亲表达爱与感激的经历，认识到父亲的日子有限，亲自面对面地告诉父亲他对自己的意义。这表明作者对老人的感受有着深刻的理解。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段““I wish yu enugh sun t keep yur attitude bright. I wish yu enugh rain t appreciate the sun mre. I wish yu enugh happiness t keep yur spirit alive. I wish yu enugh pain s that the smallest jys in life appear much bigger. I wish yu enugh gain t satisfy yur wanting. I wish yu enugh lss t appreciate all that yu pssess. I wish enugh ‘Hells’ t get yu thrugh the final ‘Gd-bye’. ” (“我希望你有足够的阳光，让你的态度保持光明。愿你有足够的雨水，让你更欣赏阳光。我希望你有足够的快乐来保持你的精神活力。我希望你有足够的痛苦，让生活中最小的快乐也变得更大。我希望你有足够的收获来满足你的需要。我希望你有足够的损失来珍惜你所拥有的一切。我希望有足够的‘你好’让你度过最后的‘再见’。”)”可知，老人的愿望传达了：每一刻都是一种祝福，都是幸福的时刻。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“At an airprt I verheard an ld man and his daughter in their last mments tgether. They had annunced her plane’s departure and standing near the dr, he said t his daughter, “I lve yu, I wish yu enugh.” (在机场，我无意中听到一位老人和他的女儿在一起的最后时刻。他们宣布了她的飞机起飞，他站在门口对女儿说：“我爱你，我希望你足够。”)”以及最后一段““I wish yu enugh sun t keep yur attitude bright. I wish yu enugh rain t appreciate the sun mre. I wish yu enugh happiness t keep yur spirit alive. I wish yu enugh pain s that the smallest jys in life appear much bigger. I wish yu enugh gain t satisfy yur wanting. I wish yu enugh lss t appreciate all that yu pssess. I wish enugh ‘Hells’ t get yu thrugh the final ‘Gd-bye’. ” (“我希望你有足够的阳光，让你的态度保持光明。愿你有足够的雨水，让你更欣赏阳光。我希望你有足够的快乐来保持你的精神活力。我希望你有足够的痛苦，让生活中最小的快乐也变得更大。我希望你有足够的收获来满足你的需要。我希望你有足够的损失来珍惜你所拥有的一切。我希望有足够的‘你好’让你度过最后的‘再见’。”)”可知，老人充满智慧并且深爱着他的家人。故选B。
题型02 文章来源推断题
【题型诠释】
推测文章的来源或者推测读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定常识，文章提供的内容才能与读者本身已经储备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。
主要设题形式：
This passage wuld mst like be fund in…
In which f the fllwing publicatins wuld this passage mst likely be printed?
The passage is prbably taken ut f______.
Where des this text prbably cme frm?
Where is the passage mst likely t have been taken frm?
技巧点拨：这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：
旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。
广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
课件展示类文章(a class presentatin)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如Fr mre infrmatin, please click here.
新闻报道类文章(a news reprt)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容，下面陈述细节。
研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章(a bk review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
题型03 人物性格，态度及观点判断题
【题型诠释】
一是乐观支持类：psitive肯定的favrable 支持的，赞同的supprtive支持的apprval赞成的
二是客观中立类：bjective客观的neutral中立的cautius谨慎的
三是消极反对类：negative否定的ppsite相反的unfair公正的dubtful怀疑的indifferent漠不关心的critical批评的irnic讽刺的。
方法点拨
不要加入自己的态度。
第二，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wnderfully, successfully, unfrtunately, dubtfully 等。
第三，态度性问题的选项一般分为以下三种：
1. 中性词：disinterested（无私的）, uninterested（不感兴趣的）, neutral（中立的）, indifferent（无关紧要的）, impassive（冷漠的）, humrus（幽默的）等；
2. 褒义词：psitive（积极的）, wnderful（奇妙的）, supprtive（支持的）, useful, interesting, enthusiastic(热情的), admiring（赞赏的），sympathetic（同情的）等；
3. 贬义词：disgust（厌恶）, critical（批评的）, negative（否定的，消极的）, tlerant（宽恕的）, disappintment（失望）等。
【典例】
（23-24高二上·北京西城·期末）
When I was an undergraduate student studying eclgy, I was used t discvering verall trends in large amunts f data. The thught f getting my hands dirty in the field never seemed interesting t me. I saw it as a bring and repetitive task. But I knew ptential graduate schls wuld likely view my lack f field experience as a hle in my applicatin letter. My mther als thught I shuld wrk fr a few years t explre my interests befre pursuing further educatin. S I decided t apply fr field-based summer psitins after graduatin.
After landing a jb assessing the sage gruse habitat in Utah, I fund myself in the cmpany f Sherel, a 75-year-ld btanist and the leader f ur field crew. On the very first day f the fieldwrk, I nticed a special plant n the field. “Wnderful! Lks like yu’ve gt a Mahnia repens,” Sherel shuted excitedly. I gently tuched the plant with yellw flwers by my feet, “This ne here? Hw can yu tell it’s a Mahnia?” He paused briefly t admire the plant and then began his energetic descriptin f the plant’s typical features. That evening, while we were watching the sunset tgether, I texted my childhd friend. “Day I was actually kind f fun,” I started, “but we’ll see hw lng it takes befre I get bred frm just identifying plants in the field all day.”
But as the weeks f fieldwrk rlled by, the bredm I had expected never arrived. I came hme frm the field each night with sre legs and a sunburned neck, excited by the day’s finds. By picking Sherel’s brain abut different species f animals and plants, I discvered field days are abut much mre than identificatin. Each day is an pprtunity t learn a little bit mre. When the summer was ver, I fund myself in anther field jb, this time surveying frest in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.
I’m nw a third-year Ph. D．student in eclgy. Fieldwrk may be buggy, wet, and physically demanding, but wrking with thers helps keep spirits high and the physical activity helps me stay sharp. And it cnstantly reminds me that any task can present an pprtunity t learn — as lng as I am pen t it.
30．What des the authr think f fieldwrk nw?
A．Easy but interesting.B．Bring but fruitful.
C．Tiring but meaningful.D．Repetitive but demanding.
【答案】 30．C
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了，作者是一名研究生态学的本科生，不愿意进行田野里实地研究，在母亲的劝说下，为进一步深造做准备，作者在毕业后申请了实地暑期职位，这段经历让作者明白任何任务都可以提供学习的机会。
30．推理判断题。由最后一段中“Fieldwrk may be buggy, wet, and physically demanding, but wrking with thers helps keep spirits high and the physical activity helps me stay sharp. (实地研究可能很麻烦，很潮湿，对体力要求很高，但与他人一起工作有助于保持高昂的精神状态，体育活动有助于我保持敏捷)”可知，作者认为实地研究对体力要求很高但有好处，可得出它是累人但有意义的。选C项。
题型04 猜测想象推理题
【题型诠释】
有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。
主要设题形式：
What d yu think will happen when/if…?
At the end f this passage, the writer might cntinue t write _______.
Which f the fllwing statements is mst likely t be talked abut in the third paragraph?
Which f the fllwing is the mst likely reply the dctr gave the wman patient at the end f the stry?
做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的，合情合理的猜测。和原文中表达一致的答案，一定不能选。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）In 2014, a year int her retirement, Mrag Warrack fund herself in a village hall in the Surrey hills, surrunded by middle-aged men thrwing each ther n t the flr. “When entering the classrm, I was terrified and thught all these men wuld be shcked by an ld wman walking in,” she says. “The teacher encuraged me t stay and I realized they were all kind and curius abut me being there. That was my first experience f learning aikid.”
At 59, Warrack, wh had recently handed in her resignatin, began reading up n mindfulness practices. “The mre I lked int mindfulness, the mre aikid kept cming up,” she says. “These bks were recmmending it as a way t cnnect the mind, bdy and spirit.”
Attracted by the idea, Warrack fund a lcal class where she culd take a beginners’ sessin. Despite her struggles, Warrack kept returning. While her husband and tw children were supprtive, they weren’t tempted t jin in. “They just thught: Mum’s ff n ne again,” she says. Warrack carried n and, after tw years f practice, she began mving up the graded system f belt rankings and nticing a change in herself. “Aikid was making me way mre cnfident,” she says, “Since my reactins gt quicker, my balance was better and my crdinatin (协调性) imprved, I had a real understanding f my wn bdy and it became a metaphr (比喻) fr hw t be in life; hw t avid attack withut hurting the ther persn.”
By January 2019, Warrack was determined t achieve her black belt and began training with the nly ther persn in her class wh was at the same level as her: a 181cm plice fficer. “It was a very dd pairing. Nt least because he’s s strng and s I had t learn hw t use my skills rather than strength against him,” she says.
In December 2021, Warrack, at the age f 66, tk her black belt test. Fr 20 minutes, she had t defend her psitin against attackers ne after anther befre facing the final randri, where fur peple attack at nce. “One guy kicked me and split my lip,” she laughs. “It made me s angry, but that’s what I needed t keep ging.” She passed, making her ne f the ldest peple t achieve an aikid black belt in the UK.
18．After tw years f practice, Warrack ________.
A．grew mre patientB．turned int a better self
C．realized her full ptentialD．became aware f her weakness
【答案】 18．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位名叫Mrag Warrack的66岁女性，在退休后开始练习Aikid，并最终在2021年获得了黑带资格，成为英国达到该级别年龄最大的女性之一。她的经历表现了Aikid不仅对身体有好处，还能增强信心和自我意识，她在练习中克服了困难和挑战，展示了坚韧和毅力。
18．推理判断题。第三段中“Warrack carried n and, after tw years f practice, she began mving up the graded system f belt rankings and nticing a change in herself. “Aikid was making me way mre cnfident,” she says, “Since my reactins gt quicker, my balance was better and my crdinatin (协调性) imprved, I had a real understanding f my wn bdy and it became a metaphr (比喻) fr hw t be in life; hw t avid attack withut hurting the ther persn.”(Warrack继续练习，在两年的训练后，她开始在腰带等级制度中升级，并注意到自己发生了变化。她说：“Aikid让我变得更加自信，因为我的反应更快了，平衡感更好，协调性也提高了，我真正理解了自己的身体，它成为了一个生活的隐喻，即如何在避免伤害他人的同时避免受到攻击。”)”可知，经过两年的练习，Warrack在腰带等级制度中开始上升，并且注意到了自己的变化。她变得更加自信，反应更快，平衡更好，协调性也提高了。这表明她成为了一个更好的自己。故选B。
题型05 写作意图推测题
【题型诠释】
此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。
写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有：
Fr what purpse did the authr write the passage?
The writer writes this passage in rder t _________.
The purpse f the text is t _________.
What is the purpse f the last part f the text?
The writer uses…in the first paragraph t ________.
The writer uses the example f….t _________.
推理判断题的干扰项的设置通常有一下特点
第一，它和原文讲的真正的意思之间有一点点的区别，而我们的考生往往忽略了细微的区别。
第二，干扰项跟原文讲的一模一样，你仔细看问题就会发现它和意思不相关，问题问的重点和它是不相关的。
第三，干扰项经常出现文章当中的原词的表达，就是原文的意思，属于文中已言明的事实，文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京朝阳·期末）It turns ut patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Trnt teen had been well n his way t becming a wrking artist. He had already had his first shw at a lcal arts centre. Yet he wanted mre — specifically t start shwing his wrks in a juried exhibitin, where art experts wuld evaluate and select pieces in a cmpetitive review prcess, ensuring that nly the mst utstanding wrks are included in the exhibitin. That’s when he ran int a prblem, discvering in the very last line f a multi-page applicatin that the minimum age fr submissin was 18.
That rejectin became a fuel fr creatin. “As yung artists, we dn’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we als dn’t get many pprtunities t shwcase the amunt f wrk we put int the art. I thught it’d be really cl if I culd prvide the pprtunity fr mre yung artists,” says Nalin, nw 15.
With the supprt f his parents, in January 2023, Nalin funded Little EGG Gallery, a cmmercial studi nly fr underage artists. The gallery, which is nw prfitable enugh, charges a small fee fr any displayed wrk and takes a 15 percent service fee n sales. In turn, Little EGG Gallery helps prmte yung talents by shwcasing their wrks.
Nt lng after pening, David Griffin, a prfessr and artist frm Ontari Cllege f Art and Design University, happened t cme acrss the gallery while walking with his wife in their neighburhd. Upn meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understd that he was speaking with smene special, “a strng yung artist with a really excellent idea, which was t create a space fr shwing the lcal cmmunity the easy, natural genius f yung peple.” A cnnectin was frmed, and Nalin asked Griffin t help judge an upcming cmpetitin. The first juried shw was last spring, and the tp three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-ld Jack Gamble wn fr his abstract painting titled Pkemn.
Given hw busy Nalin is with schl life and his wn art, Little EGG Gallery is mstly pen by appintment nly, but he’s still devted t grwing the gallery with seasnal and themed shws scheduled a few times a year.
Nalin believes that yung artists are free t be mre creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when yu’re yunger, yu have mre creativity. Yu see beauty in mre things and when yu get lder, it kind f stps. I dn’t want t see anyne prevented frm creating their art.
16．What can we learn frm Nalin Kamat’s stry?
A．Wisdm arises frm experience.B．Everything cmes t thse wh wait.
C．Luck matters t ne’s career success.D．Innvative thughts increase ne’s chances.
【答案】 16．D
【导语】本文属于记叙文。文章主要讲述了少年Nalin Kamat在面临艺术界年龄限制的挑战后，受到启发创立Little EGG Gallery，为未成年艺术家提供展示平台的故事。
16．推理判断题。由文章第二段“That rejectin became a fuel fr creatin. “As yung artists, we dn’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we als dn’t get many pprtunities t shwcase the amunt f wrk we put int the art. I thught it’d be really cl if I culd prvide the pprtunity fr mre yung artists,” says Nalin, nw 15. (这种拒绝成为了创造的动力。“作为年轻的艺术家，我们没有得到我认为应得的赞誉，我们也没有很多机会展示我们在艺术上付出的努力。我想如果我能为更多的年轻艺术家提供机会，那就太酷了，”现年15岁的Nalin说。)”及最后一段“Nalin believes that yung artists are free t be mre creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when yu’re yunger, yu have mre creativity. Yu see beauty in mre things and when yu get lder, it kind f stps. I dn’t want t see anyne prevented frm creating their art. (纳林认为，年轻艺术家可以自由地发挥自己的创造力。在接受CBC儿童新闻采访时，他说：“我认为当你年轻的时候，你会有更多的创造力。你会在更多事物中发现美，但随着年龄的增长，美就会消失。我不想看到任何人被阻止创作他们的艺术。)”可知，Nalin的故事展示了他如何面对年龄限制的挫折，创新性地创立了自己的画廊来支持年轻艺术家，这表明创新思维可以增加个人成功的机会。因此，选项D“Innvative thughts increase ne’s chances. (创新思维增加机会。)”最符合题意。故选D。
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】
When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and jyusly making marks n the walls at hme. In primary schl, I learned t write using chalks. Writing seemed t be anther frm f drawing. I shaped individual letters int repeating lines, which were abstract frms, delightful but meaningless patterns.
In secndary schl, art was my favurite subject. Since. I lved it s much I thught I was gd at it. Fr the art O-level exam I had t present an il painting. I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.
But ther channels f creativity stayed pen: I went n writing pems and stries. Still, I went t exhibitins ften. I cntinued my habitual drawing, which I nw characterised as childish ddling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways f lking at art. Hwever, I culdn’t let myself have a g at actually ding it. Thugh these new friends were abstract painters using il paints, r were printmakers r sculptrs, I tk il painting as the tab (禁忌) high frm I wasn’t allwed t practice.
One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big wman in red apprached me, handed me a bag f paints, and tld me t start painting. The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. Accrdingly, I started by experimenting with water clurs. Finally, I bught sme il paints.
Althugh I have enjyed breaking my decades-lng tab abut wrking with il paints, I have discvered I nw prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn int cartns I send t friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxius. This time arund, I can accept my limitatins but keep ging.
Becming a successful painter calls fr being reslute. I realised I was always afraid f wanting t much. That dream reminded me that thse fears and desires culd encurage me t take risks and make experiments.
24. Hw did the authr feel abut the result f the art exam?
A. Scared.B. Wrried.C. Discuraged.D. Wrnged.
26. Which wrd wuld best describe the authr’s dream?
A. Cnfusing.B. Empwering.
C. Disturbing.D. Entertaining.
27. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Actins speak luder than wrds.B. Hard wrk is the mther f success.
C. Dreams are the reflectins f realities.D. Creative activities invlve being cnfident.
【答案】24. C 26. B 27. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“I fund it difficult, but still hped t pass. I failed, with a lw grade. I’d been ver-cnfident. Nw I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The dream felt s authritative that it shk me. It was a frm f energy, giving me back smething I’d lst. (这个梦给我的感觉是如此的权威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一种形式，让我回我失去了的东西)”可知，作者的梦赋予作者练习油画的力量。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段“Becming a successful painter calls fr being reslute. I realised I was always afraid f wanting t much. (成为一名成功的画家需要有决心。我意识到我总是害怕想要得太多)”及文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。由此可推知，我们能从文章中学到创作活动需要自信，故选D。
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
【答案】28. C 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
【答案】32. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
【2023北京卷】
【2023北京卷】Sitting in the garden fr my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pcket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started ff: “Dear Mr Green, thank yu fr yur interest” and “the review prcess tk lnger than expected.” It ended with “We are srry t infrm yu…” and my visin blurred (模糊). The psitin—measuring sil quality in the Sahara Desert as part f an undergraduate research prgramme — had felt like the answer I had spent years lking fr.
I had put s much time and emtinal energy int applying, and I thught the rejectin meant the end f the rad fr my science career.
S I was shcked when, nt lng after the email, Prfessr Mary Devn, wh was running the prgramme, invited me t bserve the wrk being dne in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shcked—and verjyed—when she invited me t talk with her abut ptential prjects I culd pursue in her lab. What she prpsed didn’t seem as exciting as the riginal prject I had applied t, but I was ging t give it my all.
I fund myself wrking with a rbtics prfessr n techniques fr cllecting data frm the desert remtely. That prject, which I culd cmplete frm my sfa instead f in the burning heat f the desert, nt nly survived the lckdwn but wrked where traditinal methds didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest t pursue.
When I applied t graduate schl, I fund three prgrammes prmising t allw me t fllw my desired research directin. And I applied with the same anxius excitement as befre. When I was rejected frm ne that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) t keep it frm sending me int panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted int ne f the ther prgrammes I was als excited abut.
Rather than setting plans in stne, I’ve learned that smetimes I need t take the pprtunities that are ffered, even if they dn’t sund perfect at the time, and make the mst f them.
24．Hw did the authr feel upn seeing the email sender’s name?
A．Anxius.B．Angry.C．Surprised.D．Settled.
26．Accrding t the authr, the prject with the rbtics prfessr was ________.
A．demandingB．inspiringC．misleadingD．amusing
27．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．An invitatin is a reputatin.B．An innvatin is a reslutin.
C．A rejectin can be a redirectin.D．A reflectin can be a restrictin.
【答案】24．A 26．B 27．C
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started ff: “Dear Mr Green, thank yu fr yur interest” and “the review prcess tk lnger than expected.” It ended with “We are srry t infrm yu…”and my visin blurred (模糊). (当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。这封邮件是这样开头的：“亲爱的格林先生，感谢您的关注”，“审核过程比预期的要长。”信的结尾是“我们很抱歉地通知你……”，我的视线模糊了)”可知，收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮件发件人的名字时感到焦虑。故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段“I fund myself wrking with a rbtics prfessr n techniques fr cllecting data frm the desert remtely. That prject, which I culd cmplete frm my sfa instead f in the burning heat f the desert, nt nly survived the lckdwn but wrked where traditinal methds didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest t pursue. (我发现自己和一个机器人教授一起研究从沙漠中远程收集数据的技术。我可以在沙发上完成这个项目，而不是在沙漠的酷热中完成，它不仅在封锁期间幸存下来，而且在传统方法不奏效的地方也奏效了。最后，我有了新的科学兴趣去追求)”可推知，机器人学教授的项目很鼓舞人心。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stne, I’ve learned that smetimes I need t take the pprtunities that are ffered, even if they dn’t sund perfect at the time, and make the mst f them. (我明白了有时候我需要抓住提供的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地制定计划)”结合文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。故C选项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。
In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers. One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28．The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A．draw a cmparisn
B．intrduce a tpic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a prblem
29．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B．Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C．Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D．Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．A
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
28．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cle）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cle的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cl的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
29．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
30．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been prved that peple have a bias(偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices(牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
33．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．ALife hlds the key t human future.B．ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C．AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D．AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
【答案】31．A 33．B
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
31．推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
33．推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
【2022北京卷】
My name is Alice. Early last year, I was trubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability t d anything. I felt like a strm clud hung ver me. Fr almst a year I struggled n, cnstantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectinist tendencies were the main rt f this: I wanted t be perfect at whatever I did, which bviusly in life is nt pssible, but it cnsumed me.
One day, I attended a presentatin by wildlife cnservatinist Grant Brwn at my high schl. His presentatin nt nly awed and inspired me, but als helped emerge an inner desire t make a difference in the wrld. I jined a pre-presentatin dinner with him and that smaller setting allwed me t slwly build up my curage t speak ne-n-ne with him—an idea that had seemed cmpletely impssible. This first cntact was where my stry began.
A mnth later, Brwn invited me t attend the Wrld Yuth Wildlife Cnference. Lking back, I nw see that this wuld be the first in a series f timely pprtunities that my ld self wuld have let pass, but that this new and mre cnfident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shrtly after I received his invitatin, applicatins t jin the Yuth fr Nature and the Yuth fr Planet grups were sent arund thrugh my high schl. I decided t cmmit t cmpleting the applicatins, and sn I was a part f a grwing glbal team f yung peple wrking t prtect nature. Each f these new steps cntinued t grw my cnfidence.
I am writing this just six mnths since my jurney began and I’ve realised that my biggest bstacle ( 障碍 ) this whle time was myself. It was that vice in the back f my head telling me that ne phrase that has stpped s many peple frm reaching their ptential: I can’t. They say gd things cme t thse wh wait; I say: grab every pprtunity with everything yu have and be impatient. After all, nature des nt require ur patience, but ur actin.
27. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Practice makes perfect.B. Patience is a cure f anxiety.
C. Actin is wrry’s wrst enemy.D. Everything cmes t thse wh wait.
【答案】 27. C
27.【解析】
推理判断题。由第一段“ Early last year, I was trubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability t d anything. I felt like a strm clud hung ver me.”（去年年初，我被一种焦虑困扰，它削弱了我做任何事情的能力。）由文章第三段“I decided t cmmit t cmpleting the applicatins, and sn I was a part f a grwing glbal team f yung peple wrking t prtect nature. Each f these new steps cntinued t grw my cnfidence.(我决定完成申请，很快我就成为了一个不断壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。每一步都让我更加自信。)可知，文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。所以从文章中我们能学到行动是忧虑最大的敌人。故选C项。
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】28. C 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
30.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
31. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
【答案】31 A
31.【解析】
推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. uncncerned不关心的；C. dubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
【2021北京卷】
I remember the day during ur first week f class when we were infrmed abut ur semester（学期） prject f vlunteering at a nn-prfit rganizatin．When the teacher intrduced us t the different rganizatins that needed ur help，my last chice was Operatin Iraqi Children （OIC）．My first impressin f the rganizatin was that it was nt ging t make enugh f a difference with the plans I had in mind．
Then，an OIC representative gave us sme details，which smewhat interested me．After ding sme research， I believed that we culd really d smething fr thse kids．When I went nline t the OIC website，I saw pictures f the Iraqi children．Their faces were s pwerful in sending a message f their despair（绝望） and need that I jined this prject withut hesitatin．We decided t cllect as many schl supplies as pssible，and make them int kits——ne kit，ne child．
The mst rewarding day fr ur grup was prject day，when all the effrts we put int cllecting the items finally came tgether．When I saw the varius supplies we had cllected，it hit me that every kit we were t build that day wuld eventually be in the hands f an Iraqi child．Over the past fur mnths，I had never imagined hw I wuld feel nce ur prject was cmpleted．While making the kits，I realized that I had lst sight f the true meaning behind it．I had nly fcused n the fact that it was anther schl prject and ne I wanted t get a gd grade n．When the kits were cmpleted，and ready t be sent verseas，the warm feeling I had was ne I wuld never frget．
In the beginning，I dared myself t make a difference in the life f anther persn．Nw that ur prject is ver，I realize that I have affected nt nly ne life，but ten．With ur effrts，ten yung bys and girls will nw be able t further their educatin．
27. What can we cnclude frm this passage？
A. One's ptential cannt always be underrated．
B. First impressin cannt always be trusted．
C. Actins speak luder than wrds．
D. He wh hesitates is lst．
【答案】27. B
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“My first impressin f the rganizatin was that it was nt ging t make enugh f a difference with the plans I had in mind．”（我对这个组织的第一印象是，它不会对我心中的计划产生足够的影响。）和最后一段“In the beginning，I dared myself t make a difference in the life f anther persn．Nw that ur prject is ver，I realize that I have affected nt nly ne life，but ten．With ur effrts，ten yung bys and girls will nw be able t further their educatin．”（一开始，我鼓励自己去改变另一个人的生活。现在我们的项目结束了，我意识到我不仅影响了一个人的生活，而且影响了十个人的生活。在我们的努力下，十名男孩和女孩现在将能够继续接受教育。）可知，一开始作者认为加入伊拉克儿童行动不会达到他的期望，但是最后通过努力对自己和他人带来影响，说明第一印象不总是可信的。故选B。
Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
29. As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A. wrriedB. puzzled
C. surprisedD. scared
30. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B. The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C. The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D. The glbal cllapse is well underway.
【答案】29. A 30. B
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. wrried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim f dpe; In the incurable frm f hpe.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hpe that ignres preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
32. The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A. present an assumptinB. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experimentD. intrduce an apprach
34. What can we infer frm this passage？
A. It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We shuld live in harmny with nature．
D. Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
【答案】32. D 34. C
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if ur definitin f time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy, we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。
【2020北京卷】
Fr the past five years, Paula Smith, a histrian f science, has devted herself t re-creating lng-frgtten techniques. While ding research fr her new bk, she came acrss a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）cnsisting f nearly 1,000 sets f instructins, cvering subjects frm tl making t finding the best sand.
The authr's intentin remains as mysterius（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking ntes fr his wn recrds. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any f the skills the authr described. "Yu simply can't get an understanding f that handwrk by reading abut it," she says.
Thugh Smith did get her hands n the best sand, ding things the ld-fashined way isn't just abut playing arund with French mud. Recnstructing the wrk f the craftsmen（工匠）wh lived centuries ag can reveal hw they viewed the wrld, what bjects filled their hmes, and what went n in the wrkshps that prduced them. It can even help slve present-day prblems: In 2015, scientists discvered that a 10th-century English medicine fr eve prblems culd kill a drug-resistant virus.
The wrk has als brught insights fr museums, Smith says. One must knw hw n bject was made in rder t preserve it. What's mre, recnstructins might be the nly way t knw what treasures lked like befre time wre them dwn. Schlars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Rman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbw f striking clurs. We can't appreciate these kinds f details withut seeing wrks f art as they riginally appeared-smething Smith believes yu can d nly when yu have a rad map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas int practice. Her final gal is t link the wrlds f art and science back tgether: She believes that bringing the ld recipes t life can help develp a kind f learning that highlights experimentatin, teamwrk, and prblem slving.
Back when science—then called “the new philsphy”—tk shape, academics lked t craftsmen fr help in understanding the natural wrld. Micrscpes and telescpes were invented by way f artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass t better bend light.
If we can rediscver the values f hands-n experience and craftwrk, Smith says, we can marry the best f ur mdern insights with the handiness f ur ancestrs.
40. Why des the authr mentin museums?
A. T reveal the beauty f ancient bjects.
B. T present the findings f ld science.
C T highlight the imprtance f antiques.
D. T emphasise the values f hand skills.
【答案】40. D
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The wrk has als brught insights fr museums, Smith says. One must knw hw n bject was made in rder t preserve it. What's mre, recnstructins might be the nly way t knw what treasures lked like befre time wre them dwn.” 史密斯说，这项工作也给博物馆带来了深刻的见解。为了保存它，一个人必须知道一件物品是如何制成的。更重要的是，重建可能是唯一的方法，以了解宝藏磨损之前的样子。因此可知，博物馆要想很好保存物品，必须要知道这件物品是如何制成的，也是在强调手工技能的价值，故选D。
Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
35. What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A. High places are free f air pllutin.
B. Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C. Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D. Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
36. What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A. T warn f a health risk.B. T find ut pllutin surces.
C. T test his new mnitr.D. T prve Baggy's abilities.
37. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A. Mdest.B. Generus.C. Creative.D. Outging.
【答案】 35. D 36. A 37. C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tm Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tm的意图是？根据文章第四段Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasize that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tm研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tm是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。
Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus. Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther. These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are. But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed. That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
Sme f tday’s AI pineers want t mve n frm tday’s wrld f “weak” r “narrw” AI, t create “strng” r “full” AI, r what is ften called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In sme respects, tday’s pwerful cmputing machines already make ur brains lk weak. A GI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems. DM, a cmpany fcused n the develpment f AGI, has an ambitin t “slve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their missin statement reads, “we believe this will be ne f the mst imprtant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.” Gd went n t suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” culd be “the last inventin that man need ever make.”
Fears abut the appearance f bad, pwerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinfrced (强化) by many wrks f fictin — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminatr film series, fr example. But if AI des eventually prve t be ur dwnfall, it is unlikely t be at the hands f human-shaped frms like these, with recgnisably human mtivatins such as aggressin (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxfrd University philspher Nick Bstrm, wh believes that the heaviest risks frm A GI d nt cme frm a decisin t turn against mankind but rather frm a dgged pursuit f set bjectives at the expense f everything else.
The prmise and danger f true A GI are great. But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact that we will be able t build these systems. And, having spken t many f the wrld’s fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever.
44. As fr Irving Gd’s pinin n ultra-intelligent machines the authr is ____________.
A. supprtiveB. disapprving
C. fearfulD. uncertain
45. What can be inferred abut AGI frm the passage?
A. It may be nly a dream.
B. It will cme int being sn.
C. It will be cntrlled by humans.
D. It may be mre dangerus than ever.
【答案】44. B 45. A
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Gd对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapprving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spken t many f the wrld's fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be nly a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
【最新模考】
【2024·北京东城·二模】
Mark Brwn, 57, had been making films fr 30 years, but he fund himself feeling tired f it. “I thught, things can nly g dwnhill.” Brwn knew he needed t d smething else — but what? A few years earlier, he had bught his childhd huse and mved in. While Brwn wndered abut a secnd care er in gardening, he heard a different internal vice. “That child wh used t lve drawing whispered t me dwn the years,” he said. Sme unacknwledged lnging in him was brught ut.
There was a great ak tree near his hme. It had std ut t his yung self as a “fantastical giant — a treasure hme t birds, insects and animals. There was a cave inside. We used t squeeze in thrugh this hle.” He decided t lck himself away fr tw mnths t draw it in all its glrius detail.
“While I was drawing,” he said, “there came mments when it was as thugh the tree was drawing itself. I had spent s much time playing in it. I culd feel it. It was deep inside me.” His finished ak held “a real pwer”, he said. “As yu walk twards it, it just grws.” Brwn became a tree prtraitist.
Over the next few years, he travelled acrss Britain and spent days with the trees selected with the help f the Ancient Tree Frum, the Tree Cuncil and the Wdland Trust. Brwn has started wrk n a 20-drawing series f Britain’s mst imprtant ash trees. “These beautiful ld ash trees are ging t be lst t us,” he says. “They are 350 years ld and they are dying because f a disease that we’ve spread.”
Drawing is nt nly an act f care and a demand fr preservatin, but it “gives me that interface between my passin fr the natural wrld and my creativity,” Brwn says. It has als given him a different perspective n the passage f time. “I’m an ld man yet I’m nly 71, and sme f the trees I’ve drawn are 1,000 years ld. When I’m with them and when I draw them, I think abut the end f my life and the brief nature f human life that passes mmentarily beneath them.”
50．What can we learn abut the ak tree and Brwn?
A．It helped him start a new career.B．It linked him with the wrld.
C．He built a tree huse in it.D．He studied creatures in it.
51．What is Brwn wrking n?
A．Setting up tree rganizatins.B．Lking fr cures fr tree diseases.
C．Drawing t call fr prtectin fr trees.D．Travelling t select imprtant trees in Britain.
【答案】 50．A 51．C
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了57岁的马克·布朗唤醒了儿时的兴趣，成为了一名树木肖像画家。
50．推理判断题。根据第三段“His finished ak held “a real pwer”, he said. “As yu walk twards it, it just grws.” Brwn became a tree prtraitist.(他说，他的成品橡木拥有“真正的力量”。“当你走向它的时候，它就会越来越大。”布朗成为了一名树木肖像画家)”可知，橡树让布朗开始了新的职业生涯。故选A。
51．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““These beautiful ld ash trees are ging t be lst t us,” he says. “They are 350 years ld and they are dying because f a disease that we’ve spread.”(“这些美丽的老白蜡树对我们来说将会失去，”他说。“它们已经350岁了，由于我们传播的疾病，它们正在死去。”)”可知，布朗呼吁保护树木。故选C。
【2024·北京·三模】
As mst f yu knw, the first year f university is always the hardest t adapt t. The additin f taking care f yurself, making new friends, learning hw t get arund campus, and schl can smetimes be t much t bear.
I wuld like t attend medical schl after my fur-year undergraduate. It is well-knwn that medical schls are very cmpetitive and require extremely high marks. I had always knwn that I was meant fr medical schl and wrked hard all thrughut high schl. I engaged in life sciences and knew that I wanted t d a duble majr in neurscience (神经科学) and psychlgy, but f curse, I wasn’t s fnd f the precnditins t get t that stage. I had t take math and physics in my first year.
S after the chke I call the first term, I lked back n my grades and fund that I had never seen numbers like this befre. I really didn’t even think they were pssible. I had heard that medical schls liked t see an upward trend, s I was discuraged and hurt, but tried nt t think abut it. Having yur grades taken away frm yu when that was all yu had was a huge thing I had t vercme — I defined my wrth by hw “smart” I was and getting past that mindset was the hardest thing I’ve ever dne.
After I saw my grades, I realized the mistake I made taking a bunch f unnecessarily challenging curses. At the end f my secnd term, my grades weren’t as high as I wanted them t be, but I accepted it. I knew that there were reasns fr the differences between individuals, but I still saw a huge imprvement in my marks frm the first term. I had enjyed my time in my secnd term and even thugh I wasn’t where I wanted t be, it had nthing t d with my place in the university. It was very eye-pening and taught me what I needed t d in rder t achieve MY best — nt what everyne else cnsidered t be the best.
I’m nw taking a summer schl curse and my marks are incredibly better than what I was getting during my first year f schl. Thugh I had a rugh start, I’m sure my lessns and new attitude will carry me much farther than just t medical schl.
57．The authr wanted t take a duble majr because she ______.
A．liked the tw majrs better
B．was preparing herself fr her gal
C．tried t prve her academic ability
D．decided t challenge herself in university
58．Hw did the authr feel when reviewing her grades after the first term?
A．Satisfied.B．Surprised.C．Calm.D．Angry.
60．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．A fresh start leads t mre challenges.
B．Hard wrk will pay ff sner r later.
C．Stick t yur plan and yu will succeed.
D．Prper adjustment will take yu farther.
【答案】57．B 58．B 60．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为大学新生，在适应大学生活的同时，为攻读医学院而努力提升成绩的心路历程。
57．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I wuld like t attend medical schl after my fur-year undergraduate.(我想在读完四年的本科后去医学院)”和“I engaged in life sciences and knew that I wanted t d a duble majr in neurscience and psychlgy (我从事的是生命科学，我知道我想要神经科学和心理学的双学位)”可知，作者想进入医学院深造，参与生命科学的研究，所以她要主修神经科学和心理学双学位。这表明她选择这两个专业是为了自己的长远目标，即进入医学院深造，因此她是在为自己的目标做准备。故选B项。
58．推理判断题。根据第三段中“I lked back n my grades and fund that I had never seen numbers like this befre. I really didn’t even think they were pssible.(我回顾了我的成绩，发现我以前从未见过这样的数字。我真的认为这是不可能的)”可知，回顾自己的成绩时，作者认为不可能，感到意外。故选B项。
60．推理判断题。通读全文，结合第三段中“S after the chke I call the first term, I lked back n my grades and fund that I had never seen numbers like this befre. I really didn’t even think they were pssible. I had heard that medical schls liked t see an upward trend, s I was discuraged and hurt, but tried nt t think abut it.(所以在我称之为第一学期的艰难时刻之后，我回顾了自己的成绩，发现我从未见过这样的数字。我甚至真的认为这些成绩是不可能的。我听说医学院喜欢看到成绩呈上升趋势，所以我感到沮丧和受伤，但我尽量不去想它)”、第四段中“After I saw my grades, I realized the mistake I made taking a bunch f unnecessarily challenging curses.(看到成绩后，我意识到自己犯了一个错误，上了一堆不必要的挑战性课程)”和最后一段中“Thugh I had a rugh start, I’m sure my lessns and new attitude will carry me much farther than just t medical schl.(虽然我有一个艰难的开始，但我相信我的课程和新的态度将使我比仅仅进入医学院走得更远)”可知，在第一学期遭遇挫折后，作者在第二学期及时调整策略、改变态度，最后有了新的开始，并坚信自己会走得更远。由此可知，这篇文章告诉我们：适当的调整会让你走得更远。故选D项。
【2024·北京大兴·三模】
A vice reaches us, crying ut frm the depths f a prfund silence: “I am alive, I can think, and n ne has the right t deny me these tw realities. . . ”
The wrds were cnveyed by a flicker (跳动) f the left eyelid. It came frm a bk, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, by a frmer jurnalist, Jean-Dminique Bauby. He wrked fr jurnals like the Qutidien de Paris and Paris Match. Fr fur years until December 1995 he was the very successful chief editr f Elle.
Then the unthinkable happened. A cardivascular ( 心血管的) accident sent him int a deep cma (昏迷). His brain remained undamaged, but its cnnectin t his bdy left him with nly the ability t blink his left eyelid. The pr man was diagnsed as suffering frm the rare disease “Lcked-in Syndrme”, unable t breathe r eat withut assistance.
In this inert bdy, hwever, his brain was wrking furiusly, trying t make peple understand what he was thinking. With the help f a specialized nurse, Claude Mendibil, he was able t write his bk, using nly his ability t blink at the mst frequently used letters f the alphabet.
He wuld spend mst f the night editing his thughts and cmpsing sentences. It tk him abut 200, 000 blinks t write his bk f mre than 100 pages. In it, Bauby describes his paralyzed existence as being trapped in an ld-fashined deep-sea diving bell while the “butterflies” f his mind flutter abut freely.
One wuld expect frm this prcess frmal factual reprt, but that is nt the case. The bk reads in flwing images that light up his predicament. The style is clear and fresh, and nt withut elegance, imaginatin and shafts f humr.
He is als in search f past time, f memry itself, f the bks he had read, the pems he had learnt by heart. Even sadder, he thinks f all the bks he wanted t read and hadn’t gtten t. He has t listen t smene else reading them t him. He recalls meals, a hrse race, his life and wrk as an editr, and his struggle in his hspital bed t twitch (抽搐) his nse when a fly lands n it.
“Frm this hell cmes a great message f life and hpe,” said Antine Auduard, a friend f Bauby’s and the bk’s publisher.
64．Based n this article, which f the fllwing wrds can nt be used t describe Bauby?
A．Odd-tempered.B．Open-minded.C．Strng-willed.D．Warm-hearted.
【答案】 64．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位被诊断患有一种罕见的疾病“闭锁综合症”的作家与病魔斗争，最终把自己的故事用优美的语言写成一本书展示给世人，传递出他不屈不挠的精神。
64．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“In this inert bdy, hwever, his brain was wrking furiusly, trying t make peple understand what he was thinking. With the help f a specialized nurse, Claude Mendibil, he was able t write his bk, using nly his ability t blink at the mst frequently used letters f the alphabet. (然而，在这个无活动能力的身体里面，他的大脑正在疯狂地工作，试图让人们理解他在想什么。在专业护士克劳德·门迪比尔的帮助下，他仅凭对着字母表中最常用的字母眨眼的能力就能写书了)”、第五段中“He wuld spend mst f the night editing his thughts and cmpsing sentences. It tk him abut 200, 000 blinks t write his bk f mre than 100 pages. (他会花一晚上的时间编辑自己的想法和造句。当门迪比尔早上到达时，他可以连续眨眼口述给她听。他眨眼20万次才完成这本100多页的书。)”以及第六段中“The bk reads in flwing images that light up his predicament. The style is clear and fresh, and nt withut elegance, imaginatin and shafts f humr. (这本书以流畅的画面展现了他的困境。风格清晰清新，不乏优雅、想象力和幽默)”可知，鲍比即使在瘫痪的情况下也没放弃写书，他意志力强，而且能适应自己的疾病，用新的方式表达自己的想法，而且他的著作风格清晰清新，不乏优雅、想象力和幽默。文中并未提及他脾气古怪。故选A项。