专题04 阅读理解主旨大意题- 高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

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2024 年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。
阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。
主旨大意题主要考查同学们对文章中心思想或作者意图的掌握程度。
常见的提问方式有：What is the main idea f this passage?What is the best title f this passage? 在解答这类题时，同学们可以采用快读方法。先从头到尾把文章浏览一遍，这样可以使注意力集中于文章的整体思路及要点之间的联系，因为较慢的阅读会使你过分注意细节，甚至是个别单词，从而影响对主题的概括。
大家要特别注意仔细阅读文章的开头段和结尾段，因为大多数文章的中心思想都会出现在这两个段落里。
主旨大意题
一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的，也包括分析归纳文章段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、写作特点的。一般说来说明文和议都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的根底上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。
题型01 段落大意题
【题型诠释】
一、常见设问方式
 What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
 The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
 The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
 Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
 What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
解答段落大意题，最关键的是要找到段落主题句。段落主题句可出现在段首或段尾。这类文章一般段内层次较为分明，多采用“总—分”或“分—总”结构。但有时主题句会出现在段落的中间，这时段落结构一般是：细节—主题—细节。请特别关注段落内起过渡作用的词汇，如hwever、but、and、als、fr example、in cnclusin、n the cntrary等。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Fd packaging frm arund the wrld cntains at least 68 “frever chemicals” that can seep int what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 f them are nt even suppsed t be used in such prducts. “It’s nt clear why the latter chemicals, which are nt n lists f thse authrized fr use in fd cntainers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s authr Birgit Geueke.
The study fcused n a class f chemicals called perfluralkyl and plyflurnlkyl substances (PFASs), which are smetimes called “frever chemicals” because they dn’t break dwn readily in the envirnment r in the bdy. That’s because their characteristic carbn-flurine bnd is ne f the strngest in nature. Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.
Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.
PFASs have been fund in human bld and breast milk, drinking water, sil and ther startling places arund the wrld. Expsure t sme f the mst studied PFASs has been assciated with cancer. reprductive prblems and lessened respnses t vaccines. “There’s an incredible bdy f scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals t health harm,” says Andrews. Many cuntries are evaluating restrictins f PFASs in fd packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”
Andrews and Geueke bth say the presence f unknwn PFASs in fd packaging is gd reasn t regulate these chemicals as a single class—a psitin shared with many ther scientific experts and envirnmental prtectin grups. There are mre than 12,000 knwn PFASs, and scientists dn’t knw much abut mst f them. “Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”
14．Paragraph 3 is mainly abut ______.
A．the ptential usage f the unknwn impurities
B．the authrizatin f fd packaging chemicals
C．the likely transfrming prcess frm PFASs int new chemicals
D．the pssible explanatin fr the presence f unauthrized PFASs
【答案】 14．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种“永久化学物质”，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。
14．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.( Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链)”可知，第3段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。
题型02 文章大意题
【题型诠释】
一、提问方式
 What’s the main idea/pint f the passage?
 The passage is mainly abut ________.
 The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
 Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
 Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
 In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
 The subject discussed in this text is ________.
 The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、主旨大意归纳法：
1.略读法：读文章标题；读首尾段落；读段落首尾句；留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容。
2.文体法：新闻报道、议论文和说明文--主题句在首段；记叙文、议论文--主题句一般在尾段。
3.词语法：在文中出现频率较高的主题词。
4.概括法：无主题句的文章，需读者自己概括大意。
✱找主题句的技巧：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等词，通常是主旨。
全文大意题考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具有提纲挈领的能力。做这类题时，要求考生能理解全文细节，然后运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行总结。常用的技巧有：
1. 寻找主题句。文章的主题句通常出现在文章第一段或最后一段，而有些文章需要通过归纳总结每段的段落大意获得主题句。
2. 抓住高频词。选项形式为一两个单词或一个短语时，文中被反复提到的概念或名称多是正确选项。
3. 看选项特点。正确选项通常不含表示绝对意义的词，而且不能只是概括某个细节或表述局部观点，也不能包括文章没有提及的内容。
【典例】
（23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rtting — the practice f spending lng perids f time just staying under the cvers with snacks, screens and ther creature cmfrts — is gaining ppularity n scial media. Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a prfessr at Clumbia University in New Yrk, wh treats many yung peple, called the bed rtting trend attractive. “In ur culture tday, with t much t d, t many expectatins and t much prductivity, many yung individuals (个人) are feeling burned ut and ften aren’t getting enugh sleep. It’s easy t see why taking time ff t lie arund is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance t get away frm real-life prblems and clear yur head befre returning t life in a better state f mind, ” he added.
Fr the dwnside, hwever, he said a lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd d harm t ne’s physical health. Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix. It culd als lead t bld pressure prblems and besity (肥胖).
Lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd als be a warning sign f depressin, accrding t a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, prfessr f medicine at NYU Langne Medical Center and a Fx News medical cntributr, agreed that while sme dwntime can be useful in terms f de-stressing and rejuvenatin (更新), t much bed rtting is a bad health practice. In additin t increasing the risk f depressin, it cntributes t decreased mtivatin (动力) as well.
Instead f bed rtting, Siegel recmmends regular exercise as a better frm f de-stressing. While the ccasinal lazy day can be beneficial, t much culd have the ppsite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test fr depressin. Thse wh lack the mtivatin t get ut f bed culd als try calling r texting a family member fr supprt, scializing with clse friends, finding a small task t cmplete, r reaching ut t a medical prfessinal fr help.
8．What is the passage mainly talking abut?
A．Different pinins n hw t becme mtivated.
B．Main causes f the lng-term need fr bed rtting.
C．Practical suggestins fr yung peple t deal with stress.
D．Pssible prblems frm lying in bed fr extended perids f time.
【答案】 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?(一些Z世代的潮流追随者现在将其视为一种自我保健方式，但医生警告说，过度躺尸可能是“抑郁症的征兆”。这些延长的休息时间真的对一个人的心理健康有益吗？还是会引起人们的担忧？)”结合接下来的分析内容可知，文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是长时间躺在床上可能产生的问题。故选D。
题型03 标题归纳题
【题型诠释】
一、提问方式
 The best title f the passage is ________.
 Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
 What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
 The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、文章标题四大特性：
1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
文章标题干扰项特点：断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；以偏概全；离题太远。
方法：
1、中心句法：根据文章中心句，提炼主题词充当文章标题。
2、当文章的写作对象特点较多时，常用写作对象的名称充当文章的标题。
3、将文章的写作对象和其主要特点、意义或影响整合充当文章的标题。
标题的特点：
概括性：抽象、准确、简短，常用一个短语或一句话。
针对性：标题外延恰当，与文章内容相符，避免以偏概全。
醒目性：新颖奇特，激发读者的阅读兴趣。
注意排除标题干扰项：
(1)片面性：概括不够。所给选项只概括了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节或个别字词作为选项，或以次要信息作为标题。
(2)过于笼统或过渡概括：所给选项概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
【典例】
（23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (认知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.
In ne study, Suzana Herculan-Huzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number f neurns (神经细胞) in dinsaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is respnsible fr advanced cgnitive functins. Research suggests that it is the number f neurns in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cgnitive ptential. Fr example, despite having a very small head, birds have mre densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and s can pssess rughly as many neurns as mnkeys. The result is that sme birds shw great cgnitive abilities, cmparable t the smartest nn-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the nly surviving lineage (宗系) f dinsaurs, that are Herculan-Huzel’s fundatin. By cmparing the relatinship between brain size, number f neurns and bdy size in numerus existing birds and available fssils f dinsaurs, Herculan-Huzel cncludes that a large dinsaur such as T. rex culd have hused tw billin t three billin neurns in its pallium. If s, dinsaurs culd have had the capacity fr tl use and planning fr the future.
But neurns’ number may nt be enugh. Fr intelligence, brain architecture als matters. And this culd be the weakness f dinsaurs, argues Antn Reiner frm the University f Tennessee. Over 350 millin years f separate evlutin, mammals and dinsaurs fund tw rather different ways t rganize cgnitive functins. The mammalian neurns are rganized in a relatively thin layer frmed by cmpact clumns. In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances. In cntrast, in the dinsaurs that survive tday, namely birds, the rganizatin is less cmpact. Accrding t Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beynd a certain pint culd make the structure far mre cmplex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size wuld crrespnd t a greater distance between different parts f the brain, slwing dwn their cmmunicatin.
The issue remains pen t debate. Herculan-Huzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejectins t the ther’s argument. Meanwhile, ther scientists have entered the fight. Fr example, neurbilgist Girgi Vallrtigara assumes that speed in transmitting infrmatin between netwrks f neurns is prbably ne f dinsaurs’ strengths.
Whatever the truth is, understanding hw and if brain architecture impses limits n the develpment f cgnitin culd reveal much abut the evlutin f abilities and behavirs f varius animals. Als, this debate may tell us mre abut ur wn species than abut dinsaurs.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Dinsaurs Cmparable t Humans in Intelligence?
B．Are Dinsaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses?
C．Hw Smart Were Dinsaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate
D．Can Dinsaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light
【答案】 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，新的研究加剧了争论。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (认知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.(如果大恐龙没有灭绝，它们今天会已经统治了地球吗？关于这种可能性的争论已经持续了几十年。最近有两项分析对恐龙惊人的认知能力及其潜在的局限性有了新的认识)”可知，对于恐龙智力的争论已经持续了几十年，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，C项“恐龙有多聪明？新的研究加剧了争论”为最佳标题，故选C。
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】 34. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
【2023北京卷】
What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
34．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【答案】 34．D
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
34．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething: perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
【2022年北京卷】
Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
【答案】34. D
34.【解析】
主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin. This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
【2021年北京卷】
Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
31 What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
【答案】31. B
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
【2020北京卷】
Fr the past five years, Paula Smith, a histrian f science, has devted herself t re-creating lng-frgtten techniques. While ding research fr her new bk, she came acrss a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）cnsisting f nearly 1,000 sets f instructins, cvering subjects frm tl making t finding the best sand.
The authr's intentin remains as mysterius（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking ntes fr his wn recrds. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any f the skills the authr described. "Yu simply can't get an understanding f that handwrk by reading abut it," she says.
Thugh Smith did get her hands n the best sand, ding things the ld-fashined way isn't just abut playing arund with French mud. Recnstructing the wrk f the craftsmen（工匠）wh lived centuries ag can reveal hw they viewed the wrld, what bjects filled their hmes, and what went n in the wrkshps that prduced them. It can even help slve present-day prblems: In 2015, scientists discvered that a 10th-century English medicine fr eve prblems culd kill a drug-resistant virus.
The wrk has als brught insights fr museums, Smith says. One must knw hw n bject was made in rder t preserve it. What's mre, recnstructins might be the nly way t knw what treasures lked like befre time wre them dwn. Schlars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Rman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbw f striking clurs. We can't appreciate these kinds f details withut seeing wrks f art as they riginally appeared-smething Smith believes yu can d nly when yu have a rad map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas int practice. Her final gal is t link the wrlds f art and science back tgether: She believes that bringing the ld recipes t life can help develp a kind f learning that highlights experimentatin, teamwrk, and prblem slving.
Back when science—then called “the new philsphy”—tk shape, academics lked t craftsmen fr help in understanding the natural wrld. Micrscpes and telescpes were invented by way f artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass t better bend light.
If we can rediscver the values f hands-n experience and craftwrk, Smith says, we can marry the best f ur mdern insights with the handiness f ur ancestrs.
41. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Craftsmen Set the Trends fr Artists
B. Craftsmanship Leads t New Theries
C. Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists
D. Craftsmen Reshape the Future f Science
【答案】 41. C
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述科学家Paula Smith致力于对古代手工技能的研究，认为科学家如果能够把古代的手工技能和现代的科学方法结合起来，就能够创造更大成就。
【41题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“If we can rediscver the values f hands-n experience and craftwrk, Smith says, we can marry the best f ur mdern insights with the handiness f ur ancestrs. ”史密斯说，如果我们能重新发现实践经验和工艺的价值，我们就能将现代的最好见解与我们祖先的灵巧结合起来。由此可知本文的中心思想就在于如果科学家能把古代的手工技巧同现代的理论结合起来，就能够获得更多的成就。C选项Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists工艺造就了更好的科学家，符合文章主题，适合做标题，故选C。
【点睛】标题猜测题。属于主旨大意题的一种，标题应位于文章之首，概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，或句子。确定文章标题，第一，标题要与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容，不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；第三，标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应新颖，概括性强并且精炼。小题4中C选项概括文中主旨大意，与主题密切相关，故选C。
【最新模考】
【2024·北京大兴·三模】
We nw live in an age f instant images and emji, when 10,000 cpies f a picture can be spread arund the wrld in secnds by sliding a finger half an inch acrss a phne screen. This wuld have been unbelievable and unimaginable 20 years ag. But it is in the wrld f hand-cpied manuscripts (手稿) 1,000 years ld r mre that the digital revlutin has had sme f its mst prfund and bvius beneficial effects. What may have taken three years t write ut can tday be printed ut in three secnds. There are nw tens f thusands f nce unique dcuments which have been digitized and placed nline fr anyne t access all arund the wrld, and this is a vast, demcratizing wnder.
Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革时期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插图) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin.
Digitized cllectins f these srts cannt entirely substitute fr real libraries. T tuch with yur wn hand a parchment (羊皮纸) frm a medieval mnk is an experience n screen can ffer, but it is ne which must always be restricted t a lucky few. There are sme things s ld and fragile that even being lked at may damage them. The caves at Lascaux had t be clsed t prtect the paintings frm the breath f turists and replaced by a virtual display.
Yet in sme ways these cpies are better than the riginals. Reprductins f a high enugh quality make bvius detail that’s invisible t the native eye. What’s mre, digital cllectins can be gathered n ne screen frm acrss the glbe. The Internatinal Dunhuang Prject reunites n screen tens f thusands f Buddhist scrlls and artifacts in western China. What is pssible with this ne cllectin shuld fairly sn be pssible with all the schlarly digitized manuscripts f the wrld. The hpe is t bring them under ne system f classificatin s that they can quickly be searched and srted n matter where they came frm and where they nw are stred.
The wrld may always prefer cat gifs t ancient manuscripts, but the translatin frm parchment t pixels (像素) reminds us f the humanistic ptimism with which the web came int the wrld, and shws that much f it was nt misplaced at all.
76．Which wuld be the best title f the passage?
A．The Impact f Digital Revlutin Era
B．The New Era f Traditinal Manuscripts
C．Accessibility f Old Manuscripts All Arund the Wrld
D．Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life
【答案】 76．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了数字技术如何使古老手稿得以快速传播，以帕克图书馆为例，展示手稿数字化的成果。虽无法取代实物，数字化让更多人能接触珍贵文献，实现全球资源共享，保护脆弱文物，是人文研究领域的重大进步。
76．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段中“Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革时期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插图) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin. (以剑桥大学的帕克图书馆为例，里面有宗教改革时期的学术著作，由马修·帕克收藏。在斯坦福大学的一个项目中，该网站已被数字化，并于2018年向所有人开放，此前10年该网站一直处于学术收费墙之下。令人惊讶的不仅是文字本身，还有图片：一些手稿上的插图展示了中世纪想象力的丰富性和生动性)”可知，文章主要探讨了数字技术如何使古老的手稿以数字形式广泛传播，使全球范围内的访问成为可能，同时强调了这一过程对保护和研究古代文献的重要意义。由此可知，D选项“Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life (数字革命使手稿栩栩如生)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。
【2024·北京东城·二模】
Yu might nt think that an AI capable f making music wuld stimulate yur emtin, but thers think differently, particularly thse wh gathered at Mexic City’s Symphny Hall in 2019 fr Schubert’s Unfinished Symphny, which I finished using meldies generated by an AI.
As the rchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s riginal wrk and began the music the AI and I had written, I culd feel the crwd’s energy shift frm astnishment t indignatin and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able t make emtinal symphnic music. Yu can see their pint: an AI that makes emtinal music culd affect the emtinal lives f thusands r even millins f peple in a small, but prfund way, just like a human musician des.
Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.
Enjyment in music implies that there’s smething in the music that the listener cnnects t, a perceptin f shared emtin. But, in the case f AI music, an emtin shared with wh? AI, as f yet, has n emtins. S what is the meaning f music made withut an emtinal cmpser? The unsatisfying answer is that music has n bjective meaning. A cmpser can decide hw a piece f music sunds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means.
N matter hw it’s created, music desn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) t the listener. The meaning we assign t music depends n its cntext — hw the piece cnnects t ther elements in ur lives. Withut cntext, music is like the results f a game whse rules have been lst. The cntext fr a music is part f wh yu are. The music is emtinal t yu because yu have the cntext t appreciate it. As it cntinues t evlve, AI music will develp its wn cntext. Certainly, it’ll be different frm human-made music. It’ll mix existing genres t create new nes; it’ll cmbine instruments that we wuldn’t think f cmbining. Its rules will be different.
I’m nw always asked the same questin: “Wh put the emtin in that music: yu, the cmpser, r the AI?” But that’s nt the questin they really want t ask, thugh. There’s a deeper questin that mst peple are t afraid t ask right nw: “Are my emtins s simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?”
In my experience, this culd be pssible ne day. If a mdestly capable music AI in 2019 culd stir up emtins f an audience, maybe AI can have a mre pwerful effect n ur emtinal lives than we’d like t admit.
12．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Cmpsers T Be Replaced?
B．Wuld AI Music Be a Rising Trend?
C．Culd AI Make Music That Mves Yu?
D．Was the Unfinished Symphny Successful?
【答案】 12．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题，论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。
12．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.(不管是正面还是负面，人们对AI的交响乐首演反应非常强烈。尽管大多数人不相信人工智能可以创造出令人愉快的东西，但他们（至少在一定程度上）确实喜欢《未完成的交响曲》)”结合文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题，论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。可知，C选项“人工智能能做出打动你的音乐吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
【2024·北京·三模】
Is it pssible t persuade mankind t live withut war? War is an ancient institutin, which has ccurred ever since men were rganized int units larger than the family. In the past human race managed t survive it. Why shuld it nt cntinue t survive even if wars g n ccurring frm time t time? Mrever, peple like war, and will feel frustrated withut it. And withut war there will be n adequate pprtunity fr herism r self-sacrifice.
Mdem technlgy has changed this. Either man will ablish war, r war will ablish man. Fr the present, it is nuclear weapns that cause the mst serius danger, but bacterilgical r chemical weapns may, befre lng, ffer an even greater threat. If we succeed in ablishing nuclear weapns, ur wrk will nt be dne. It will never be dne until we have succeeded in ablishing war. T d this, we need t persuade mankind t lk upn internatinal questins in a new way, nt as cntests f frce, in which the victry ges t the side which is mst skillful in killing peple, but by arbitratin (通过仲裁) in accrdance with agreed principles f law. It is nt easy t change very ld mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are thse wh say that the adptin f this r that idelgy (意识形态) wuld prevent war. I believe this t be a big errr. All idelgies are based upn dgmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, dubtful, and at wrst, ttally false. Their fllwers believe in them s fanatically that they are willing t g t war in supprt f them.
The mvement f wrld pinin during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcme. It has becme a cmmnplace that nuclear war must be avided. Of curse very difficult prblems remain in the wrld, but the spirit in which they are being apprached is a better ne than it was sme years ag. It has begun t be thught, even by the pwerful men wh decide whether we shall live r die, that negtiatins shuld reach agreements even if bth sides d nt find these agreements whlly satisfactry. It has begun t be understd that the imprtant cnflict nwadays is nt between different cuntries, but between man and the atm bmb.
16．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．War r N War, That Is A Questin
B．Nuclear Weapns Bring the End f Human Race
C．Twards a Future Withut War: A Call fr Glbal Arbitratin
D．Frm Idelgy t Negtiatin: A New Apprach t Internatinal Cnflicts
【答案】 16．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。在当前的国际形势之下，作者阐述人类应该以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是把它看作武力的较量。这种方式就是通过根据公认的法律原则进行仲裁。
16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段“T d this, we need t persuade mankind t lk upn internatinal questins in a new way, nt as cntests f frce, in which the victry ges t the side which is mst skillful in killing peple, but by arbitratin (通过仲裁) in accrdance with agreed principles f law .”（要做到这一点，我们需要说服人类以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是将其视为武力的较量，在这种较量中，胜利属于最善于杀人的一方，而是通过根据商定的法律原则进行仲裁。）可知，作者呼吁人们以新的方式看待国际问题，通过仲裁来解决问题，以此来废除战争，因此，C选项“Twards a Future Withut War: A Call fr Glbal Arbitratin”（走向无战争的未来：全球仲裁的呼吁）最能概括全文内容。故选C。