专题07 阅读理解说明文- 高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

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2024 年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。
阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), secnd(ly), third(ly), finally, nt nly, but als, then, in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, fr example, fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）
The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. The new study, published tday in the jurnal Nature Gescience, is a majr step tward clearing up the cmplex physics behind bmerang quakes and understanding their ptential damage.
The latest bmerang was recrded near the mid-cean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the psitin f the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This secnd leg f the quake mved remarkably quickly, at s-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hur—fast enugh t dart frm New Yrk t Lndn in 18. 5 minutes, s fast that it caused the gelgic versin f a snic bm.
Hw ften des this happen?A bmerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team bserved in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence f bmerang quakes is munting. These back-tracking events have been studied in cmputer mdels as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The thery says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult t see that [in the real wrld], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamt als seems t have ruptured (破裂) in a similar prcess. Fr that event, the initial shake triggered tw ther quakes, ne f which raced backward t partially verlap the initial break.
Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas, ”says Hicks.
These bmerangs maybe bscured by cnventinal appraches used t analyze quakes, which are based n an assumptin that a quake rushes in ne directin. “Naturally we’re nt lking fr it, we dn’t expect it t exist,” Hicks says. Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”
19．What des the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．putting ffB．cping with
C．bringing abutD．fighting against
题型02 语意猜测题
【题型诠释】
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t … 或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的). This adds up t abut 40 hurs f study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily gal. Actually, this can be applied t almst any ambitius target. But hw effective is it?
Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.
We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.
Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.
If s, after ne year, becming bilingual is at last within reach fr Kim.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Making a fixed gal helps lnger perseverance.
B．Setting a bigger gal drives peple t achieve mre.
C．Sticking t an ambitius gal cntributes t success.
D．Breaking dwn a bigger gal leads t better results.
题型03 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks abut …
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its httest mnth n recrd, with many places n fire r flded. The likelihd f extreme weather keeps increasing—and peple are nticing. Hwever, nt everyne ntices r feels this threat t the same extent.
Based n a representative sample f 1,071 survey respndents frm acrss the UK, we fund that peple in rural areas shwed higher degrees f place attachment than peple living in cities, as we expected. Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer. We had nt expected that utcme, s we started t dig a little deeper fr pssible reasns.
Rural peple may be mre resilient t change. Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature. This may have taught them t be mre flexible in hw they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lt and that culd make them less wrried abut the majr changes happening arund them.
Peple in rural areas may nt be as aware f climate change as peple in cities. Lking mre clsely, the effect is mstly dwn t educatin rather than whether peple live in rural areas r nt. Research shws that general levels f climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this des nt necessarily crrespnd t readiness fr actin r behaviural change. It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.
Peple in rural areas may nt experience climate change in the same wav as peple in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels f green space than urban areas. Fr example, yu will feel the heat less when yu are surrunded by trees.
S, althugh we were surprised that the higher degree f place attachment in peple living rurally did nt necessarily lead t a higher perceptin f climate change threat, we can see there are gd reasns fr that.
26．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh are t blame fr climate change?
B．Hw d peple perceive climate change?
C．Why is climate change perceived differently?
D．What can peple d t cpe with climate change?
题型04 判断推理题
【题型诠释】
这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the authr’s attitude twards
2. The passage is intended t ...
3. The authr suggests that ...
4. The stry implies that…
5. Which pint f view may the authr agree t?
6. Frm the passage we can cnclude that...
7. The purpse f the passage is t...。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse.
“Abslutely absurd,” said the culture minister f France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement frm the Internatinal Cuncil f Museums.
The prtesters are targeting wrks that are prtected behind glass — at least fr nw — s actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet. But as the attacks wear n, and their impact decreases, they risk changing int a jke.
What’s especially misguided abut the prtests is their binary nature. “What is wrth mre, art r life?” a prtester asked. Why chse? “It’s pssible t blame bth envirnmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair f the Bstn Art Cmmissin, said.
Art is nt the prblem here. In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghst Frest, a climate change memrial she created in a New Yrk City park, is nly ne example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenaris (设想), and, in ding s, give peple a way t see and hpe fr a different future,” Lin said.
The climate activists are surely crrect that the pace f refrm is far t slw, as the planet burns and deadly strms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere effrts f millins f peple wrking n the issue. It wuld be easier t respect the yung prtesters at Just Stp Oil, Last Generatin, and the rest f the splash grups if they were t spend their time and energy n the unexciting but essential plitical wrk arund climate change: legislatin, regulatin, and winning hearts and minds.
Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the prtests have nt been abut climate change, but abut the prtests themselves. Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.
21．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ actin?
A．The end justifies the means.
B．Art speaks where wrds fail.
C．The freedm f prtest shuld be prtected.
D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis.
22．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．The slutin t climate crisis lies in cmmunicatin.
B．Galleries shuld strengthen regulatins like theatres.
C．Climate activists shuld diversify their strategies.
D．Art attacks are mainly abut seeking attentin.
23．The authr writes the passage t ________.
A．launch a campaign B．assess a debate C．prpse a slutinD．challenge a practice
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【2023北京卷】
In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers. One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28．The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A．draw a cmparisn
B．intrduce a tpic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a prblem
29．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B．Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C．Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D．Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【2023北京卷】
What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
32．What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Shcked.B．Prtected.C．Attracted.D．Challenged.
33．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．ALife hlds the key t human future.B．ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C．AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D．AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
34．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【2022年北京卷】
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【2021北京卷】
Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Scientific.B. Credible.
C. Original.D. Relevant.
29. As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A. wrriedB. puzzled
C. surprisedD. scared
30. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B. The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C. The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D. The glbal cllapse is well underway.
【2020北京卷】
Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
34. With a mnitr n her cllar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pllutant readingsB. recrd pllutant levels
C. prcess cllected dataD. reduce air pllutin
35. What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A. High places are free f air pllutin.
B. Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C. Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D. Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
36. What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A. T warn f a health risk.B. T find ut pllutin surces.
C. T test his new mnitr.D. T prve Baggy's abilities.
37. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A. Mdest.B. Generus.C. Creative.D. Outging.
【最新模考】
【2024·北京朝阳·二模】
It is perhaps easy t accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just sme strange physics indicating that, as time ges n, galaxies (星系) get further away frm each ther just like tw cars racing away frm each ther.
I persnally dn’t like it and prefer the balln analgy. In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.
The balln analgy relies smewhat n ur gemetric sensibilities which refer t ur sense f shapes and hw they change ver time. At its cre, what we are trying t develp a sense fr is hw we measure distances. This cncept is als the fundamental gal f general relativity, Einstein’s thery f gravity. In general relativity, the mst imprtant piece f infrmatin is what we call the metric, an equatin that describes hw distances are measured, and therefre als tells us abut the shape space-time is taking.
The whle idea that space-time is expanding was first nticed as a mathematical cnsequence f general relativity by Gerges Lemaitre in 1927, when he slved Einstein’s equatin and fund a slutin fr the metric shwing that distances grw with time. His wrk prvided a theretical explanatin：the standard fr measuring csmic (宇宙的) distance was itself changing with time.
What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasnably say that universe’s expansin is a gravitatinal effect. I enjy this because it is s deeply cunterintuitive t ur usual understanding f gravity, which teaches us that it is a frce that always draws things tgether. But in this case where gravity is a gemetric effect, we are ffered a brader range f gravitatinal pssibilities.
It is wrth nting that the gemetric explanatin f general relativity hasn’t been universally ppular. The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrte that the gemetric explanatin f the thery f gravitatin has been reduced t a mere analgy, but is therwise nt very useful. Anther challenge with the balln analgy and ur reliance n gemetric explanatin is t explain why gravity seems t pull things tgether in many situatins, while universe is expanding. This difference is reslved by acknwledging that lcal gravitatinal effects due t massive bjects dminate ver large-scale expansin effects, leading t the frmatin f structures like stars, galaxies and, eventually us.
In fact, the analgy where universe is nly expanding and this is the nly gravitatinal effect at play is a very idealized situatin where matter was initially spread ut perfectly evenly acrss the universe.
45．The authr presents the balln analgy in Paragraph 2 mainly t .
A．intrduce a tpicB．draw a cmparisn
C．cnfirm a theryD．evaluate a statement
46．What des the underlined wrd “cunterintuitive” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Unchallenging.B．Cntradictry.C．Satisfying.D．Relevant.
47．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Universe’s expansin results in the creatin f structures like galaxies.
B．Lemaitre’s wrk suggests the standard fr csmic distance is cnsistent.
C．A unifrm distributin f matter can vercme the universe’s expansin.
D．The metric is key t sensing the shape f space-time in general relativity.
48．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Studying Galaxies — Has the Balln Analgy Been Outdated?
B．Rethinking Gravity — Is it a Way t Make Sense f the Balln Analgy?
C．Arguing against the Car Analgy — Des the Balln Analgy Win Over?
D．Understanding Universe Expansin — Is the Balln Analgy Acceptable?
【2024·北京海淀·二模】
When I was named CEO f a glbal cmpany in 2006, I was determined t run the cmpany s that it wuld bth deliver gd shrt-term perfrmance and thrive in the lng term, years after I was gne. It was already in gd shape, but I dreamed f creating a defining crpratin f the 21st century, prud f its rt, yet glbal and respnsible in the shifting times.
Fr mnths, I quietly read all I culd abut the big scial trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined emplyees’ feedback. I als dug deep int the bligatins f public crpratins. Frm all f this emerged a visin fr the cmpany that guided us fr the next dzen years r s. I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple.
My mtivatin was whlly t “future prf”, r de-risk. And it wrked. In my 12 years as CEO, ttal sharehlder return was 149%, and net prfit jumped 80%. We cut the salt, fat, and sugar in s da and chips, added mre healthful brands and prducts, and lwered the amunt f water needed. We kept innvatin ging and ur design studis wn many awards. Our talent academy was s brilliant that nine senir managers left t take CEO jbs elsewhere.
I believe that leaders must think frm the future back, even when things are ging fine. And we nw have a framewrk t help: the evlving templates (模板) fr envirnmental, scial, and gvernance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve t de-risk cmpanies and markets. These criteria frce discussin f hard truths fr anyne with the ambitin t stay relevant in the lng term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is nt cntrary t investrs’ interests. Imprtantly, de-risking the cmpany actually creates sharehlder value.
“Perfrmance with Purpse” presented tugh mments fr me, including when ne investr questined, “Wh d yu think yu are? A philanthrpist (慈善家)?” But skepticism faded when a cllective missin tk hld that included bth the bttm line and much beynd. This was my hpe frm the start.
49．The authr’s new visin fr the cmpany came frm _________.
A．its unique cultural rtB．her thrugh research
C．custmers’ fundamental needsD．sharehlders’ strng requirements
50．Accrding t “Perfrmance with Purpse”, an ideal cmpany shuld _________.
A．shift its strategies prperlyB．value emplyees’ feedback
C．shulder scial respnsibilityD．priritize financial returns
51．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The risks a cmpany may face.
B．The authr’s ambitin t create value.
C．The interests investrs seek after.
D．The authr’s recipe fr successful business.
52．As CEO, the authr can be best described as _________.
A．inspiring and warm-heartedB．determined and far-sighted
C．ambitius and generusD．mdest and strategic
【2024·北京西城·二模】
Can yu imagine getting a majr dental prcedure withut nvcaine (一种麻醉药)? A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes.
A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. In additin, all f us can gain frm finding ways t cpe with stress and suffering — particularly when larger circumstances are beynd ur cntrl. As a researcher wh has studied meditatin fr mre than 20 years, I believe that the cultivatin f equanimity can help.
It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. But when we push urselves int challenging r embarrassing situatins, much like trainers wh push athletes just past their cmfrt zne t make gains, learning ften happens.
My wn research indicates that meditatin prvides an ideal way t practice turning tward discmfrt — particularly when it trains up ne’s equanimity. In my labratry at Carnegie Melln University, we cnducted several clinical trials n develping equanimity during mindfulness meditatin training. This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected.
We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. After just 14 days f training, fr example, the participants wh learned equanimity skills had significantly lwer bilgical stress respnses when asked t deliver a difficult speech and slve math prblems in frnt f experts in white lab cats. This grup als had significantly lwer bld pressure and stress levels. In the days after training, peple intrduced t equanimity exercises als reprted significantly higher psitive emtins and well-being thrughut the day and mre meaningful scial interactins than participants wh received mindfulness training withut the equanimity cmpnent. It was as thugh develping equanimity had transfrmed their emtinal reactivity t stress, helping them better appreciate and enjy daily life’s many little psitive experiences and making them mre curius and pen t cnnecting with thers.
We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. We are cnvinced we can each build ur resilience (恢复力) n a persnal level by cultivating greater acceptance f ur experience — gd r bad, painful r pleasant — in the present mment.
61．What can be learned abut equanimity?
A．It is a state f mental calmness.
B．It is a frm f negative emtins.
C．It is a replacement fr nvcaine.
D．It is the result f mindfulness meditatin.
62．Which f the fllwing is a gd example f equanimity training?
A．Ignring discmfrt ttally.
B．Detecting unusual behavir.
C．Keeping emtins t neself.
D．Seeing negative feelings bjectively.
63．Paragraph 5 is written t shw ______.
A．the benefits f develping equanimity
B．the prcedure f mindfulness meditatin
C．the perfrmances f tw meditatin training grups
D．the relatinship between equanimity and well-being
64．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Stress cntributes t physical disrders.
B．Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity.
C．Peple are likely t have easy access t equanimity training.
D．Resilience can help peple gain mre acceptance f hardship.
年份
体裁
词数
话题
考点分布
细节
理解
推理
判断
主旨大意
词义猜测
2024
说明文
384
人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准
1
1
1
0
2023
说明文
366
人与社会：人类社会发展中人们的短视现象
0
3
0
0
说明文
429
人与社会：AI 对现代生活的影响
0
2
1
1
2022
说明文
415
人与社会：解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维
1
2
0
0
2021
说明文
354
人与社会：全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念
0
2
0
1
2020
说明文
360
人与自然：m Hunt设计的安装在狗狗项圈上的监测器
1
3
0
0