专题11 语法填空总归纳- 高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

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高考英语北京卷试题，语法填空部分通常有3个不同体裁的文段，总词数在260词左右，总共设置10道小题，共计15分。主要考查基本语法知识，其中，时态和语态2或3道，非谓语动词2或3道，主从复合句1或2道，介词1道，形容词比较级0或1道，代词0或1道，名词0或1道，构词法0或1道。试题整体难度中等。
针对该部分内容，考生应学会识别考点，对考点做到心中有数。能快速识别考点的考生，10小题能取得80%—100%的正确率，其他题型的正确率也能达到至少75%。考生在做题时，在了解短文大意的基础上，从语篇着手并联系上下文，根据自己掌握的语法知识、词汇知识、生活常识、文化背景等，有逻辑地进行思考，才能得出答案。
1 语境(上下文）；2 语法：
动词（时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式）、名词、代词、冠词、介词、连词 固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级最高级及构词法、倒装等。
1.阅读/理解语篇的能力
2.分析句子结构的能力
3.熟练运用语法的能力
4.单词拼写能力和逻辑推理能力等(对中下层考生来说，难度较大)。
题型01 有提示词填空题的解题技巧
【题型诠释】
有提示词填空题要求使用括号中单词的正确形式填空,主要考查谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级及最高级、词性或词形转化这四种情况。
当设空处后面给出动词原形时,设空处一般会考查动词的时态、几种常见时态的被动语态形式或非谓语动词。
(1)考查时态或语态
第一步:分析句子结构,确定句中是否缺谓语。如缺谓语动词,则考查动词
的时态或语态。
第二步:看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系,以确定用主动语态还是被动语态,同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。
第三步:要注意主谓一致。
(2)考查非谓语动词
ing 主动、伴随 dne 被动、完成 t d 目的、将来
第一步:若句中已有谓语,且设空处不作并列谓语,应考虑该空是否考查非谓语动词。
第二步:根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求或某些词语的特殊要求,确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式,而作原因、伴随、时间等状语时,需用现在分词、过去分词形式;如作主语或宾语用动名词或不定式;如作动词enjy,finish等的宾语时,需用动名词;如作动词decide,refuse等的宾语时,需用不定式。如设空前为系动词,需用现在分词或过去分词作表语。
第三步:确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。
第四步:根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是用完成式。
当给出形容词或副词时,往往要求写出形容词或副词的比较级或最高级形式;有时考查形容词与副词之间的转换。
第一步:分析结构,确定设空处在句子中作定语还是状语。
第二步:根据结构、语境或句子意思确定是填比较级还是最高级以及要不要加表示否定或相反意义的前缀或后缀。
词性转化多以派生词变化为主,如:形容词与名词间的相互转化,形容词与动词间的相互转化,动词与名词间的相互转化等。
第一步:分析结构,确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。比如,修饰动词、形容词或副词或修饰整个句子作状语,用副词;作主语或宾语,用名词;在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后,用名词。
第二步:根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。
注意:有时不但要注意词性转化,而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀,其逻辑意义才通顺;而且要特别注意所填词的正确的拼写形式。
题型02 无提示词填空题的解题技巧
【题型诠释】
无提示词填空题需考生在不给出提示词的情况下填出符合上下文逻辑、词法、句法的单词,主要考查代词、冠词、介词、情态动词、并列连词、主从复合句、特殊句式等。
第一步:分析句子结构。若句子缺主语,则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it;若动词或介词后面缺宾语,则要填代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词或it。如果该宾语与主语是同一人(或物),应用反身代词。
第二步:理解句子意思。根据各个代词的意义和用法以及句子的意义,填入合适的代词。
要弄清句子结构,若设空处后为名词,设空处为名词的定语,又无提示词时,
可确定设空处应填冠词(a,an,the)、形容词性物主代词(如:my,yur等)或限定词(如:ther,anther,either,bth等)。
第一步:若设空处后是名词、代词、动名词或what从句,且它们不作主语或宾语时,很可能就是填介词。若设空处前是动词且设空处后为名词、动名词,设空处也可能填介词构成动词短语。
第二步:根据具体的语境或空格所在句的意思来确定填哪个介词。
若句子结构较完整,设空处后的谓语动词是原形、have dne或be ding等,特别是主谓不一致或谓语动词的时态与上下文时态不一致时,很可能填情态动词或用来强调谓语动词的助动词d,des,did;若构成部分倒装,设空处后需有主语,主语后需为动词原形或过去分词、现在分词,这时需根据需要填d,des,did;have,has;is,am,are或某些情态动词。
并列连词(and,but,r,s等)
主从复合句(含定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)
定语从句考查关系代词(that,which,wh,whm,whse,f which,f whm等)或关系副词(when,where,why);
名词性从句考查连接词that,if/whether,which,wh,whm,what,when,why,where,hw等;
状语从句考查表示原因的从属连词(because,as等)、表让步的从属连词(thugh,althugh,as等)、表条件的从属连词(if,unless等)、表时间的从属连词(when,while,as,befre,after,until,since等)、表结果的从属连词(或等)。
第一步:分析结构,若句中有两个句子(有两个主谓结构),且两句之间没有句号、分号,也没有连接词,设空处必定考查并列连词或主从复合句。
第二步:根据两句之间的意义、逻辑关系或句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。
第三步:若是主从复合句,要根据从句的特点并结合连接词的意义和作用来确定具体的连接词。
注意:若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,也可能填并列连词。
强调句：It is +被强调部分+ that/wh +其他部分
It is in the classrm that Tm is reading a bk.
【高考真题】
（2024·北京·高考真题）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Slwing dwn can cntribute significantly t persnal grwth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allws us t develp a deeper sense f ___12___ (self-aware). When we slw dwn, we create space t reflect n ur thughts and emtins, which helps us identify imprtant areas f ur lives and ___13___ (give) us the pprtunity t make right chices. T practise this, we need t establish clear ___14___ (bundary) in ur persnal and prfessinal life.
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
On April 5, 2024, Jhn Tinniswd ___15___ (name) the wrld’s ldest living man. And when ___16___ (ask) abut his new title, he shared the secret: mderatin (适度). Tinniswd, ___17___ desn’t smke and rarely drinks, credited mderatin fr helping him stay healthy during his lng life. “If yu eat t much r d t much f anything, yu’re ging t suffer eventually,” he said.
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
One day, I saw a by walking alng Gerge Street with an armful f bks. I thught ___18___ myself, “Why wuld he carry all his bks? ” Just then, sme kids ran at him, ___19___ (knck) his bks ut f his arms. His glasses went flying and landed in the grass. My heart went ut t him, and I ___20___ (jg) ver t him. As I handed him the glasses, he lked at me and said, “Thanks!”
（2023·北京·高考真题）
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as nes n punctuality (守时). I’m British. Sn after mving t Switzerland, I ____11____(thrw) a huse-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests shwed up ____12____(exact) n time. Years later, having mved t France. I turned up at the appinted hur fr a dinner, nly t find that n ther guest____13____(arrive) and my hstess was still in her sleeping suit.
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Mangrves, knwn as “red frest” in China, grw between land and sea, characterised by their cmplex rts. When ____14____(see) frm afar, the mangrve frests appear mre splendid.
Mangrves can help sften waves and prtect ____15____(city) frm castal winds. Fr these reasns, they are praised as “castal guardians”. Up t nw, China ____16____(establish) a number f prtected areas with mangrves.
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Nina has run marathns in 32 cuntries. All f her runs have a guiding purpse: t call attentin ____17____ glbal water issues. Nina recently finished her year-lng series f runs in Chicag, ____18____ thusands were attending a water cnference.She called fr actin ____19____(address)the struggles f peple arund the wrld ____20____(face) “t little water r t dirty water”. Her effrts have encuraged thers t take part by running thrugh a glbal campaign called“Run Blue”.
（2022·北京·高考真题）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Helen was walking dwn the street late 11 the evening, her arms filled with grcery bags. Fcused n balancing the bags, she didn’t ntice her wallet falling ut f her pcket. As Helen walked n, she heard a man charging twards her. Fearful that he might have an intentin 12 (harm) her, Helen started t run. Eventually, the man 13 (catch) up with her, and he was nly trying t return her wallet!
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Why d humans prefer sme smells ver thers? One thery, increasingly 14 (supprt) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned. It’s easy t explain hw we determine 15 smells are dangerus r nt: we learn. This has been adpted t ensure easier detectin f gas leaks. Gas naturally 16 (have) n recgnisable smell. Hwever, a strng smell is added s that we can raise the alarm when we detect the smell assciated with danger.
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Since peple can’t always eat ut r ck fr 17 (they), they get takeut r rder delivery. Mre takeut and mre fd delivery equal mre waste, especially plastic waste. That includes cups, bttles, and bags, mst f 18 are nly gd fr ne use. That’s a big prblem and it is getting even 19 (bad). The use f thse plastics 20 (increase) by 300% since 2019. The wrld wn’t survive if this situatin cntinues.
（2021·北京·高考真题）
A
阅读下列短文, 根据短文内容填空. 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词, 在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Why d we dream? Scientists aren't cmpletely sure, and they have diverse 11 (idea). Dreams might be a side effect f memry making. When yu sleep, yur brain srts thrugh everything 12 happened during the day, trying t link new experiences t ld memries. As it 13 (cnnect) things, yur brain turns them int a stry, and yu get a dream.
B
阅读下列短文, 根据短文内容填空. 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词, 在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Sam is an in-real-life streamer(播主), and he live streams himself just ging abut his day. While riding his bike hme 14 a cld night, he came acrss a sad-lking elderly wman wandering the streets by herself. The pr wman wasn't able t give him any infrmatin abut 15 she lived. Sam walked her t a nearby cnvenience stre s that she culd 15 _(safe) wait fr the plice t take her hme.
C
阅读下列短文, 根据短文内容填空. 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词, 在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
There 17 (be) a dramatic rise in the number f extreme weather events ver the past 20 years, 18 (cause) largely by rising glbal temperatures, accrding t a new reprt frm the United Natins. Frm 2000 t 2019, there were 7,348 majr natural disasters arund the wrld, 19 (result) in USD 2,970 billin in ecnmic lss. Much f this increase can be due t climate change. The findings shw a critical need 20 (invest) in disaster preventin.
（2020·北京·高考真题）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Oliver is a hst f a TV prgramme n fd. He says fd 1 (play) a big rle in his life. "My mum was a great ck, and she'd smetimes let me have a try," he said. The first dish Oliver prepared fr his family was fried chicken wings. He made it with his mum's help. Oliver says if yu're 2 (luck) enugh t have smene clse t yu wh enjys cking, ask them 3 yu can jin in when it's pssible.
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Single-use plastic bags are used at mst a few times befre they 4 (thrw) away. It takes them hundreds f years 5 (break) dwn. Many f these bags end up in the cean where larger nes can trap sea creatures, such as turtles and dlphins. Over time, the bags fall apart 6 cuntless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat sme f them. Nw, lts f 7 (cuntry) and regins are taking actin t ban the sale f such bags t stp peple using them.
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A piece f stne 8 (find) n a Dutch beach suggests that ur extinct human relatives, knwn as Neanderthals, were cleverer than previusly thught. The Neanderthals 9 （live）alngside human ancestrs in Eurpe fr tens f thusands f years, befre dying ut abut 40, 000 years ag. They were much strnger than mdern humans, but it's lng been assumed that human ancestrs were 10 （smart）than the Neanderthals. Hwever, the stne tl made by Neanderthals suggests therwise.
【最新模考】
（2024·北京朝阳·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
It can be hard nt t let negativity g int yur day, especially during 81 (stress) perids f life. A bit f ptimism makes yu becme better and emtinally 82 (healthy) in the lng term. An ptimistic persn is always lking fr the best in any situatin and expecting that gd things 83 (happen). But being ptimistic desn’t mean yu g int denial and pretend everything is fine when it’s nt. It is a particular state f mind 84 yu hpe fr the best but prepare fr the wrst.
（2024·北京朝阳·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The hrse-face skirt, r mamianqun in Chinese, is a traditinal Chinese skirt that dates back t the Sng Dynasty. Traditinally it has tw panels 85 (attach) t a single waistband, which verlap in frnt f the bdy t frm a “skirt dr”, like the hrse-face defenses n ancient city walls. It primarily 86 (represent) a Chinese philsphical cncept that harmnizes strength and gentleness. The skirt has gne beynd time and space t becme a fashin item tday. It 87 (prefer) by fans f traditinal clthing, wh have cntinued t develp it.
（2024·北京朝阳·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
An elderly cuple has becme stars in the marathn cmmunity. 88 (win) at least 200 medals frm sprts meetings in the past ten years, they are regarded as rle mdels by many peple. Initially, the cuple started running just 89 (imprve) their health. Later, they decided t challenge themselves and signed up fr a marathn. Thugh neither f them had run a full marathn befre, they managed t cmplete it. They believe n matter 90 age it is, the marathn spirit f fighting t the end is essential.
（2024·北京海淀·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Many f ur actins are initiated by emtin. Challenging situatins will arise in ur lives and 91 we handle these situatins is a mark f hw mature and independent we are. Keeping ur emtins 92 dminating ur lives is essential because stable emtin brings a sense f cntentment and calm. Luckily, there are many 93 (help) techniques t cntrl ur emtins, such as meditatin, yga, and breathing exercises.
（2024·北京海淀·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Research suggests a cnnectin between defrestatin, 94 (result) in prer air quality, and increased rates f depressin and anxiety. It has been revealed that cuntries with mre frested land tend t see 95 (few) cases f mental health disrders. In the 1980s, “frest bathing” was intrduced as a therapeutic practice centered arund trees t enhance the psychlgical benefits f utdr experiences. Up till nw, this practice 96 (use) fr treating patients.
（2024·北京海淀·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Nathen 97 (cycle) alng a remte rad when he came acrss an abandned kitten. Mved by her sad eyes and pitiful mewing, Nathen decided t adpt her and named her Mil. Tgether, they experienced kindness, 98 (visit) charities, and rescued animals, frming an unbreakable bnd. Mil especially liked ging t the railway statin near their hme during rush hur, 99 cmmuting (通勤) was challenging fr mst peple. Often 100 (find) sitting n a ticket gate, Mil greeted cmmuters and brught smiles t all she encuntered, making the spring mrning a little brighter.
（2024·北京昌平·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号所给词的正确形式填空。
Released n Aug 30, 2023, a three-episde web series 101 (title) Escape Frm the British Museum has becme ppular nline fr its tuching and innvative stry. The series fllws the jurney hme f a Chinese jade teapt that has cme t life as a girl. She runs away frm the British Museum and cmes acrss a Chinese jurnalist 102 helps the artifact (文物) return t China. The series aims t raise brader awareness f Chinese artifacts that 103 (keep) abrad.
（2024·北京昌平·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号所给词的正确形式填空。
Wake up early enugh and prbably yu 104 （hear） a pleasant chrus f birds. This early singing can start as early as 4 a. m. and last fr several hurs. Birds d it 105 （attract） mates and warn ther birds t avid their place. One thery as t 106 they chse the early mrning t cmmunicate these imprtant messages is that the lw visibility makes it hard t d ther bird activities, like searching fr fd. Keeping their activity level lw, they chse t sing instead.
（2024·北京昌平·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号所给词的正确形式填空。
In America, peple use bth “fall” and “autumn” t describe the 107 (three) seasn f the year. Accrding t Dictinary. cm, these tw wrds were first dcumented within a few 108 (century). The perid between summer and winter was called “harvest” 109 ld English. This wrd has Germanic rigins highlighting the act f gathering and preserving crps befre winter. In the 1500s, English speakers 110 (begin) referring t the seasn between cld and warm mnths as the “fall f the leaf” which later shrtened t “fall”.