专题14 阅读表达- 高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

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阅读表达题是2021年北京高考新增题型。本题要求阅读完一篇文章(300词左右，但模拟考试题文章篇幅略长一些)，文体不限(2021年为说明文，2022年为记叙文，2023年为说明文)，回答4道小题，包括细节信息题、改错题和开放写作题。
命题特点及考查点
第1,2小题通常为获取事实信息题，主要考查学生获取语篇中重要信息，并根据问题组织语言做出精准、简洁的回答。
第3小题是判断正误及解释题。本题需要学生将错误信息部分下划线并进行解释。本题考查点在于判断理解、解释，语言表达及逻辑连贯方面的能力。
第4小题为开放写作题，分值为5分，要求学生写一段40词左右的文段，就某一问题进行阐述或发表观点。本小题不仅考查考生把握文章作者观点以及运用语言发表观点、反映情感态度和价值观的能力，对考生的文章理解、观点输出和语言表达能力也提出了较大挑战，是考生普遍感到困难的一道题。
阅读表达题,阅读是基础,表达是关键。所以在表达时,首先要注意以下原则:
(1)在答题时,总的原则是:能简略回答,尽量简略回答。
(2)书写要规范。句子开头首字母要大写;标点符号要规范,并且要使用正确;单词拼写要正确无误;单词书写要认真。
(3)做出适当调整。在回答时,同学们应对照题目,根据需要对句子的人称、单复数、时态、语态、词性、主谓搭配等做出适当调整。
其次,审题时要注意两个方面:
(1)看清提问方式。要分清是一般疑问句、选择疑问句还是特殊疑问句。
(2)要辨别问题类型。阅读表达主要分为细节理解题、主旨大意题、信息归纳题以及开放性问答题。考生需判断五道试题属于以上哪类问题,再通过不同的阅读策略高效获取信息,从而得到答案。
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
细节理解题是原文提到了某事物、现象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。这类题在原文中可直接找到答案,常用一般疑问句、选择疑问句以及由wh, what, where, when, why和hw等引导的特殊疑问句来提问。这类题型的提问方式常为:
D yur eyes need everyday attentin?
When/Where did the stry happen?
Wh put rubbish int different bags?
凡是针对特定事实细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到相应的文字作为验证。回答此类问题一般采取寻读法,即先读题,然后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有关的词语或句子,再进行分析对比,找出答案。
题型02 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
主要考查学生概括文章主旨或段落大意的能力,其主要目的是培养学生归纳主要信息的能力。现在初中学生阅读时的普遍问题是文章大意基本能看懂,但缺乏归纳主题和写作目的的能力,而这恰恰是阅读教学的主要目的。
主旨大意题的提问方式通常是:What is the main idea f the passage? /What is the passage mainly abut? /What is the purpse f the writer’s writing the passage? /What des Paragraph 3 mainly tell us? /What des the writer want t tell us?
由于文章的主旨大意通常会出现在首尾段或段落的首尾句,所以回答此类型题一般采用略读法。略读时要特别注意短文的首段、首句或末句,一般文章的主旨大意就在这里。抓住每段中的关键词语,便可以迅速把握短文的主旨以及主要信息的分布,在答题时就心中有数了。
★有些文章主旨大意清晰明了,考生只需从原文中提取信息即可。
原文:Each educatinal system has its wn advantages. Fr example, the Japanese students learn mre math and science than American students by the end f high schl. The advantage f the educatinal system in America is that students learn t think by themselves. The teaching methd makes them mre creative.
问题:What des the writer want t tell us?
思路:通过略读寻找关键句,考生应回答:Each educatinal system has its wn advantages.
★有些文章除了需要把握首尾段或段落首尾关键句之外,考生还要把握全文结构,分清段落层次,从而归纳出主旨大意。
原文:首段末句:But what abut blue fd?
第二段末句:Children still preferred the sweets that were the usual clrs f red, green, brwn, yellw and range.
第三段末句:This is perhaps why we dn’t usually use blue fd clring fr drinks, cakes and ther fd.
第四段首句:Sme peple say we eat with ur eyes.
尾段:S will we ever see blue fds n ur plates? The answer seems t be “n”, at least in cuntries like the UK and the USA.
问题:What is the passage mainly abut?
思路:通过略读寻找首尾段的关键句,并结合人们不喜欢蓝色食物的现象以及原因,考生应总结答案为:Peple dn’t like the blue fd and the reasns.
题型03 信息归纳题
【题型诠释】
要求考生能在短文中找到题目所涉及的事实性细节,并能适当进行归纳表达。在找到相关细节信息之后,有时可照搬原文信息轻松作答,有时还要对事实性信息进行适当整理。解答信息归纳题时,一方面要在对全文理解的基础上采取寻读策略,找到相应的原文信息;另一方面要使用词语的恰当词性。很多学生在考试时就没有注意到词性的要求。因此,做这类题要回答全面,也要表述正确。
原文:I never knew her and nr did I knw what t d, but I was there, saying sme cmfrting wrds t a stranger in pain. I asked her t stand still fr a few minutes. We then lked fr a place fr her t sit. Frm ut f nwhere, her friend jined us.
问题:What did the writer d fr the girl?
思路:通过寻读并整合信息,考生应回答出两点:The writer said sme cmfrting wrds t her and lked fr a place fr her t sit.
题型04 开放性问答题
【题型诠释】
要求考生针对短文中所出现的话题发表个人观点和见解。它没有标准答案,需要考生根据自己的理解和想象答题。但考生的三观要符合主流意识形态,陈述理由时不能脱离原文的背景。
开放性的问题使考生跳出了一定的限制范围,有利于体现创造性思维。考生在平时要多思考生活,关注社会和国内外问题,中考时方可写出具有自己个性、言简意赅且合情合理的句子。
原文:Accrding t an internatinal survey in 2016, yung peple in emerging(新兴的)cuntries like China and India have a greater sense f hpe fr the future, cmpared with thse living in develped areas such as Eurpe, Nrth America and Australia.
…
It was fund that 53% f thse questined in China thught the wrld was becming a better place—the highest amng the cuntries surveyed. Sme f them als felt hpeful abut the future because f the develpment f technlgy.
Hwever, yung peple in France, Italy and Turkey had a pessimistic utlk n the future.
问题:What’s yur pinin f the future? And why?
思路:通过阅读获悉在新兴国家,如中国和印度,年轻人由于技术的进步对未来充满希望,而法国、意大利和土耳其的年轻人则持消极态度。此题虽为开放性题目,但考生应结合自身国籍考虑,参考答案为:I feel hpeful abut the future, because the technlgy is develping quickly.
考生在答完五道试题后,要进行复读审核。要对照短文内容对所写答案进行审核,反复斟酌,做出修正,以减少错误和疏漏。
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】
Grwing up, I idealised independence. I always wanted my wn effrts t be enugh. When I decided t pursue a pstgraduate degree, I wanted t develp a nvel research prgramme and quickly establish myself as an independent scientist. But I was unrealistically ptimistic abut what I culd achieve.
As I began designing experiments, my cmmittee members warned me abut the challenges I wuld face. But my need fr independence drve me t push frward with my research plan. As a result, the first fur years f my pstgraduate career were defined by a series f failures.
During my secnd year, I failed my cmprehensive exam because my prpsal was unclear. During my third year, I discvered that after treating thusands f seeds, I btained just ne plant I culd use fr experiments. By my furth year, my desperatin t succeed vershadwed my desire fr independence.
My adviser and I devised (想出) a smewhat unusual slutin: I wuld spend three mnths in a cllabrating (合作的) lab t btain specialised training. I wrked extensively with ther students, cnstantly asked questins, and helped with nging prjects t learn everything I culd. Finally, I cnducted an elegant experiment that wuld nt have been pssible withut the help f the members in the lab.
My adviser saw this experience as a grundbreaking success, emphasising the cllabrating skills I acquired. A few mnths later, when I repeated the experiment in my hme lab, I prduced mre publishable data. By learning when t ask fr help, I eventually fund myself n the way t becming an independent scientist.
40. In the beginning, what drve the authr t push frward with the research plan?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
41. What was the slutin by the adviser and the authr after thse repeated failures?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
> The adviser cnsidered the authr’s experience in the lab a grundbreaking success because publishable data had been prduced.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
43. Frm this stry, what can yu learn abut “independence”? (In abut 40 wrds)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
【2023北京卷】
Habit frmatin is the prcess by which behaviurs becme autmatic. Peple develp cuntless habits as they explre the wrld, whether they are aware f them r nt. Understanding hw habits take shape may be helpful in changing bad habits.
Habits are built thrugh learning and repetitin. A persn is thught t develp a habit in the curse f pursuing gals by beginning t assciate certain cues(刺激) with behaviural respnses that help meet the gal. Over time, thughts f the behaviur and ultimately the behaviur itself are likely t be triggered(触发) by these cues.
A “habit lp(环)” is a way f describing several related elements that prduce habits. These elements are called the cue, the rutine, and the reward. Fr example, stress culd serve as a cue that ne respnds t by eating, which prduces the reward﹣the reductin f stress. While a rutine invlves repeated behaviur, it’s nt necessarily perfrmed in respnse t a deep﹣rted urge, as a habit is.
Old habits can be difficult t shake, and healthy habits are ften harder t develp. But thrugh repetitin, it’s pssible t frm new habits. The amunt f time needed t build a habit will depend n multiple factrs, including the individual and the intended behaviur. While yu are able t pickup a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many mnths t build a healthy habit. Take sme time t think abut what leads t bad habits and re﹣evaluate what yu get ut f them (r dn’t). Cnsider and keep in mind why yu want t make a change, including hw the change reflects yur values.
40．Hw are habits built?

41．In what way is a rutine different frm a habit?

42．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Picking up a new habit takes a few week, while building a healthy habit takes a shrter time.

43．What benefit(s) have yu gt frm ne f yur gd habits?(In abut 40 wrds)

【2022北京卷】
Tm, a 15-year-ld inventr and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his wn schl the widespread cnsumptin f sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had t be a better prtable drink slutin and decided t innvate frm smething he saw in his wn hme: fruit infused (浸泡) water.
Tm watched his mum make healthy fruit infusins but then struggle fr a take-alng ptin. Frm bserving his mum and frm his desire t give kids better drink ptins, he came up with his riginal mdel fr the Fun Bttle. “I wanted t cme up with a healthy, natural way fr peple t drink when n the g. A big part f my missin is t get peple f all ages ff sugary drinks,” Tm explains.
The bttle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allws the great tastes and natural sugars f the varius fruits and vegetables yu chse t cme thrugh the water, withut any f the seeds r skins flwing thrugh.
Tm is prud f his design and excited t be selling the Fun Bttle n his website and in stres, but this 15-year-ld is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers. It helps t prvide healthy alternatives t sugary drinks; and als Tm dnates part f the prfits t the Organisatin fr a Healthier Generatin (OHG).
Tm has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innvatr remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give ther entrepreneurial yuth, he says, “Prepare and have yur family’s supprt. It is imprtant t knw frm the beginning that there are a lt f highs and lws, and there is n such thing as vernight success.”
40. What did Tm witness at his wn schl?
41. Where did Tm get the idea fr the riginal mdel fr the Fun Bttle?
42. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement then underline it and explain why.
Tm is mst prud f the pprtunities that Fun Bttle presents t thers because he nt nly prvides healthy alternatives t sugary drinks but als dnates all the prfits t the OHG.
43. Amng Tm’s qualities, which ne(s) d yu think will be imprtant fr us? Why?(In abut 40 wrds)
【2021北京卷】
Recent research suggests that if an argument gets reslved，the emtinal respnse tied t it is significantly reduced r almst cmpletely erased．Thus，it may be wrth bringing up issues with yur friends， family members，r classmates rather than hlding them back．
There is a difference between arguing and fighting．Arguing is that yu and yur ppnent present yur cncerns and discuss the feelings and issues related t thse cncerns．Yu can engage in an argument respectfully withut stirring up（激起） anger．Fighting，hwever，usually invlves persnal attacks，raising f vices， and strming ut．Discussing yur issues and reslving them instead f stuffing them dwn can imprve yur emtinal health．In a study，2.000 peple were asked t recrd their feelings and experiences fr eight days in a rw．When peple had an argument that they cnsidered reslved， they had half the reactivity （情绪反应） f thse wh avided an argument．Reactivity is an increase in negative emtins r a decrease in psitive emtins．In ther wrds，reslving an argument cuts yur negative feelings by half．One day later， peple wh had a reslved argument reprted n increase f negative emtins cmpared with thse wh avided an argument． This means that reslving an argument can feel like yu have reached a state f reslutin——and yu are less likely t be annyed．
Mrever，the lder yu are，the mre likely yu will cme t a reslutin after an argument．This may be because mre life experience usually leads t mre defined pririties．Yu are mre likely t distinguish between what matters and what des nt．
It is easier t avid a discussin，but risking talking abut it may eventually lead t a better utcme．
40. Accrding t this passage，what is arguing？
41. Why is it that“the lder yu are， the mre likely yu will cme t a reslutin after an argument”？
42. Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement，then underline it and explain why．
Reslving arguments can imprve yur emtinal health，because it increases yur reactivity and reduces the chance f yu getting angry．
43. In additin t imprving emtinal health，what d yu think are sme ther benefits f reslving an argument？ （In abut 40 wrds）
【最新模考】
（2024·北京西城·二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Fur Clmbian children survived a plane crash nly t be lst deep in the Amazn rainfrest fr well ver a mnth. This is hw they survived this hrrifying situatin.
It’s mst peple’s nightmare: surviving a plane crash nly t be trapped in a jungle with n way f cntacting the utside wrld. But they survived. The children, aged 13, nine and fur, as well as an 11-mnth-ld baby, were flying with their mther frm their village in the Amazn t visit their father in San Jsé del Guaviare. The single-engine Cessna n which they were flying experienced engine prblems and disappeared n May 1, 2023.
Bad weather prevented the army frm finding the crash site fr tw weeks, where they then fund the dead bdies f three adults, including the children’s mther. Hw did these children survive cnditins that wuld be an unimaginable struggle fr mst adults? They are members f the Huitt Indigenus grup and were raised in the jungle. As such, they have an intimate understanding f the rainfrest. They knw which fruits are safe t eat and which plants shuld be avided.
Wrking with, rather than against, the Amazn, they survived n fruits and seeds, while feeding the baby water mixed with yucca flur that they fund n the plane. While the children gt n with the business f surviving, the Clmbian army wrked with Indigenus vlunteers t find them. After 40 days f searching, the children were fund and taken t recver at a military hspital in Bgta.
While many arund the wrld have taken this survival stry t be a miracle, thers pint ut that it is the result f an ancient and intimate knwledge f the rainfrest that has been passed dwn thrugh Indigenus cmmunities ver the generatins. Indigenus tribes have a clse relatinship t the Amazn, marked by a deep respect fr the frest that prvides them with shelter and nutritius ingredients. It is their clse cnnectin t and understanding f the rainfrest that undubtedly helped the children t survive.
1．What made the plane n which they were flying crash?

2．Why did it take the army s lng t find the children after the accident?

3．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
 The children survived the hrrifying situatin by fighting against the Amazn rainfrest.

4．What lessn can yu learn frm the stry? (In abut 40 wrds)

（2024·北京东城·二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
When I think abut running a timed mile in elementary schl PE class, I can still feel the full-bdy sensatin f stress. The mile run was part f the Natinal Physical Fitness Test, a bi annual assessment given t elementary thrugh high schl students, which included five events: the mile run, sit-ups, pull-ups r push-ups, a sit-and-reach and a shuttle run.
Twice a year, the tp 15 percent f participants natinwide were hnred with a Physical Fitness Award. At my schl, the winners’names were painted n ne f the gym’s walls. Fr years I stared admiringly at thse names, wndering if I wuld ever make the cut. But n matter hw hard I tried, I culd never pull my chin abve the bar.
I believe deeply in the value f physical activity fr bth the mind and the bdy. Hwever, it wasn’t until I was in my 30s and had run a half-dzen half-marathns, at a cmfrtable pace, that I even began t believe I was a sprtswman. I’ve heard similar stries frm many peple. My friend Natalia, a grup fitness instructr, said that fr years she saw herself as lacking athleticism thanks t her experience in PE class. It was nly when she tk a fitness class that she began t see herself as physically capable.
Their experiences, and my wn, made me believe even if PE class and fitness assessment fail t make yu develp a psitive relatinship with sprts, there is definitely a psitive pprtunity t make it a surce f jy in yur life.
It’s taken years t meet myself where I am. When I run a mile these days, I feel s gd by the end that I want t run anther. I still can’t d a traditinal pull-up, but a trainer at my gym recently intrduced me t assisted pull-ups with resistance bands; I delight in finally feeling up t the task.
Fitness shuldn’t be fr the few. We all benefit frm sprts, whether we earn ur names n the wall r nt.
5．What is the Natinal Physical Fitness Test?

6．What was in her mind when the authr stared at the names n the wall?

7．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Accrding t the authr, many peple fail in PE class r fitness assessment and then they will find it difficult t make sprts a surce f jy in their life.
8．What d yu think f the idea “fitness shuldn’t be fr the few” in the last paragraph? （In abut 40 wrds）

（2024·北京昌平·二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
I always wanted t be like explrers Marc Pl r Ibn Battuta. They traveled the wrld with curisity and a desire t share with thers the marvels they discvered. They had n Internet, guidebks, scial media, blgs, vlgs, reviews, r slideshws. And with s much infrmatin available, hw can ne pssibly be like these travel writing pineers?
The answer may shck yu as it did my travel jurnalism students. I plan nthing in advance except fr a place t stay and let the place reveal itself t me n its wn terms. And hw des that wrk ut? I have cntributed t 130 internatinal publicatins with articles abut what I discvered.
I d nt recmmend this apprach t everyne. But what I d suggest is that yu give up yur desire t have everything planned in advance, and that yu stp bsessing abut all the trip details and trying t make it a perfect trip. Whether yu are traveling with a tur grup, friends, family, r sl, leave unstructured time, s magic can happen.
Many peple I knw apprach travel like a jb, and a stressful ne at that. They want t make sure they cver all the bases and dn’t miss anything. But in my pinin, they cpy what thers have dne befre them and check each site ff n a list.
S hw d yu make yur trip unique? I call it slw travel. It’s nt just abut slwing dwn. Instead f running frm place t place, yu lk arund yu, yu take yur envirnment in, yu ntice things that perhaps n ne has ever nticed befre. Yu can start talking t peple. Randm peple yu meet and talk t are a key element yu cannt plan fr. They may tell yu abut places and events that will enrich yur trip. They give yu lcal insider tips. They may even accmpany yu r invite yu t jin them fr an experience. They have enriched every trip I have taken. And the mre yu talk t peple — even if yu are shy — the mre yu develp the self - cnfidence t d mre f it. And then yu are really in the present, having an experience that is uniquely yurs.
9．Why des the authr’s way f travelling shck her students?

10．What des the authr think f mst peple’s way f travelling?

11．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Yu can make yur trip unique by making a detailed plan, nticing new things in the place and meeting lcal peple t experience lcal life.
12．Besides slw travel, in what ther aspect （s） in ur life d yu think we shuld slw dwn? Why? （In abut 40 wrds）

（2024·北京海淀·二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Hw Gratitude Makes Yu Happier
Chsing t be thankful may well be an easy and accessible way t bst yur happiness. We usually think f happiness as a subjective sense f well-being, a feeling f jy and satisfactin. But mre than just an emtin r fleeting (短暂的) feeling, happiness als includes a deep sense f meaning, wrth and purpse in life. Gratitude supprts happiness in ways related t all f these.
Research has shwn gratitude has far-reaching effects n ur physical health. When peple are thankful, they’re mre likely t exercise, eat better, and take care f their health. Much evidence pints t lwer stress, reduced pain and imprved immune systems as a result f being thankful. Even better bld pressure and psitive effects n the heart have been linked t gratitude.
Gratitude has a strng psitive impact n mental health as well. It increases self-esteem, enhances psitive emtins and makes us mre ptimistic since experiencing gratitude activates neurtransmitters like dpamine, which we assciate with pleasure, and sertnin, which regulates ur md. It als prmtes feelings like trust and genersity, which are induced by xytcin, a hrmne released by the brain.
Just like a muscle, thankfulness is smething we need t exercise mre ften. One way is t learn frm the Scandinavians, wh, the UN’s Wrld Happiness Reprt suggests, are the happiest peple in the wrld. It’s wrth pausing t think abut why. Scandinavians themselves are determining their levels f happiness. They are appreciative f a functining sciety where they have ecnmic security and where scial institutins supprt everyne. Yet, there is smething else. They value “mderatin”, a just enugh-ness. They dn’t chase happiness r wrk vertime fr mnths at a time. They remain grateful fr a healthy wrk-life balance. As a result f this satisfactin and cntentment, they feel their lives have value.
S, take sme time t be thankful. It can impact yur happiness and enhance many aspects f yur life.
13．What des happiness include besides what we usually think?

14．On what des gratitude have a psitive influence?

15．Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
Scandinavians dn’t wrk vertime fr mnths at a time because they feel their lives have value.
16．Hw can yu exercise being grateful? (In abut 40 wrds)