专题09 阅读理解议论文 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）

专题09 阅读理解议论文目录 TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 题型综述 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 解题攻略 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898653" 题型01 主旨大意题 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898654" 题型02 细节理解题 5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898655" 题型03 推理判断题 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898656" 题型04 词义猜测题 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898657" 高考练场  PAGEREF _Toc148898657 \h 10题型简介高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。命题类型主旨大意题：要求提炼文章核心论点，常以 “What's the main idea of the passage?” 这类问句出现，选项可能是对全文中心思想的精准概括，也可能是过于宽泛、片面的干扰表述。细节理解题：针对文中论据、支撑性事例或特定关键信息设题，题目会明确指向文章某一处，如 “According to the passage, which of the following statements about... is true?”，考查学生捕捉精准细节的能力。推理判断题：需依据文章现有论述、语气倾向推测隐含意义、作者态度，题干表述多为 “What can be inferred from the passage?”，答案并非原文直白呈现，要经适度推导。词义猜测题：聚焦文中超纲词、熟词僻义或特定语境下有特殊含义的词汇，例如 “The underlined word ‘XXX’ in the paragraph most probably means...”，要求结合上下文破解词义谜团。解题思路读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “for example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。 题型01 主旨大意题 关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。（23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末）“Woman reading book, under a night sky, dreamy atmosphere,” I type into Deep Dream Generator’s Text 2 Dream feature. In less than a minute, an image is returned to me showing what I’ve described.Welcome to the world of AI image generation, where you can create what on the surface looks like top-rank artwork using just a few text prompts (提示). But closer examination shows oddities. The face of the woman in my image has very odd features, and appears to be holding multiple books. And, while there’s an initial thrill at seeing an image appear, there’s no creative satisfaction.AI image generation could influence everything from film to graphic novels and more. Children’s illustrators were quick to raise concerns about the technology. They say AI-generated art is the exact opposite of what art is believed to be. Fundamentally, art is all about translating something that you feel internally into something that exists externally. Whatever form it takes, true art is about the creative process much more than it’s about the final piece. And simply pressing a button to generate an image is not a creative process.Beyond creativity, there are deeper issues. To create images from prompts, AI generators rely on databases of already existing art and text. This could lead to the creation of images that are intentionally meant to imitate the style of other artists, without their agreement. There is an argument that AI generators work no differently to humans when it comes to being influenced by others’ work. However, a human artist is also adding emotion and nuance (细微差别) into the mix. AI doesn’t do the same — it can only copy.The increasing use of AI will also lead to a devaluing (贬低) of the work of artists. There’s already a negative prejudice towards the creative industry. People will begin to think that their “work” is as excellent as that created by someone who has spent a career making art. It’s nonsense, of course. You can use your mobile phone to take a nice picture of your daughter, but you are no match for professionals.7．What is Paragraph 4 of the text mainly about?A．The styles of human artworks and AI ones.B．Human artists’ influence on AI generators.C．Different means used in human and AI art creation.D．The drawbacks of drawing from existing art and text.8．Which of the following best summarizes the last paragraph?A．Art is the mirror of life. B．Rome is not built in a day.C．No man can do two things at once. D．Don’t judge a book by its cover.【答案】 7．C 8．B【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为人工智能图像生成虽然便捷，但也有不少弊端，在文中从几个方面进行了阐述。7．主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句到第四句“To create images from prompts, AI generators rely on databases of already existing art and text. This could lead to the creation of images that are intentionally meant to imitate the style of other artists, without their agreement. There is an argument that AI generators work no differently to humans when it comes to being influenced by others’ work.(为了根据提示创建图像，人工智能生成器依赖于已经存在的艺术和文本数据库。这可能会导致在未经其他艺术家同意的情况下，故意模仿其他艺术家的风格。有一种观点认为，人工智能生成器在受他人工作影响方面与人类没有什么不同。)”和最后两句“However, a human artist is also adding emotion and nuance (细微差别) into the mix. AI doesn’t do the same — it can only copy.(然而，人类艺术家也在混合中添加情感和细微差别。人工智能不会做同样的事情——它只能复制。)”可知，第四段主要是讲在人类和AI艺术创作中使用的不同手段。故选C。8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“The increasing use of AI will also lead to a devaluing (贬低) of the work of artists.(越来越多地使用人工智能也将导致艺术家的作品贬值。)”可知，“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”最能总结最后一段。故选B。题型02 细节理解题 抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。（23-24高三上·湖南娄底·期末）Recently, I was walking with some parents when we came across a five-pound note lying on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents remarked that we’d probably have behaved differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — had we been alone.This relates to a classic question in studies of human generosity: do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world.Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday when Jewish people fast and ask for forgiveness for the wrongs they’ve committed. One of the points of Yom Kippur is to behave better regardless of who is watching. There’s an evolutionary beauty to the teachings of Yom Kippur, which are the products of thousands of years of cultural changes and evolution.The Maasai people of Kenya practice osotua: relationships between people that operate based on need. When someone forms an osotua relationship with another, they enter into an unwritten contract to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the circumstances our species evolved in, have many similar examples.Cultural evolution helps to explain the existence and complexity of these systems. Cultural changes are far faster than biological evolution, allowing intelligent species like humans to develop behavioral adaptations for managing complex social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps to maintain good treatment of others in society, is the result of tens of thousands of years of cultural trial and error. The customs passed down over time are those that help us to develop as cultural groups.The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has helped humans be more cooperative, but cultural changes have accelerated this process.Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a fiver on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery represents.13．What made the parents feel a bit awkward?A．The difficulty sharing the money.B．The difficulty finding the owner of the money.C．The thought of putting the money on the bench.D．The thought of keeping the money for themselves.15．How is biological evolution different from cultural evolution?A．It evolves much slower. B．It takes much less time.C．It is a more complex process. D．It makes humans more cooperative.【答案】13．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了在这个充满竞争的世界里善行是存在的，不同的社会中存在不同的善行的事例，而善行的存在是千百年来的文化进化所致，它帮助我们克服自私的本性。13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents remarked that we’d probably have behaved differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — had we been alone. (我们围着它有点尴尬地站了一会儿，直到有人建议把它放在附近的长凳上。然后，其中一位家长说，如果我们单独在那里，我们的行为可能会有所不同——也就是说，我们会直接拿走钱)”可知，当看到地上的钱时，这些父母们实际上产生了自私的想法：将钱占为己有，这种想法使人感到有点尴尬。故选D项。15．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Cultural changes are far faster than biological evolution, allowing intelligent species like humans to develop behavioral adaptations for managing complex social environments. (文化的变化比生物进化要快得多，这使得像人类这样有智力的物种能够发展出适应复杂社会环境的行为)”可知，生物进化与文化进化的不同之处在于它进行地慢得多。故选A项。题型03 推理判断题 以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。（23-24高三上·河北石家庄·期末）Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he deter-mines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote (《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before?We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us——an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos (自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept.Many of us equate (视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, or running a store———make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson.1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________.A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativityB．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goalC．misery inspires a man to fight against his fateD．disability cannot stop a man´s pursuit of success2．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.3．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5?A．A tough man can tolerate suffering.B．A wise man can live without self-pity.C．A man should try to satisfy people around him.D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以名著《堂吉诃德》的作者Cervantes的事迹为例，讲述了想要成功，就要不断地学习，这样人生才有意义。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he deter-mines to write a book. (他今年53岁。他成年后的大部分时间都在与债务和不幸作着失败的斗争。一次战争受伤使他的左手失去了功能，他经常被关进监狱。不知出于什么动机，他决定写一本书。)”可知，Cervantes已经53岁，不再年轻，前半生一直生活在不幸中，但即便这样，他还是决定写一本书；根据第二段“The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. (事实证明，这本书350多年来一直受到全世界的欢迎。)”可知，他最终实现了目标，并取得了巨大成功。由此推知，文章用Cervantes的故事作为开始，是为了告诉读者年龄不是实现目标的障碍。故选B。2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. (没什么让我们惊讶的。我们失去了惊奇感。但是，如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在。)”可知，从第4段可以推断出机会垂青于有好奇心的人。故选C。3．推理判断题。根据第五段“We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us——an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. (我们学会忍受我们无法改变的事情。我们学会避免自怜。我们知道，无论我们多么努力地取悦别人，有些人永远不会爱我们——这个想法一开始会让人烦恼，但最终会让人放松。)”可推知，作者是想告诉我们，要学会用恰当的方式来对待生活。故选D。4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第六段“With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos (自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. (有了高度的动力和热情，我们就能继续学习。然后我们就会知道在我们的生活中有意义是多么重要。然而，只有当我们对比我们的小我更重要的事情做出承诺时，我们才能获得意义，无论是对所爱的人，对人类同胞，对工作，还是对某些道德观念。)”可知，作者的目的是为了给人们指导人们如何过上有意义的成年生活。故选A。题型04 词义猜测题 利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。例如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。（23-24高三上·广东东莞·期末）The mushrooming video screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away our already rare resource: a place for a moment of peace. Taking a nap or reading a book on buses is less pleasant now, as the LCD screens broadcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable volumes. You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this “added value”, whether you like it or not. If it’s a crowded bus, the noise is even more exasperating. More and more Chinese cities have joined Shanghai, regarded as the first to put video screens on buses, disturbing millions of passengers. ..........29．What does the underlined word “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean?A．Entertaining. B．Encouraging. C．Disappointing. D．Annoying.【答案】29．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了在公交车、出租车、公寓大厅里用视频屏幕播放内容这一现象，这夺走了人们寻找片刻安宁的机会。29．词句猜测题。根据画线词前句“You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this ‘added value’, whether you like it or not.(你支付公交车费用只是为了乘车——不受干扰——但现在你暴露在这种‘附加值’中，无论你喜欢与否。)”可知，乘客乘坐公交车是为了不受干扰地乘车，但视频屏幕播放内容会打扰乘客享受安宁，再结合画线词所在句中的“a crowded bus”和“the noise”可推知，在拥挤的公交车中，播放视频的噪音会更加让人生气。exasperating意为“惹人生气的”，与annoying意思最接近。故选D。（23-24高三上·广东深圳·期末）First-year college students often are expected or required to live in dormitories. In the rest years, it’s usually up to those students to decide whether to live on or off campus. ...........At first glance, off-campus housing can appear less expensive. But the additional expenses outside of rent — like utilities, groceries, Internet access, cable and furniture — are often overlooked. To reduce off-campus costs, some students choose to overpack houses or apartments, sometimes with four or five people in a two-bedroom house. Unlike off-campus housing, the total cost of living on campus is typically all-inclusive, coveting rent, utilities, furniture, Wi-Fi and a meal plan.19．What does the underlined word “overpack” in the last paragraph mean?A．Overlook. B．Overconsume. C．Overestimate. D．Overload.【答案】 19．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是大学生选择校内外住宿的优劣，并提供了选择建议，分析了校内住宿对学习的益处和校外住宿的独立生活技能需求。19．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“To reduce off-campus costs(为了减少校外居住的成本)”以及划线单词后的“sometimes with four or five people in a two-bedroom house(有时四五个人住在一套两居室的房子里。)”可知，为了降低成本，有些学生选择在两室的卧房里住进四五个人，说明房子里住的人太多，由此可推断，划线单词overpack的意思应与“塞满或者挤满”意思相近。故选D项。(2024年新课标高考英语I卷C篇)Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph?A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C【解析】【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。(2024年新课标高考英语甲卷D篇)“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them. This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier. But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters. That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work. This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—bu it might provide what you need to get there.12. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?A. To discuss a novel. B. To submit a book report.C. To argue for a writer. D. To ask for a reading list.13. What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.B. Readers are often carried away by character.C. Each type of literature has its unique end.D. A story which begins well will end well.14. What is expected of a good ending?A It satisfies readers’ taste. B. It fits with the story development.C. It is usually positive. D. It is open for imagination.15. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?A. To give examples of great novelists. B. To stress the theme of this issue.C. To encourage writing for the magazine. D. To recommend their new books.【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。(2024年北京卷英语真题)The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis?A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument.C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison.2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by.3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________.A．compare the current models with the previous onesB．continue exploring the classical models in historyC．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulationD．turn simulations of the universe into realities up.【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。4．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。(2023年全国乙卷英语真题）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.5．What is the first paragraph mainly about?A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.6．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.7．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.8．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．B 8．C【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。6．推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。7．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。8．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。A【来源】湖北省沙市中学2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题There have been many problems with our schools today, the biggest of which is closely related to our culture. In general, our culture, as represented in the media, gets excited by famous stars, and constantly stresses that it’s what you have, not what you are, that counts. Parents are encouraged to be away from even very small children for most of the day. Too many voters go for politicians who would rather cut school funding than to get rid of tax cuts for the wealthy. All contribute greatly to the problems of educating our children. Today’s teachers have to deal with a culture that is vastly different than in the past. They report that there is, among more children than ever, a lack of motivation, no drive to succeed or even try. The role models that boys view in the media mostly consist of men in comedies and other shows who are rude and often extremely immature; self-centered overpaid athletes; men in movies, television dramas, video games, etc. who are preoccupied with violence and power. As Leonard Sax wrote in Boys Adrift, “Teenage boys are looking for models of mature adulthood, but we no longer make any collective effort to provide such models.” Girls are attacked not only with such annoying images of males, but also with women who are preoccupied with appearance and are extremely materialistic. In such a cultural environment, it is more important than ever to have responsible, loving and caring parents who have enough time and motivation to devote to their children and see to it as their duty to model for them and raise them with high standards of honesty and responsibility along with tending to their physical needs. They need to care enough to see that their children are not attacked with the garbage that comes from movie, television and computer screens. In today’s culture, they are basically alone in this effort since, unfortunately, so much is working against them. Until we, as a culture, face the truth about ourselves — that we are not providing adequately for a great many of our children — the storm will continue to sweep over our education system.1．How is paragraph 1 mainly developed?A．By analyzing causes. B．By showing differences.C．By describing a process. D．By using time order.2．What does today’s culture probably bring to the children?A．Narrow access to entertainment. B．Little desire for success.C．Few materialistic models. D．Poor understanding abilities.3．According to the text, in today’s culture parents need to _________.A．devote more to their children B．find honest models for their childrenC．keep their children away from computers D．help their children develop motivation4．What is the author’s attitude towards today’s culture?A．Positive. B．Dissatisfied. C．Uncertain. D．Approving【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了当今学校教育面临的问题，特别是与文化环境紧密相关的问题。1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In general, our culture, as represented in the media, gets excited by famous stars, and constantly stresses that it’s what you have, not what you are, that counts. Parents are encouraged to be away from even very small children for most of the day. Too many voters go for politicians who would rather cut school funding than to get rid of tax cuts for the wealthy.(总的来说，我们的文化，如媒体所展现的，对明星们兴奋不已，并不断强调重要的是你拥有什么，而不是你是什么样的人。父母们被鼓励在大部分时间里远离即使是很小的孩子。太多的选民选择那些宁愿削减学校资金也不愿取消对富人的减税政策的政治家)”可知，第一段主要通过分析原因（文化、父母、政客的行为）来展开，说明了当前学校教育问题背后的文化因素。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They report that there is, among more children than ever, a lack of motivation, no drive to succeed or even try.(他们报告说，比以往更多的孩子缺乏动力，没有成功的欲望，甚至不愿意尝试)”可知，当今的文化环境可能使孩子们缺乏成功的欲望和动力。故选B。3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In such a cultural  environment, it is more important than ever to have responsible, loving  and caring parents who have enough time and motivation to devote to  their children and see to it as their duty to model for them and raise  them with high standards of honesty and responsibility along with  tending to their physical needs.(在这样的文化环境中，拥有负责任、充满爱心和关怀的父母比以往任何时候都更重要，他们有足够的时间和动力来投入到孩子身上，并把为他们树立榜样、以高标准的诚实和责任感养育他们视为自己的责任，同时照顾他们的身体需求)”可知，在当今的文化中，父母需要更多地投入到孩子身上。故选A。4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Until we, as a culture, face the truth about ourselves — that we are not providing adequately for a great many of our children — the storm will continue to sweep over our education system.(除非我们作为一种文化，正视我们自己的真相——即我们没有为许多孩子提供足够的支持——否则风暴将继续席卷我们的教育体系)”可推知，作者对当今的文化环境持不满态度，认为它没有为孩子们提供足够的支持。故选B。B【来源】湖南省雅礼中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考英语试题The negative nature of peer pressure is often presented without question. The undesirable effect of peer pressure cannot be denied, but is it also possible that peer pressure might not entirely deserve its bad reputation? Could peer pressure also have positive effects on the personal development and behavior of young people? A look at the scientific literature reveals exactly that: peer pressure is not always a force for the dark side.Many studies suggest that peer pressure and the desire to conform (顺从) are simply a part of being human. Humans, after all, are highly social beings. If humans are hard-wired to respond to peer pressure, then it makes sense to examine how it can be used to change behavior in a positive way. Imagine a situation: student X has always enjoyed playing the guitar but is lazy and unmotivated. Although initially unwilling, she is persuaded to join a school band. The group of students is preparing for a performance and the existing members are enthusiastic, focused and hardworking. Gradually, student X is caught up in the spirit of the band and before long she is willingly making the same commitment of time and effort so they can all achieve a common goal.So how does it work? Peer pressure — both positive and negative — follows a recognizable psychological process. If student X does not conform to the established culture of the band, she risks rejection. To dispel this tension, student X changes her habits and increases the amount of time and energy she devotes to practice. Some psychologists describe this rearrangement of personal goals or standards to achieve harmony as part of a group as an “identity shift”.The key to understanding the concept of peer pressure and its power over humans is to closely examine the science of the process, rather than focus on its negative aspects. Providing a one-dimensional view of the concept encourages the bias(偏见) that peer pressure is a strictly undesirable feature of human society. Instead, we should be exploring ways to use its power for good.5．Why does the author raise the two questions about peer pressure in paragraph 1?A．To present misinterpretations of it. B．To encourage reflection on it.C．To doubt the investigations into it. D．To show general perceptions of it.6．What should student X do to fit into the band?A．Enhance her leadership. B．Stick to her old routines.C．Learn to play more instruments. D．Invest more energy in playing the guitar.7．What does the underlined word “dispel” in paragraph 3 mean?A．Hide. B．Sense. C．Remove. D．Display.8．How does the author look at peer pressure?A．It can be put to good use.B．It is an unwanted feature of human society.C．It goes far beyond scientific explanation.D．It has more advantages than disadvantages.【答案】5．B 6．D 7．C 8．A【导语】本文是议论文。文章讨论了同伴压力的正面影响，并通过学生X的例子，强调同伴压力在激发积极行为和个人发展方面的潜力。5．推理判断题。根据第一段“The negative nature of peer pressure is often presented without question. The undesirable effect of peer pressure cannot be denied, but is it also possible that peer pressure might not entirely deserve its bad reputation? Could peer pressure also have positive effects on the personal development and behavior of young people? A look at the scientific literature reveals exactly that: peer pressure is not always a force for the dark side.(同辈压力的消极性质通常是毫无疑问的。同伴压力的不良影响是不可否认的，但是否也有可能同伴压力并不完全配得上它的坏名声呢？同辈压力是否也会对年轻人的个人发展和行为产生积极影响？科学文献揭示了这一点：同辈压力并不总是黑暗面的力量)”可知，作者在第一段首先指出同伴压力的负面影响毋庸置疑, 接着提出了两个问题: 同伴压力是否也有可能不完全是负面的? 同伴压力是否也会对年轻人的个人发展和行为产生积极影响? 作者最后指出, 科学文献表明同伴压力并不总是负面的。由此可推知，作者提出这两个问题是为了引起人们对同伴压力的反思，从而提出自己的观点——同伴压力并不总是负面的。故选B。6．细节理解题。根据第二段“Gradually, student X is caught up in the spirit of the band and before long she is willingly making the same commitment of time and effort so they can all achieve a common goal.(渐渐地，学生X被乐队的精神所吸引，不久之后，她愿意付出同样的时间和精力，这样他们就可以实现一个共同的目标)”和第三段“If student X does not conform to the established culture of the band, she risks rejection.(如果学生X不符合乐队的既定文化，她就有被拒绝的风险)”可知，如果学生 X 想融入乐队，就需要和成员们一起努力，投入更多时间和精力练习吉他。故选D。7．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“If student X does not conform to the established culture of the band, she risks rejection.(如果学生X不符合乐队的既定文化，她就有被拒绝的风险)”以及后文“student X changes her habits and increases the amount of time and energy she devotes to practice(学生X改变了自己的习惯，增加了练习的时间和精力)”可知，学生X改变了她的习惯，投入了更多的时间和精力练习，她这样做就是为了不被排斥，即为了消除由于害怕被排斥而带来的紧张。故划线词意思是“消除”。故选C。8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Instead, we should be exploring ways to use its power for good.(相反，我们应该探索如何利用它的力量做好事)”可知，作者认为同伴压力可以被很好地利用起来。故选A。C【来源】江西省赣州市赣州赣抚吉十五校联考2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考试题“To get ahead in this world, don’t we need a little bit of perfectionism?” As someone who has researched perfectionism for over a decade, I’m asked this question a lot. And I used to think that was true. It’s hard to succeed nowadays. You’ve got to sacrifice yourself, keep pushing well beyond what’s comfortable, and live life on your tiptoes. That’s just the common things in a competitive society where there are only a few winners, I believed. Yet, research finds that perfectionism has no relationship with performance. Perfectionistic people struggle really hard, but they’re no more likely to be successful. One reason is that perfectionistic people work hard but unsustainably so. They often find themselves in the sapping zone and opposite returns on their efforts. Another is that many perfectionists are world champions at self-doubt. When things get tough, when it looks like failure is heading their way, the anticipated shame and embarrassment are so fierce that perfectionistic people are unwilling to put forth any further effort that might allow others to discover their shortcomings. So, they simply give up to avoid fears of failure, which makes failure more likely. For perfectionists, dialing down goals and aiming for excellence instead doesn’t usually work. On the contrary, it’s important to learn to embrace the inevitability of setbacks, failures, and things not going quite as planned. It’s important to be able to sit comfortably with these humanizing experiences, to let them be, and not need to drive them out of existence. So we shouldn’t struggle to be perfect because perfectionism doesn’t lead to success. Instead, do recognize that learning to embrace imperfections and setbacks helps us to accept ourselves and keep moving forward.9．What is the author’s initial belief about perfectionism?A．It has no relationship with performance.B．It leads to self-doubt and fear of failure.C．It is unsustainable and leads to burnout.D．It is necessary for success in tough society.10．What does the underlined word “sapping” mean in paragraph 2?A．Falling. B．Reserving.C．Exciting D．Refreshing.11．Why do many perfectionists give up when faced with challenges?A．They are not willing to work hard.B．They are afraid of shame from failure.C．They are unwilling to accept any failure.D．They are unable to dial down their goals.12．What is the best title of the text?A．Why You Should Embrace “Good Enough”B．Why Kids Need “Intelligent Failure”C．What Is A Better Way To Seek GuidanceD．What We Can benefit From Perfectionism【答案】9．D 10．A 11．B 12．A【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述我们不应该为追求完美而奋斗，因为完美主义不会带来成功。相反，要认识到，学会接受不完美和挫折有助于我们接受自己并继续前进。9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段““To get ahead in this world, don’t we need a little bit of perfectionism?” As someone who has researched perfectionism for over a decade, I’m asked this question a lot. And I used to think that was true. (“要想在这个世界上出人头地，我们难道不需要一点完美主义吗？”作为一个研究完美主义超过十年的人，我经常被问到这个问题。而且我过去也认为的确如此。)”可知，作者认为要出人头地，我们需要一点完美主义，因此作者最初认为完美主义是在社会上取得成功的必要条件。故选D。10．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Perfectionistic people struggle really hard, but they’re no more likely to be successful. One reason is that perfectionistic people work hard but unsustainably so. They often find themselves in the sapping zone and opposite returns on their efforts. (完美主义者确实非常努力，但他们并不比其他人更有可能成功。其中一个原因是，完美主义者虽然努力，但这种努力是不可持续的。他们常常发现自己处于sapping区，并且他们的努力常常得不到相应的回报)”可知，完美主义者工作努力但不可持续，因此他们经常发现自己处于“sapping”区，即消耗精力、令人疲惫的区域，与他们的努力相反。故划线词意思是“令人疲惫的、消耗精力的”。A. Falling下降的；B. Reserving保留的；C. Exciting令人兴奋的；D. Refreshing令人耳目一新的。故选A。11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Another is that many perfectionists are world champions at self-doubt. When things get tough, when it looks like failure is heading their way, the anticipated shame and embarrassment are so fierce that perfectionistic people are unwilling to put forth any further effort that might allow others to discover their shortcomings. (另一个原因是，许多完美主义者都是自我怀疑的世界冠军。当事情变得艰难，看起来失败即将来临时，预期的羞耻和尴尬是如此强烈，以至于完美主义者不愿意付出任何进一步的努力，这可能会让别人发现他们的缺点)”可知，许多完美主义者面对挑战时会放弃是因为他们害怕失败带来的羞愧。故选B。12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Yet, research finds that perfectionism has no relationship with performance. (然而，研究发现完美主义与表现无关。)”以及最后一段“So we shouldn’t struggle to be perfect because perfectionism doesn’t lead to success. Instead, do recognize that learning to embrace imperfections and setbacks helps us to accept ourselves and keep moving forward. (所以我们不应该挣扎着追求完美，因为完美主义并不会带来成功。相反，要认识到学会接纳不完美和挫折有助于我们接受自己并继续前行)”可知，文章主要讲述了新的研究表明，完美主义并不一定能带来成功，反而可能会让人筋疲力尽，害怕失败。相反，我们应该学会接受不完美和挫折，这样才能接受自己。因此推断A项“为什么你应该接受‘足够好’”为最佳标题。故选A。D【来源】江苏省泰州中学2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题Teaching is a caregiving profession. We all have that one teacher who inspired us to aim higher, choose a certain career path, or simply discover our passions. This role comes with not only many satisfactions, but lots of pressure to hold yourselves to a higher standard. The responsibilities of teachers only increased during the pandemic, so teachers had to show compassion for students and parents — often without expecting the same treatment. That’s why it’s so easy to think of teachers as selfless people that give it all for future generations.However, where does that leave teachers? Educators are taught to do many things, but their education is usually lacking in addressing the emotional problems of being a teacher. During the pandemic, I failed to make my online classes as enjoyable as possible for my students. Later, it turned out that other teachers were having problems as well. I had zero reasons to feel so isolated in my experience. What I needed was self-compassion. According to Dr. Kristin Neff, a lead researcher in this field, “Self-compassion is simply compassion directed inwards.” In other words, it’s about showing yourself the same care and understanding that you typically show students or other people in your life. Some people have more self-compassion than others, and working towards achieving more of it can help you in all aspects of your life.Being a teacher comes with so many expectations and responsibilities. In theory, nobody’s perfect, but there’s great pressure to be a good role model, educator, mentor, etc. The inner critic has so much more “material” to work with when you’ re in front of a class. It’s no wonder that in stressful situations, it’s harder to control your self-talk. For example, if you fail to upload a lesson on time, your inner critic will jump at the chance to say, “You’ re so forgetful, and I can’t believe you did this.”It’s no secret that teachers are usually under a lot of stress. A part of the solution can be incorporating self-compassion into teaching, which can not only enhance a satisfactory job but also have a good effect on students.13．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Teachers’ dedicating themselves to the cause of teaching.B．Teachers’ showing great compassion for themselves.C．Teachers’ suffering from unknown mental pressure.D．Teachers’ failing to learn something in their careers.14．Which of the following fits with Dr. Kristin Neff’s view on self-compassion?A．Self-compassion is hard for teachers to learn.B．Self-compassion helps teachers understand students well.C．The more self-compassion you have, the more benefits you’ll get.D．The more you understand others, the more self-compassion you’ll have.15．What can be inferred from the example given in paragraph 3?A．Teachers’ responsibilities matter. B．Teachers have a lot of work pressure.C．Teachers play a big role in students’ life. D．It’s normal for teachers to do wrong things.16．What is mainly talked about in the text?A．The importance of teachers’ self-compassion.B．The suggestions on raising future generations.C．The necessity of reducing the burden on teachers.D．The approaches to teachers’ growth and development.【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．A【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了教师自我同情的重要性，指出教育者通常缺乏对自身情感问题的关注，而在疫情期间，教师更需要自我同情来应对压力，同时自我同情也能对教学和学生产生积极影响。13．词句猜测题。第一段中“That’s why it’s so easy to think of teachers as selfless people that give it all for future generations.(这就是为什么很容易把老师看作是无私的人，他们为下一代付出了一切)”指出老师是无私的人，他们为下一代付出了一切；根据指代关系和第二段中“However, where does that leave teachers? Educators are taught to do many things, but their education is usually lacking in addressing the emotional problems of being a teacher.(然而，那对教师来说意味着什么？教育者被教导要做很多事情，但他们的教育通常缺乏解决作为教师所面临的情感问题)”可知，尽管教育者为下一代付出了一切，但他们自己却通常缺乏对自身情感问题的关注。由此可推断出，指示代词“that”指代的是上文中“老师们无私地为教学事业奉献一切”的这一行为。故选A项。14．推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to Dr. Kristin Neff, a lead researcher in this field, ‘Self-compassion is simply compassion directed inwards.’ In other words, it’s about showing yourself the same care and understanding that you typically show students or other people in your life. Some people have more self-compassion than others, and working towards achieving more of it can help you in all aspects of your life.(该领域的主要研究人员克里斯汀·内夫博士说：“自我同情只是向内的同情。”换句话说，就是对自己表现出你通常对学生或生活中其他人表现出的同样的关心和理解。有些人的自我同情比其他人更多，努力获得更多的自我同情可以在你生活的方方面面帮助你)”可知，克里斯汀·内夫博士认为自我同情就是对自己的同情，拥有更多的自我同情可以在生活的各个方面帮助你。由此推知，克里斯汀·内夫博士会赞同“The more self-compassion you have, the more benefits you’ll get.(你拥有的自我同情越多，你得到的益处就越多)”。故选C项。15．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Being a teacher comes with so many expectations and responsibilities. In theory, nobody’s perfect, but there’s great pressure to be a good role model, educator, mentor, etc.(作为一名教师，有很多期望和责任。从理论上讲，没有人是完美的，但要成为一个好的榜样、教育者、导师等等，压力是很大的)”和“For example, if you fail to upload a lesson on time, your inner critic will jump at the chance to say, ‘You’ re so forgetful, and I can’t believe you did this.’(例如，如果你没有按时上传课程，你内心的批评者会抓住机会说：‘你太健忘了，我不相信你竟然会这样做。’)”可知，本段通过未能按时上传课程的例子，说明了教师内心的批评者会如何利用这个机会来指责自己，由此可推断出，这个例子表明了教师的工作压力很大。故选B项。16．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段中“What I needed was self-compassion. According to Dr. Kristin Neff, a lead researcher in this field, ‘Self-compassion is simply compassion directed inwards.’ In other words, it’s about showing yourself the same care and understanding that you typically show students or other people in your life. Some people have more self-compassion than others, and working towards achieving more of it can help you in all aspects of your life.(我需要的是自我同情。该领域的主要研究人员克里斯汀·内夫博士说：“自我同情只是向内的同情。”换句话说，就是对自己表现出你通常对学生或生活中其他人表现出的同样的关心和理解。有些人的自我同情比其他人更多，努力获得更多的自我同情可以在你生活的方方面面帮助你)”和最后一段“It’s no secret that teachers are usually under a lot of stress. A part of the solution can be incorporating self-compassion into teaching, which can not only enhance a satisfactory job but also have a good effect on students.(众所周知，教师通常承受着很大的压力。解决方案的一部分可以是将自我同情融入教学中，这不仅可以提升工作的满意度，而且对学生也有好处)”可知，文章主要指出教师需要关注自身的情感问题，通过自我同情来应对压力，同时也能对教学产生积极影响，即论述了教师自我同情的重要性。故选A项。