专题13 词块增色训练 讲义+练习

这是一份专题13 词块增色训练 讲义+练习，共14页。试卷主要包含了词块的类型与功能，词块在读后续写中的应用等内容，欢迎下载使用。

一、词块的类型与功能
根据词汇内部的语义联系和句法功能，词块可以分为以下四种类型：
聚合词：具有习语性质的固定短语，其中的单词不能任意替换。例如：
in particular（尤其）
n the ther hand（另一方面）
中文解释：这些短语在语境中具有固定的语义和用法，不能随意更改。
2．搭配词组：在一起出现频率较高的词语组合，如“动词+名词”或“形容词+名词”。例如：
take sth. fr granted（认为……理所当然）
a heavy smg（浓重的雾霾）
中文解释：这些词组通过固定的搭配表达特定的意义，增强语言的准确性和自然性。
3．惯用话语：形式固定或半固定的具有固定语用功能的单词组合。它们既可以是完整的句子，也可以是句子的开头。例如：
If I were yu, I wuld...（如果我是你，我会……）
As far as I am cncerned...（就我而言……）
中文解释：这些表达在特定语境中具有固定的用法，能够帮助学生更自然地表达观点。
4．句子框架和引语：形式和功能半固定或固定的词块，通常用于书面语。例如：
Firstly... Secndly... Finally...（首先……其次……最后……）
In cnclusin...（总之……）
中文解释：这些词块帮助学生组织文章结构，使文章更加连贯和逻辑清晰。
二、词块在读后续写中的应用
词块在读后续写中的应用不仅能够提高语言的准确性和地道性，还能增强文章的连贯性和逻辑性。通过积累和运用词块，学生可以更高效地组织语言，减少写作中的犹豫和错误。
在读后续写教学中应用词块理论能够提高学生续写语言的准确性和地道性，还能提高他们续写文章的连贯性和逻辑性，也能使其快速搭建文章框架从整体上组织篇章。
示例分析
阅读下面的短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
When I was eleven years ld, I had a big accident. I get scared even nw when I think abut that time. I went skating near my huse. There were many peple, and I saw sme f them falling n the ice.
It was my first time t g ice skating, s I was nervus. I was wndering hw t skate.
I went with a friend wh was very skillful. He spent sme time teaching me hw t skate,but I didn't learn much. He left me and skated all arund. As sn as he left, I fell dwn. I envied the ther peple because they culd skate well.
I was bred because I kept falling s I tk ff my skates and just walked arund n the ice in my shes. It was cld and my hands were frzen.
Suddenly, I stepped n smething that was nt hard. What was it？ It was a weak place in the ice. When I stepped there, I sank under the ice. I thught that I was ging t die, but I did my best t grab smething t get ut frm under the ice. I tried t grab the edge f the ice, but it was very difficult fr an eleven-year-ld.
It seemed like a very lng time, like a year. Then, frtunately, smene helped me. He grabbed my arms and pulled me up. S, I lived and I'm still alive tday.
I thanked him. At that time, my friend came back. I was annyed at him because he was suppsed t take care f me, but he didn't. He was embarrassed. When I tk a taxi hme, the taxi driver was surprised and asked what had happened. I didn't want t say anything because I was tired and scared. Even nw, whenever I think abut that time, I feel uncmfrtable. I dn't want t g skating again even nw.
注意：
1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2.应使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3.续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4.续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语．
Paragraph 1：
It was lng befre I went skating nce again,
Paragraph 2：
Hwever, ever since then I haven't fund any time t g skating,
1．提取词块
词块是有效建构语篇的语言材料，我们可以指导学生分类积累各种词块，构建词块关系网，扩充续写的词汇量。基于上述写作任务，由于该文本是记叙文，主要描述了主人公第一次滑冰时的经历，所以我们要提醒学生在积累词块时关注记叙文的语言风格和文本逻辑。这样可以引导他们将词块与情境进行关联，丰富续写语言。
表2：源语篇中的词块分类整理
2．构思词块
原文提供了两个续写段落的首句和 8 个关键 词，这些线索指明了续写故事的发展方向。我们指导学生根据两个段落的开头语和关键词推理续写情节，构思词块，并指出推理时要注意上下文的逻 辑和衔接，鼓励多种续写思路。我们可以通过小组讨论的形式激发学生的思维，促使他们设想故事发展的各种可能性，并把这些悬念有选择地用于续写中。然后，利用所提供的关键词和两个段落的开头语引导写作思路的发展，使学生通过认真理解这两句话正确推断续写故事的发展方向。最后，指导学生按照预设故事的发展情节，以词块的形式写出续写提纲，要求续写的故事合情合理，与原文衔接紧密。例如：
学生呈现的续写提纲：
Para.1：
accmpanied by a friend—take special care f me—manage nt t fall dwn—learn t skate
well—becme cnfident.[使用的关键词：fall dwn，skate well，take care f，fall dwn]
Para.2：
be ccupied in wrking—learn a lt frm—face desperatin—have the patience t d—never lse heart —in case f failure.[使用的关键词：skillful，went skating，scared]
在学生分享各自的写作提纲时，我们可以指导他们收集并分类地道的词块，提取丰富的写作语言，方便在续写时提取和运用。例如，有学生收集并分类的词块如下：
情感表达 ：terrr gripped sb./feel the bld/pumping thrugh ne’s veins/be ut f breath sigh with relief/a wave f relief flded ver sb.
动作描写 ：stand up n the ice/head ut/fall dwn/dive int/take care f
经历感悟：express ur gratitude/be determined t d/have n submissin/face difficulty bravely
3．连句成篇
我们让学生在续写提纲的指导下运用收集的词块连句成篇，完成续写任务，目的是让他们在个性化运用中巩固所积累的词块。例如，学生提供了以下作文初稿(黑体字部分使用了 所积累的词块)：
Paragraph 1
It was lng befre I went skating nce again, accmpanied by ne f my friends. I felt the bld pumping thrugh my veins, when I std n then ice. I was careful and cautius this time. My friend tk special care f me,and I was s frtunate this time that I managed nt t fall dwn. I expressed my gratitude t my friend fr her help.Gradually I learned t skate well and became skillful. I felt very cnfident and n lnger scared.
Paragraph 2
Hwever,ever since then I haven’t fund any time t g skating,nt because I d nt like skating, but because I am t busy wrking. I’ve learned a lt frm these tw skating experiences. We all have mments f desperatin. But if we can face difficulty bravely,that’s when we find ut hw strng we really are. Whatever yu d,yu must have the patience t d it as well as the skill. Remember: never get t much pride because f victry r lse heart in case f failure
4．修改内化
在学生完成初步写作之后，让学生以评分标准为依据欣赏同伴作文，有助于他们了解评分标准，明晰续写要求，增强运用主题词块的意识。在宽松和开放的 赏析过程中，学生积极参与到同伴作文的评价过 程中，并反思自身的写作过程，促进了自身写作意识的提高。
(1)词块升级
我们可以指导学生用积累的词块优化自己的写作初稿，并要求其精挑细选词块，确保围绕写作主题所使用的词块都精准和地道。例如：
be busy wrking → be devted t wrking;
like skating→ be keen n skating;
learn t d sth. → grasp the skill f
(2)句子仿写
指导学生回读原文，分析原文在语言表达方面的显著特点，观察是否有各种从句、特 殊句型等高级句式，使他们通过模仿与创造来优化和升级句子，力求在句式层面与原文的表达风格保持一致。例如：
I was wndering hw t skate(原文)→ She patiently explained t me hw t start.
I went with a friend wh was very skillful.(原文)→ Thugh I culdn’t be like thers，wh culd skate well.
I get scared even nw when I think abut that time.(原文)→ As fr the skating，maybe I culd be n the ice again when my baby is grwn up and asks me ne hundred times!
I didn’t want t say anything because I was tired and scared.(原文)→Because immediately I dived int the applying fr the suitable jbs.
(3)改写段落
在词块提升和句子仿写完成之后，指导学生改写文章中的某一段，旨在引导他们优化续写文章的词块搭配、句型结构和衔接手段，并运用语篇框架词块。(要求学生根据故事情节，发挥想象，改写文章段落。)例如，以续写文章的第二段为例，学生进行了如下修改：
Hwever, ever since then I haven’t fund any time t g skating, because immediately I dived int the applying fr the suitable jbs. And then, frtunately, I met my hney and gt married. As was expected, ne baby came int the wrld and was nw smiling t me every day. As fr the skating, maybe I culd be n the ice again when my baby is grwn up and asks me ne hundred times!
最后，让学生根据教师的指导方法完成作文的修改稿，这样可以提供给他们更多的模仿语言、 内化词块和提升写作水平的机会。可见，运用词块进行读后续写教学有助于培养学生的词块意识，提高其组词成句、 连句成篇，以及谋篇布局的能力，从而提高其英语写作水平。
词块素材积累
主题一：情绪类
1． **表示开心/兴奋**
- laugh heartily / smile bradly 开怀大笑/咧嘴大笑
- flash a bright smile 绽放灿烂的笑容
- giggle / grin / chuckle 咯咯笑/咧嘴笑/轻声笑
- a feeling f indescribable jy 一种难以言表的喜悦之情
- be ver the mn / be wild with jy 欣喜若狂
- a mixture f excitement and happiness 兴奋与幸福交织的感觉
- His eyes twinkled with pleasure. 他的眼睛闪烁着喜悦的光芒。
- The by's heart was verflwing with jy. 男孩的心中充满了喜悦。
- Her vice trembled with excitement. 她的声音因兴奋而颤抖。
- The smile n her face shne like a diamnd. 她脸上的笑容如钻石般闪耀。
2． **表示难过/沮丧**
- in lw spirits 情绪低落
- burst int tears 突然大哭
- a strng sense f lss 强烈的失落感
- with tears streaming dwn ne's face 泪流满面
- with a blank expressin n ne's face 面无表情
- sb with ne's face buried in hands 双手掩面哭泣
- She started t weep uncntrllably. 她开始 uncntrllably 地哭泣。
- I feel like I am flating in an cean f sadness. 我感觉自己仿佛漂浮在悲伤的海洋里。
- He culdn't stand the frustratin f nt being able t help. 他无法忍受因无法帮忙而产生的挫败感。
- One harsh wrd wuld send her int the depths f despair. 一句严厉的话就会让她陷入绝望的深渊。
3． **表示惊讶/愤怒/失望**
- be numb with shck 震惊得麻木了
- with ne's muth wide pen 张大嘴巴
- stamp ne's ft in anger 愤怒地跺脚
- bil with rage / bil ver 怒火中烧
- t ne's disappintment 令某人失望的是
- a flash f anger 一闪而过的愤怒
- His eyes were wide with astnishment. 他惊讶地瞪大了眼睛。
- He culd hardly / scarcely cntain his rage. 他几乎无法抑制自己的愤怒。
- He glared at me with burning eyes. 他用愤怒的眼神瞪着我。
- I culd ntice bvius disappintment creep ver his face. 我能察觉到明显的失望爬上他的脸庞。
4． **表示紧张/焦虑/害怕**
- be n edge 紧张不安
- have ants in ne's pants 坐立不安
- be restless with anxiety 焦虑不安
- tremble frm head t te 浑身颤抖
- t scared t mve an inch 吓得动弹不得
- ne's face turns pale with fear 吓得脸色苍白
- ne's heart is in ne's muth 心提到嗓子眼
- have butterflies in ne's stmach 心里七上八下
- A fld f fear welled up inside him. / Fear flded ver him. 一股恐惧涌上他的心头。
- I felt s scared that my thrat tightened and my knees felt weak. 我吓得喉咙发紧，双腿发软。
主题二：动作类
1． **描述肢体动作**
- rush ff 匆匆离开
- hang ne's head in shame 羞愧地低下头
- wave ne's arm 挥舞手臂
- drag behind 拖在后面
- walk aimlessly 漫无目的地走
- stagger t ne's feet 摇摇晃晃地站起来
- put ne's arms arund sb. 搂住某人
- They dived int the water. 他们跳入水中。
- She leapt ut f the back seat. 她从后座跳了出来。
- She sat n the flr, hugging her knees. 她坐在地板上，抱着膝盖。
- He gave her an encuraging pat n the shulder. 他鼓励地拍了拍她的肩膀。
- She gave her mther a big hug. 她给了母亲一个大大的拥抱。
- She marched ver t me and demanded an aplgy. 她大步走到我面前，要求我道歉。
2． **描述感官动作**
- listen hard 仔细听
- take a quick lk 快速看一眼
- lk sb. straight in the eye 直视某人的眼睛
- speak in a serius vice 严肃地说
- have a taste f 尝一尝
- talk t neself 自言自语
- be lst / deep in thught 陷入沉思
- I heard a dg barking. 我听到一只狗在叫。
- She began t hear her wn nervus breathing. 她开始听到自己紧张的呼吸声。
- He was aware f the wind in his face. 他感觉到风吹在脸上。
- The puppy was sniffing at the carpet. 小狗在嗅地毯。
主题三：环境类
1． **描述天气**
- clear up 放晴
- a flash f lightning 一道闪电
- a fresh breeze 一阵清风
- unbearable heat 难以忍受的炎热
- be full f dark cluds 乌云密布
- fierce / heavy / vilent strms 猛烈的暴风雨
- It's puring rain utside. 外面正下着倾盆大雨。
- The sun is shining brightly in the sky. 太阳在天空中灿烂地照耀着。
- It was freezing cld. 天气极冷。
- All at nce thunder and lightning began. 突然，雷电交加。
2． **描述地理**
- a muntain track 山路
- a dense frest 茂密的森林
- rugh grund 崎岖的地面
- a calm / rugh sea 平静的/波涛汹涌的大海
- a sparkling blue lake 波光粼粼的蓝色湖泊
- The hills were bathed in pale mnlight. 山丘沐浴在苍白的月光下。
- The plant's purple blms attract butterflies. 这种植物的紫色花朵吸引蝴蝶。
3． **描述社会环境**
- gathering crwds 聚集的人群
- busy and crwded cities 繁忙拥挤的城市
- in the dim light f street lamps 在路灯昏暗的灯光下
- The streets were nisy and full f activity. 街道嘈杂，充满活力。
- Heavy traffic blcked the rad. 交通拥堵堵塞了道路。
主题四：人物描写类
1． **描述外貌神情**
- rugh hands 粗糙的手
- a pale face 苍白的脸
- wear a frwn 皱着眉头
- wear shulder - length hair 留着齐肩长发
- a weather - beaten face 饱经风霜的脸
- in rags 衣衫褴褛
- She is charming when she smiles. 她笑起来很迷人。
- The little by has beautiful blue eyes. 小男孩有一双漂亮的蓝眼睛。
- He is f average / medium height with a pair f thick glasses. 他中等身材，戴着一副厚眼镜。
2． **描述性格特征**
- dwn - t - earth 务实的
- a shrt temper 急性子
- a strng will 坚强的意志
- a difficult persn 难相处的人
- lack self - cnfidence 缺乏自信
- with pleasant persnality 性格开朗
- The lcal peple are very friendly. 当地人非常友好。
- I fund my new neighbr t be very hspitable. 我发现我的新邻居非常好客。
- Smehw, he remained ptimistic despite all misfrtunes. 不知为何，尽管遭遇了所有不幸，他仍然保持乐观。
主题五：主旨升华类
1． **描述人际交往**
- make a difference 有影响；起作用
- be always willing t lend a hand 总是乐于帮忙
- Helping thers t realize their dreams gave me mre pleasure. 帮助别人实现梦想给我带来了更多的快乐。
- He bwed lw with gratitude. 他感激地深深鞠躬。
- She felt warmth during the cld day, and believed there was kindness in every crner. 寒冷的日子里她感受到了温暖，并且相信每个角落都有善意。
- Everyne was relaxed and the cnversatin flwed freely. 每个人都很放松，谈话进行得很顺畅。
2． **描述生活感悟**
- lifelng ambitin 毕生的志向
- respect fr all living creatures 尊重所有生物
- learn frm bitter experiences 从痛苦的经历中学习
- It is never t late t learn. 学习永远不嫌晚。
- The nly way t cnquer a fear is t face it. 战胜恐惧的唯一方法就是面对它。
- N pain, n gain. 一分耕耘，一分收获。
- Gd tls are essential t d the jb well. 工欲善其事，必先利其器。
综合演练：
Sally had anxiety disrder truble that made her fail t speak in scial situatins. I'm a nurse and use Bella t help children in my cmmunity, t bring them cmfrt and cnfidence the way nly a dg can. I thught back t the day when I'd first brught Bella t the schl.
That mrning in January, her teacher led us t a rm. “Sally hasn't spken utside her hme in tw years," she tld me. “Her parents have taken her t dctrs, but nthing has wrked.” A little girl std shyly just inside the drway. Her eyes brightened when she nticed my dg.
“This is Bella I said. “She des tricks. Wuld yu like t see?"
Sally ndded. I mtined with my hand. Bella lay dwn and then rlled ver. Sally's eyes lit up. I shwed Sally the hand signals fr varius cmmands. She was a natural with Bella, maybe because she culdn't rely n the spken wrd herself. Bella sensed that and respnded. Sn Sally was able t put Bella thrugh her paces all n her wn. I culd see her standing taller, mre sure f herself each time we met.
One mrning in March when she was wrking with Bella, I heard a tiny vice? Barely a whisper, “Gd dg." Sally didn't take her eyes ff Bella, but I wanted t jump fr jy. Sally spke a little mre each week, nly t Bella at first, but then t me. Later, she started giving vice cmmands with her hand signals and her cnfidence rse.
Nw, five-year-ld Sally std nervusly in frnt f her kindergarten class, with Bella, my trained dg, sitting calmly by her side. All the eyes f her classmates were fcused n Sally. They were waiting fr her t speak. It was June-nly ne week f schl left—but they had never heard her vice. Nt nce.
Paragraph 1:
But nt a wrd came ut.
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Paragraph 2:
The next week, she tld me she wanted t try again , lking up at me with determinatin.
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翻译小练习：
1. 莎莉很高兴能在班上举办一场狗展。
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2. 她和贝拉和我练习了几个星期。现在她的眼睛有了我的眼睛。
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3. 我点头鼓励。她深吸一口气，张开嘴。但是她的嘴，然后她的整个身体，似乎都打败了自己。
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4. 莎莉低着头站在一旁。我感觉糟透了。莎莉回到座位上，没有看任何人，甚至贝拉也没有。
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5. 我们去了莎莉的教室。孩子们围成一圈坐在地板上听老师讲课。
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6. 我们到达时他们转过身来。我们走到安静的房间前面。
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7. 我握着莎莉的手往后退了一步。她静静地站着，盯着她的同学们，似乎有好几秒钟的时间。
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8. 最后她挥了挥手，低声说：“这是莎莉。”然后，再大声一点，“莎莉，你的同学。期待与您交朋友。”
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参考答案：
1. 莎莉很高兴能在班上举办一场狗展。
Sally had been s excited abut putting n a dg shw fr her class.
2. 她和贝拉和我练习了几个星期。现在她的眼睛有了我的眼睛。
She had practiced with Bella and me fr weeks. Nw her eyes fund mine.
3. 我点头鼓励。她深吸一口气，张开嘴。但是她的嘴，然后她的整个身体，似乎都打败了自己。
I ndded encuragingly. She tk a deep breath and pened her muth. But her muth, then her whle bdy, seemed t defeat herself.
4. 莎莉低着头站在一旁。我感觉糟透了。莎莉回到座位上，没有看任何人，甚至贝拉也没有。
Sally std ff t the side, head dwn. I felt awful. Sally returned t her seat, nt lking at anyne, nt even Bella.
5. 我们去了莎莉的教室。孩子们围成一圈坐在地板上听老师讲课。
We headed t Sally`s classrm. The kids were sitting in a circle n the flr listening t the teacher.
6. 我们到达时他们转过身来。我们走到安静的房间前面。
They turned when we arrived. We walked t the frnt f the quiet rm.
7. 我握着莎莉的手往后退了一步。她静静地站着，盯着她的同学们，似乎有好几秒钟的时间。
I shk Sally`s hands and stepped back. Fr a few secnds that seemed like hurs, she std silently, staring at her classmates.
8. 最后她挥了挥手，低声说：“这是莎莉。”然后，再大声一点，“莎莉，你的同学。期待与您交朋友。”
Finally she waved her hand and whispered, “This is Sally.”Then, a little luder, “Sally, yur classmate. Lking frward t making friends with yu.”
参考范文：
Paragraph 1：
Nt a wrd came ut. Sally had been s excited abut putting n a dg shw fr her class. She had practiced with Bella and me fr weeks. Nw her eyes fund mine. I ndded encuragingly. She tk a deep breath and pened her muth. But her muth, then her whle bdy, seemed t defeat herself. Sally std ff t the side, head dwn. I felt awful. Sally returned t her seat, nt lking at anyne, nt even Bella.
Paragraph 2： The next week, she tld me she wanted t try again, lking up at me with determinatin. We headed t Sally`s classrm. The kids were sitting in a circle n the flr listening t the teacher. They turned when we arrived. We walked t the frnt f the quiet rm. I shk Sally`s hands and stepped back. Fr a few secnds that seemed like hurs, she std silently, staring at her classmates. Finally she waved her hand and whispered, “This is Sally.” Then, a little luder,“ Sally, yur classmate. Lking frward t making friends with yu.”
词块类别
源语篇中的词块举例
词级词块
动作描写
see sb. falling n the ice/take ff my skates/step n sth./sink under ice/grab the edge
f the ice/pull me up
情绪描写
get scared/envy ther peple/get bred/be annyed at/be embarrassed/feel uncmfrtable
环境描写
be cld and my hands were frzen
句级词块
I was wndering hw t d sth. / I went with a friend wh...
When I stepped there,I thught that ...
The taxi driver asked what Whenever I think abut,I...
语篇词块
语篇框架词块
It was my first time t sn as he left/I... suddenly/I... It seemed like a very lng time/like a year.
Then, frtunately, dn’t want t... even nw.
逻辑衔接词
Because/s/but/and then/at that time/unfrtunately.