高中英语语法讲义——句子结构分析讲解

英语句子结构分析讲解定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语I  met  my best  friend  Tom  at the station  yesterday . 主语 谓语  定语   宾语  同位语          状语㈠主语（subject）
句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词）She went out in a hurry.（代词）Four plus four is eight.（数词）To see is to believe.（不定式）Smoking is bad for health.（动名词）The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子）找出下列句中的主语：1、The sun rises in the east.           2、Twenty years is a short time in history.        3、The poor are now living in the shelter. 4、Seeing is believing.      5、To see is to believe.          6、He likes dancing.    7、What he needs is a book.8、It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.     ㈡谓语
说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I  saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;He can speak English well.She doesn’t seem to like dancing.找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）：1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She seems tired.   (三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语Show your passport, please. （名词）She didn't say anything. （代词）How many do you want? - I want two. （数词）They sent the injured to hospital. （名词化的形容词）They asked to see my passport. （不定式）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）Did you write down what he said? （句子）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.He gave me some books.       间接  直接   宾语  宾语指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.找出下列句子的宾语部分：1. We often help him.2. He likes to play basketball.3. We enjoy listening to the music.4. She said that he felt sick.5. They are talking about the new student.（四）连系动词,其后面的成分叫作表语。The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.I’m not quite myself today.That remains a puzzle.I don’t feel at ease. 找出下列句中的表语。1. I am a teacher.2. They are on the playground.3. My job is teaching English.4. It gets cold.5. It sounds interesting.常见的系动词有be 动词,还有get ,become, turn, grow 等表 “变得”的词, 和感观动词sound, look, smel,taste,feel等。(五）定语
修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句He is a clever boy.（形容词）His father works in a steel work.（名词）There are 54 students in our class.（数词）Do you known betty’s sister?（名词所有格）He bought some sleeping pills.（动名词）There is a sleeping baby in bed.（现在分词）His spoken language is good.（过去分词）定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?找出下列句子的定语。1. The black bike is mine.2. She is a chemistry teacher.3. The man in blue is my brother.4. The girl playing the piano is my  younger sister.5. The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.（六）状语
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He went to school in spite of his illness.找出下列句中的状语1. We often help him.2. I really don’t like the food.3. He did his homework carefully     at home.4.Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.5. When I grow up, I am going to be a doctor.（七）宾语补足语
有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. I found the book interesting.Do you smell something burning?He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand.宾语补足语：和宾语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾补之间存在内在逻辑上的主谓关系。找出下列句子的宾语补足语：1. They elected John monitor.2. We call him Iron Ox.3. The doctor told me to do more      exercise.4. They made her happy.5. He is going to have his hair cut.6. They saw a bird flying in the sky.（八）同位语   位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.（名词）He himself will do the experiment.（代词）He is the oldest among them four.（数词）He told me the news that our team won the game.（从句）