高中英语语法讲义——名词及其短语作状语

名词及其短语作状语名词在句子中的主要作用是充当主语、宾语、表语、补足语和定语，但作状语的情况也时有所见，请看高一英语课本例句：However, most of the time people from the two countries do not have difficulty in understanding each other.不过，两国人听对方说话，大多数时候没有理解上的困难。Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.树一棵接着一棵倒下，是被洪水冲断的，水肯定有三米深了。其中，例1中的most of the time作为时间状语修饰全句，例2中的three meters修饰形容词deep.下面分七个方面一一分析形容词作状语的情况。时间名词作时间状语：在表示时间的名词(morning, day, week, hour, month, year等)前加上修饰语this, that, next, last, every, yesterday, many, some 或数词等，该词组可以作状语修饰全句或谓语部分。例如：So when I get troubles，I’ve learned to wait three days.  因此当我有麻烦时，我学会了等三天。In America, many students work part time in order to get the money for education.在美国，很多学生为了挣钱上学，半工半读。One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克飞越太平洋时，他的飞机突然坠毁。She had not slept the whole night. 一晚上她都没睡。The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.转眼间，第一股浪头把她掀翻在地，并吞噬着花园。The week following Christmas Day, many African-American families get together to greet the new year andthink about the past.在圣诞节后的一个星期，许多非裔美国家庭举行聚会，迎新年，思旧年。Each time we celebrate a festival it changes a little and in that way we keep our culture alive.每次庆祝节日都会有一点变化，这样，我们的文化发展才有生机。Even today, the south is far behind the rest of the United States in areas such as education and economic development.甚至到今天，南部在教育和经济发展方面仍远远落后于美国其它州。We know that bears sleep all of the cold part of the year.我们知道一年里最冷的时候熊都在睡。That evening at super, Carla told her family about Important Person Day.那天晚上吃饭时，卡拉告诉了家人“要人节”的事。Letters were, and are, sent by some form of posted service, the history of which goes back a long way.无论过去还是现在，信件都是由邮政部门投递的，其历史也非常悠久。表示距离的名词短语作状语：One day a rich lawyer was walking through the street of the town where he lived; he was on his way to see his brother who lived some distance from his home.一天，一位有钱的律师正在他住的城市的大街上走着，他要去看望其住所离他家有一段距离的弟弟。Nancy can drive a ball some 250 yards.南希能把球打出大约250码远。So what would a space traveller see after trekking 1500 light-years to the Orion nebula?太空旅行者长途跋涉1500光年的距离抵达猎户星座星云后会看到什么呢？表示次数或倍数的名词短语作状语：He had turned over in bed two hundrred and thirty-six times.他已经在床上来回翻了二百三十六次身。But once or twice in the year she comes to the city to buy clothes and perhaps go to the theatre. 可是一年中有一两次她要进城买衣服或去剧院看看。Several agreements were reached, but the government broke its promises almost every time.曾经达成一些协议，但是政府几乎每次都不遵守诺言。We have lost 100 times, but one day we shall win.我们输了一百次，但总有一天会赢的。Before any signs of infection or resistance we detected, salicylic acid levels surged almost five-fold.我们还未探测出任何表明传染上疾病或抵抗疾病的迹象，水杨酸的含量几乎已猛增了四倍。One last hug, I thought, and I never wanted to let go.我想，再来最后一次拥抱，永远也不愿放开。某些名词作状语表示方式、方法：We began crawling back up the hill, one man after the other. I was the last man in the line.我们一个接一个地向山上爬回去，我排在最后。We know how to do it---moving up slowly one man at a time.我们知道怎么办——慢慢移动，一次一个人。The next morning Corey ran down the steps two at a time.次日早上，科瑞一步两级台阶地跑下了楼。One by one, the Native American tribes were moved west.土著美洲部落一个接一个地被赶往西部。A light bulb is a big improvement on the candle, but it works essentially the same way by heating something until it glows.电灯泡比起蜡烛来是个大改进，但它工作时实际上采用了相同的方法，即给物体加热，直到发亮。They climbed the steep mountain inch by inch.他们一点一点地登上那座陡峭的山。Susan was astonished to see that the man gave a couple of gulps and the whole chicken on the plate was gone, bone and all.那男的只几下就把整个鸡连骨头带肉地吃光，苏珊看了非常吃惊。Think about it for a while and you’ll see things my way.你考虑一会儿，就会像我那样看问题了。He wished his parents felt this way. 他希望父母这样认为。They think I should live the same way they do. 他们认为我也应该像他们那样生活。At the age of 34, Cyrus W Field had retired from the paper business a rich man.赛勒斯·菲尔德三十四岁那一年，在赚了一大笔钱之后退出了报界。I was so surprised myself that my mind momentarily refused to accept its own wild conjecture as a reality.我自己太吃惊了，我的大脑一时间难以接受对这种真相的胡乱猜测。What color do you want the rooms? 你想让房间漆成什么颜色？某些名词可以修饰形容词或副词，表示程度：Mr. Cook is three years senior to his wife.库克先生比他的太太大三岁。Catherine is nine months junior to Margaret.凯瑟琳比玛格丽特小九个月。The coat is an inch too small. 这件上衣小了一英寸。You’ve given me two copies too many. 你多给了我两本。We reached the station half an hour too soon. 我们提前半小时到了车站。My book is twice as thick as yours. 我的书是你的两倍厚。名词短语间或可修饰介词短语作状语：Engineers have produced sound waves that are half a wavelength out of phrase with those of the noise to be quieted-each crest is matched to a trough and vice versa.工程师用微处理机控制的噪声发声器已经能产生与要消除的噪声波位相差180°的声波，即每一波峰对着另一波的波谷，反之亦然。He stands head and shoulders above all his classmates in study.在学习上他远胜于其他同学。Able and Baker traveled into space 360 miles above the earth and came safely down on the sea 1700 miles from Cape Canaveral.艾博尔和贝克在地球上空360英里的空间旅行，又安全回到距卡内弗洛角1700英里的海面上。名词短语作状语还常出现于习惯用语中：During the next ten years we both worked day and night to pay for it.在后来的十年里，我俩没日没夜地干活还钱。Devoting himself to the research work day and night, he gave out.他夜以继日地进行研究，他的精力很快就消耗殆尽了。Serve the people heart and soul. 全心全意为人民服务。I’m heart and soul with you in that affair. 在那件事上，我完全赞同你。Mike was heart and soul against the new rules. 迈克一点也不赞同新规则。The girl fought tooth and nail against the bully who tried to snatch her favourite book.那个女孩顽强地与抢她最喜欢的书的坏蛋作斗争。His friends fought tooth and nail to elect him to congress. 他的朋友为了选他进入国会费了九牛二虎之力。The two boys fell upon each other, tooth and nail. 两个男孩拼命撕打，又咬又抓。They marched on the street, shoulder to shoulder. 他们肩并肩地在街上行进。The students went out, hand in hand, by twos and threes. 学生们三三两两，手挽手地走了出去。Jenner longed to find a way of saving people from this terrible disease and he thought about it a great deal and tried to find out all he could about it.杰纳渴望找到一种方法去救得这种可怕疾病的人，他翻来覆去地想此事，想把它弄个明白。Thanks to your help, we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.多亏你们的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。Suspicion of him inside the Reagan administration is now greatly diminished, thanks largely to his four visits to the United States.主要由于他四次访问美国，现在里根政府中怀疑他的人大大减少了。