高中英语语法讲义——动词不定式应试大全

动词不定式应试大全一、不定式的句法功能：功能例句说明主语To see is to believe.It is not easy to learn a language well.不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语表语My job is to attend the children.一般强调具体的动作定语I have a lot of work to do.She has no place to go. 宾语I hope to go to Dalian again.I find it interesting to play the violin.不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式放在宾语补足语之后而用it 作形式宾语宾语补足语The teacher told us to clean the windows.I noticed the boy go into the shop.   状    语表示目的I got up early to learn English.In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.目的状语还可用in order to 或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首表示原因We were excited to hear the news.I’m sorry to have hurt you. 表示结果I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.不定式作结果状语常常表示出乎预料的事，可在不定式前加only表示条件To look at him, you would like him. 修饰全句（独立成分）To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.To be honest, I know nothing about it.一般放到句首 二、不定式的时态及语态：时态主动被动意义例句语态一般to doto be done与谓语动作同时或先后发生I’m glad to see you.I hope to meet you again soon.当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式须用被动形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.This book is said to have been translated into many languages.进行to be doing 表示谓语的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行He pretended to be reading a book when I came in.Mary seems to be crying.完成to have doneto have been done先于谓语动作发生I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.We seem to have met each other before.完成进行to have been doing 先于谓语动作发生而又延续到谓语动作发生后He is said to have been studying abroad, but I don’t know which country he is studying in. 三、下列动词后可接不定式作宾语：agree, ask, decide, help, hope, wish, learn, refuse, want, need, manage, seem, dare, like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, forget, remember, promise, expect, offer, beg, try, etc. 四、下列动词后可接不定式作宾语补足语：ask, tell, order, permit, allow, wish, want, warn, expect, teach, force, encourage, beg, advise, invite, request, remind, command, cause, persuade, etc. 如：I advised him to study English harder.五、下列动词后不能接不定式作宾语补足语：agree, welcome, hope, insist, please, refuse, suggest, think, demand. 如：误：The boss agreed the workers to have a rest.正：The boss agreed that the workers could have a rest.六、下列动词后接不定式与接V-ing形式意义上有明显区别：1. go on doing 继续干同一件事  go on to do 接着干另一件事2. try doing 试着做  try to do 设法做3. can’t help doing 禁不住去做  can’t help (to) do 不能帮助做4. mean doing 意味着  mean to do 打算做5. remember doing 记得做了  remember to do 记住要做6. forget doing 忘记做了  forget to do 忘记去做7. regret doing 后悔做了  regret to do 遗憾要做8. stop doing 停止做  stop to do 停下来开始做七、否定不定式时，not或never, seldom, hardly等要放在不定式符号to之前。如：He got up early so as not to miss the train.八、句子的主语或宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式要用主动式；主语或宾语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式要用被动式。如：You need to repair your bike right away.Your bike needs to be repaired right away.九、句中的不定式需要逻辑主语时，不定式常用复合结构for sb. to do sth.表达，这种结构大多用 “It+be+adj.+for+sb.+to do sth.”这种句式。如果该句型中的形容词是表示人的品质（如honest, clever, kind等）时，句型中的for要改为of 如：It’s very important for us to learn English well.It’s very kind of you to help me with my English studies.十、记住下列短语中，to为不定式符号，其后要接动词原形：be able to, be about to, have to, ought to, too---to, in order to, so as to, so---as to, used to, etc.但在look forward to, pay attention to, be/get used to, devote oneself to等词组中to为介词，要接名（代）词和V-ing形式作宾语。如：He looked forward to visiting the Great Wall in China.十一、不定式作定语要放在被修饰的词之后；当它与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系时，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后要加上一个适当的介词。如：The old poor man had only a cold room to live in.十二、疑问词how, when, what, where, which以及whether直接与不定式连用，一起充当主语、表语或宾语时，相当于名词性从句。如：When and where to go is still a problem.I don’t know what to do and how to do it.十三、在had better, would rather, please, Why(not)---, would rather---than, cannot help, other than以及情态动词后跟不带to 的不定式。如：I can’t help but call her father up and tell him what she has done.十四、表示“感觉、视听、使役”意义的动词后接不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语。Let, make, see,Hear, watch, feel,Have, observe, listen to,Look at, notice,Find, help较特殊，带不带to都可以，被动语态还得带，千万记住别忘记。十五、介词except或but之前出现can/could, can’t/couldn’t, couldn’t/can’t help,couldn’t/can’t choose以及do的某种形式时，其后的不定式要省略to. 如：He would do anything except do washing.We can’t but laugh to hear such a story.十六、两个或两个以上语法功能相同的不定式并列时，除第一个外，后面的不定式要省略to. 如：Mum told me to stay at this gate and wait till she returned.十七、不定式省略到to的情形：1. 形容词happy, glad, ready, eager, anxious等后。如：  ---I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?  ---Not at all. I’d be happy to.2. 动词ask, tell, order, persuade, advise, wish, permit, allow等后的宾语补足语和主语补足语中的不定式。如：  The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.3. 动词like, love, hope, wish, mean, want, refuse, try, advise, persuade等后的不定式。如：  ---Will you go to the theatre, Miss Brown?  ---Sorry, I don’t want to.4. 某些词组ought to, have to, used to, be able to, be going to等后的不定式。如：  ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?   ---I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.十八、All you have to do 后的不定式作表语常省去to：如：  All you have to do is sign your name.  All you have to do is write a letter and tell her the truth.  All you have to do is eat less and exercise more, you’ll lose weight in no time.  All you have to do is E-mail us.十九、某些形容词后做状语用的不定式与句中主语有动宾关系时，常用主动形式表示被动意义：常见的这类形容词有：dangerous, difficult, easy, cheap, expensive, exciting, fit, funny, good, hard, heavy, light, important, interesting, nice, pleasant, strange, useful, etc. 如：  The book that a moment ago had seemed so tiresome, so heavy to carry, now seemed to me like old friends.  The novel is interesting to read.二十、不定式做定语时，若其逻辑主语是句中主语、间接宾语或说话人时，其主动形式表示被动意义。too---to结构中，不定式的主动形式含被动意义。如：  This is a hard question to answer.  When we talk about the universe, we mean not only the earth, the sun, the moon, and the stars, but also all the things too far away to see.二十一、不定式to let（出租）, to blame（责备）作表语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：  The house is to let.  Who is to blame for it?二十二、there be 句型中，不定式修饰名词时可用主动形式表示被动意义，也可用被动形式。如：  There is nothing to read.  There is nothing to be done now.