高考英语语法一轮复习教案——情态动词和虚拟语气
展开情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪,本身词义不全,不能单独作谓语,后面必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。
(一)can和could
1.表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产生的能力。
He could read books in English when he was only five.他只有五岁的时候就会读英文书籍了。
2.表示客观的可能性
Anybody can make mistakes.任何一个人都有可能犯错误。
3.表示请求建议,用could 比 can语气更委婉 (回答用原形)
Could you be here at eight o’clock tomorrow morning?你可不可以明天上午8点钟来这儿呢?
4.表示允许、许可,用could 比 can更委婉客气。
Could/Can I borrow your reference books?我可以借用一下你的参考书吗?
1.否定句、疑问句和感叹句中,表示怀疑、惊异、不相信的态度。
Can it be true? 难道这是真的?
You can't be serious! 你怕不是在开玩笑吧!
Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean? 哎呀,亲爱的,这究竟是意味着什么?
2.表示“经过努力后终于能……”用be able to
The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.
大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼,但大家都逃了出来。
注意:be able to比can有更多的形式变化
When he grows up, he will be able to support his family.他长大后就能养家了。
Frank is ill. He hasn't been able to go to school for one week.弗兰克病了,已经一周没去上学了。
I'm sorry for not being able to help you in time.对不起,不能及时帮你的忙。
3.惯用形式“can not (can't)…too/over/enough”。表示“无论怎么……也不(过分)”,用来加强语气
You can not be too careful.你无论怎么小心都不为过(你越小心越好)。
4.can not but do sth. 不得不;只好。
I couldn’t but choose to wait.我只好选择等待。
(二)may和might
1.表示允许、请求。
“Might I…?”比“May I…?”语气更为委婉和有礼貌。对于“Might I …?”的回答用“… may”;
“May I …?”的否定回答常用“… mustn’t / can’t”
— May I watch TV after supper? 晚饭后我可以看电视吗?
— Yes, you may.可以。
或No, you may not.不,不可以。
或You mustn't.绝对不可以。
2.表示可能性,表示“或许”,“大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中,用might 比 may语气更加不肯定。
He may be very busy these days.这些天也许他很忙。
He might come tomorrow.明天他也许要来的。
1.惯用形式 may (might)as well+动词原形:不妨做……
If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况是这样的话,我们不妨试试看。
2.表示祝愿may而不用might。采用部分倒装语序:may+主语+动词原形+……!
May the friendship between our two peoples last forever! 祝愿我们两个民族的友谊源远流长!
3.may或might可和as well连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是……的为好”
You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。
You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。
(三)must和have to
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1.must 表示“必须”。强调主观看法,只有现在时形式,否定式是must not/mustn’t,表示“禁止、不准”。
Everybody must obey the rules. 人人都得遵守规则。
You mustn't speak like that to your mother. 不准你那样对你母亲说话。
— Must I be home before eight o'clock? 八点之前我必须回家吗?
— Yes, you must.是的,必须的。
— No, you needn't./No, you don't have to.不,没必要/不必啦。
2.must表示有把握的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,用于肯定句中。
You must be hungry after the long walk.跑了这么远的路,你一定是饿了。
Home cooking must be more delicious.家常菜一定更可口。
3.have to表示“必须,不得不”,着重强调客观需要,能用于更多时态(过去式和将来式)。
The students today will have to know how to use computers.现在的学生必须懂得如何使用电脑。
As he had his leg broken, he had to lie in bed.由于腿断了,他不得不躺在床上。
1.must 还表示主语主观的坚持,有“偏偏, 偏要,一定要”之意
If you must know how old I am, I tell you that I’m twice my son’s age.
如果你一定要知道我多大年龄的话,我告诉你我是儿子年龄的两倍。
2.must表示推测时的否定式是“can’t”翻译为“不可能”
Michael ______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
(四)will和would
1.用于各种人称,表示意愿或决心。will指现在,would则指过去
I will do my best to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。
They said that they would help us.他们说他们愿意尽力帮助我们。
2.用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求,would 比 will更委婉。其 回 答 用“will”
—Would you pass me the book?请把那本书递给我,好吗?
—Yes, I will.好的。
Will you please give him a message when you see him? 你见到他时给他带个口信,好吗?
3.表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性,意为“总是”,“惯于”。 will指现在,would指过去。
Fish will die without water.鱼儿离开了水会死亡的。
He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.他在北京的时候,每逢星期日他常来看我。
The wound would not heal.伤口老是不能愈合。
would 与used to 的区别:
1.used to表示过去的某种习惯,现在已经没那样的习惯了;would 表示过去有某种习惯,不与现在对比
We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去会这样,不与现在对比)
We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去是这样的,但现在不这样了)
2.表示过去的状态,只能用used to,不能用would
There used to be a park here.这儿过去有个公园。(言下之意:现在没有了)
(五)shall, should和ought to
1.shall用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方(听话者)的意见
What shall we do this evening? 我们今天晚上做什么呢?
Shall he come in? 他可以进来吗?
2.should 表示“应该”,表义务,责任,也可表示劝告,建议
You should keep your promise.你应该信守诺言。
3.should表示按常规、常理推测,意为“可能”或“应该”
They should arrive by one o’clock.到了一点钟,他们该回来了。
4.提出意见、请求、建议时,可用should表示委婉、谦逊的语气,意为“可”,“倒是”
I should think you are mistaken.我倒是认为你弄错了。
5.ought to表示责任和义务,意为“应该”,语气比 should强;还可表推测
You ought to obey your parents when they are right.父母亲对的时候,你就该服从他们。
You have practiced for a long time. There ought to be no difficulty for you.
你练了那么长时间了,对你来说,应该没有什么困难了。
1.shall用于第二、三人称表示“警告、命令、允诺、威胁”等
You shall fail if you don’t work harder.你不更加努力工作,你就不会成功。(警告)
You shall have the book when I finish reading.我读完了,你就可以拿走这本书。(允诺)
He shall be punished.他一定会遭到惩罚。(威胁)
2.Why/How +should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等意思,意为“竟会”。
Why should you be so late? 你今天来得怎么这么晚?
How should I know? 我怎会知道!(意为:我不知道。)
(六)need
need作情态动词表示“需要”,“必要”。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中,且只有现在时,其他
时态用“have to”的相应形式代替
You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。
— Need he come now? 他现在就需要来吗?
— Yes, he must. 是的,必须来。/ No, he needn't / he doesn't have to.不必啦。
1.“Must…?”一般疑问句的否定回答要用:No, …needn't.
— Must I finish my homework now? 我现在就必须把作业做完了?
— No, you needn’t.不,不必啦.
2.need还可以用作行为动词,其变化和一般的动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时用动词主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式。
We need to have a rest.我们需要休息一下。
The house needs repairing.=The house needs to be repaired.这栋房子需要修理。
(七)dare
dare作情态动词表示“敢于”,用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。
She dare not go there.她不敢去那儿。
How dare he do such a thing? 他怎么敢做重要的事呢?
If he dare come, I will kick him out. 如果他胆敢来,我就把他踢出去。
1.惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我敢说、我想、或许”。
I dare say he is right.我敢说他是对的。
2.dare还可以用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同。
The girl didn't dare to go home.那个女孩不敢回家。
Do you dare to jump into the ocean? 跳进海洋里,你敢吗?
【注意】在否定句中时,dare后的“to+动词原形”可以省略to。
I don't dare (to) ask her. 我不敢问她。
(八) can ,may ,must皆可用来表示推测
1.在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上“must”语气最肯定,“may”表示的是事实上的可能性。
2.在否定句中只能用“can和may”。所以“can’t”(不可能)语气比“may not”(可能不、也许不)更强。
3.在疑问句中只能用“can”,不能用“may和must”。
①Peter ______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
②Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.
Michael ______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. should D. may
③He may be very busy now. → Can he be very busy now?
He must be very busy now. → Can he be very busy now?
④They can’t be cleaning the room now. 他们现在不可能在打扫房间。
注意:could ,might 表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can ,may。
(九)情态动词+have done的用法
1.could+have done:过去本可以做而实际上未能做
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. 你本来能做得更好的,但你没有尽力。
2.cannot+have done:表示对过去行为的否定推测
He cannot have been to that town. 他不可能去过那个小镇。
3.can+主语+have done:(用于疑问句)表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定
Can he have got the book? 他可能得到那本书了吗?
4.might(may)+ have done:对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测
He may not have finished the work. 他可能没有完成工作。
If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
如果我们走另一条路,我们可能更早地到达了。
5.must+have done:对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为:cannot have done
You must have seen the film. 你肯定看过那部电影。
You cannot have seen the film. 你不可能看过那部电影。
6.needn’t+have done:本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本没必要浇花的,因为就要下雨了。
注意:didn’t need to(have to)do :没有必要做而实际上也没有做
I didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it 2 hours ago.我没必要擦窗户。我姐姐两小时前刚擦过。
7.should(ought to)+ have done:本来应该做而实际上又没有做。
其否定形式表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。
You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. 你应该早点开始的,但是你没有。
She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.
他本不应该拿走我的字典的,因为我现在需要它。
▲can表示“能力;可能性;能够”
①If it were not for the fact that she _______ sing, I would invite her to the party.
A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. might not
【解析】答案为C。“fact”后接“that”引导的同位语从句,用于对其作进一步的解释。她不会唱歌是一个事实,所以要用陈述语气。can’t意为“不会,不具备某种能力”。
②The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _________be very slow.
A. should B. must C. will D. can
【解析】答案为D。“can”在肯定句中表示“可能性”时意为“有时候可能会”,这是它的一个特殊用法。
③We hope that as many people as possible join us for the picnic tomorrow.
A. need B. must C. should D. can
【解析】答案为D。can表示“能够”。句意:希望尽量多的人能够参加明天的野餐。need意为“需要”,表示需要或有必要做某事。must意为“必须”。should意为“应该”。
▲may表示“也许,可能”
Helen _______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet.
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
【解析】答案为C。句意:海伦可能(也许)会和我们一起去旅游,但她还不能确定。根据句意我们可以推断“不是她有没有这个能力去的问题”,故不能选择D项。
▲should表示“应该;按理应该”
①—I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
—You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.
A. will B. may C. have to D. should
【解析】答案为D。should意为“应该”,多表示“某事宜做、应当做或必须做”,强调主观方面的原因。根据所提供的情景“You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.”可判断出由于多年没有联系,应该给鲍勃打电话了。will意为“将”。may意为“可以”。have to意为“因客观原因不得不做某事”。
②There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
A. mustn’t B. shan’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
【解析】答案为C。根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测,用“should”或“ought to”,常译成“按理应该……”或“可能会……”。“shouldn’t”是其否定形式。句意:既然你已经在驾驶学校练习了那么多,要通过路考按理说不应该有什么困难的。
▲shall表示“征询对方意见;表示法律法规条文的规定”
①—What’s the name?
—Khulaifi.
—_______I spell that for you?
A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might
【解析】答案为A。“shall”用于征询对方的意见。此句意为:要不要我给你拼出来? “would”用于第二人称,表示“愿意”。“can”用于征得对方的同意意为“可以,可能”。“might”用于征得对方的同意意为“可以”,用于疑问句和建议时比“may”更委婉和礼貌。
②一What does the sign over there read?
一No person ________smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar or pipe in this area.
A. will B. may C. shall D. must
【解析】答案为C。“shall”常用于第二,三人称表示命令,意为“必定,一定,应该”。
▲must表示“主观意愿”意为:“一定要”;表示“命令或要求”意为“必须、一定”。
①In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you___ take care of your luggage.
A. can B. may C. must D. will
【解析】答案为C。根据句意“在诸如飞机场和火车站那样拥挤的地方,你一定要看好你的行李。”must表示“必须,一定”;can和may表示“可能”。
②—Could I have a word with you, mum?
—Oh dear, if you _______.
A. can B. must C. may D. should
【解析】答案为B。must表示“一定要”表示主观意愿。can表示“有能力”;may表示“可能、也许”;should表示“应该”。
▲have to表示“客观”上的“不得不”
①—What do you think we can do for our aged parents?
—You _______do anything except to be with them and be yourself.
A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to C. mustn’t D. can’t
【解析】答案为A。句意:除了和他们待在一起,其它的什么都不必做。mustn’t表示“禁止,不许可”的意思。
②Some aspects of a pilot’s job _______be boring, and pilots often ________work at convenient hours.
A. can; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must
【解析】答案为A。can意为“可能”。have to意为“不得不”表示“由于受客观条件的限制不得不做某事”。句意:从某些方面看,飞行员的工作可以说是很乏味的,因为他们经常不得不在不舒服的环境下工作好几个小时。
①You be hungry already— you had lunch only two hours ago!
A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
【解析】答案为B。can’t+动词原形表示“对现在情况的猜测或判断”意为“不可能”。根据下文“you had lunch only two hours ago!”可判断出“你不可能饿了”。
②There’s no light on—they ______be at home.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
【解析】答案为A。根据所提供的情景“There’s no light on”可判断出他们不可能在家。mustn’t后接动词原形表示“禁止,不准”,不用于表示猜测、推测或判断。needn’t意为“没必要”。shouldn’t意为“不应该”。
③—I’ve take someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
—It _____ Harry’s. He always wears green.
A. has to be B. will be C. mustn’t be D. could be
【解析】答案为D。根据上下文 “could”在这里表示可能性。根据所提供的情景“He always wears green.”可判断出这件毛衣可能是哈利的。
①The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.
A. should have taken B. could have taken C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken
【解析】答案为C。句意:昨天结果证明天气晴朗,所以我本来就没有必要麻烦带伞的。needn’t have taken the trouble意为“本来没有必要”。
②As you worked late yesterday, you ______have come this morning.
A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
【解析】答案为D。needn’t have +过去分词表示“过去做了没必要做的事情”。根据所提供的情景“as you worked late yesterday”可判断出今天早上没有必要来这么早(可实际上来早了)。
③I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I have driven her there.
A. could B. must C. might D. should
【解析】答案为D。根据句子意思“ 本该开车送他去的(但是没有做)”可以得出答案。
④—I’m sorry. I ________at you the other day.
—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted
【解析】答案为B。句意:“对不起,几天前我本不应该朝你大喊大叫的。”“不要放在心上。我自己有点情绪失控。”shouldn’t have done sth.表示“本不应该做某事(但做了)”。
⑤—Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.
—Great! You ______read widely and put a lot of work into it.
A. must B. should C. must have D. should have
【解析】答案为C。说话人听到对方说“I have got A for my term paper”,据此来推断对方一定是读了好多书,花费了大量的心血。“must have+过去分词”表示对过去发生事情较有把握的推测。
⑥He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
【解析】答案为B。根据语境判断,此处用must have done 表示“肯定已经……”。本句含义为:他肯定已经完成工作了;否则他现在不会在海边玩。
⑦—Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You it in the wrong place.
A. must put B. should have put C. might put D. might have put
【解析】答案为D。根据句意“你可能昨天放错了地方”可知,应用might have put表示“对过去情况较为肯定的猜测”。
⑧She have left school, for her bike is still here.
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
【解析】答案为A。由下文“for her bike is still here”可知“她不可能离开了学校”,故选C项。
⑨Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we it without you.
A. can manage B. could have managed
C. could manage D. can have managed
【解析】答案为B。couldn’t have+过去分词表示“(过去)不可能”。主意否定的转移,否则就不可能正确理解句子的意思。句意:感谢你上个星期所做的艰苦努力。我想如果没有你我们就不可能把它做好的。
⑩He paid for a seat, when he _________ have entered free.
A. could B. would C. must D. need
【解析】答案为A。could have done表示“本来可以……”。句意:尽管他本来可以免费进去的,但他还是买了票。解本题的关键在于“when”一词,在本句中表示“尽管,虽然”。