中考英语阅读理解解题技巧点拨
展开中考英语阅读理解解题技巧点拨
一、中考英语阅读题目的考查类型和解题技巧
中考英语阅读题目主要有以下四种类型,现将每一种类型的考查要点和解题技巧分析如下:
1.主旨题( To find out the main idea)
其目的是考查对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。
★解题技巧为:找主题句。 应先通读全文,理解大意,充分理解主题句的意义。主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。
主旨题常见题式为:
1.Which is the best title of this passage?
2.The main idea of this passage is_____
3.The passage mainly tells us:_________
例题1
Happiness is for everyone…
In fact, happiness is always around you, if you put your heart into it…
Happiness is not the same as money, it is a feeling of your heart…
Which of the following is this passage about?
A.Bad luck B. Good luck C. Happiness D.Life(答案为C)
例题2
It’s so crowded in Florida! We had to wait a long time to go on the rides sometimes…..
The paragraph mainly tells us:
A. It’s so crowded in Florida.
B. We had to wait a long time . (答案为A)
2. 细节题( To look for details)
细节题是用来进一步表达主题,体现中心思想的,往往针对短文某个细节来设题。
★解题技巧为:快速捕捉信息,尤其是一些事例、数字等,划出相关句子,进行对照。
例题1:Peter started playing for the local club when he was only 10 years old in 1948. In 1970,he was in the team that won the World Cup for Brazil again. He finally stopped playing in1977.
How many years did Peter play football?
________________________________(答案为29 years.抓住两个年份数字1977-1948)
细节题中的难点常为此类问题:
Which of the following is True/Not True?
这类题目要求从文中不同的地方挑出信息对事实进行判断。选项之间没有联系。
★解题技巧为:仔细回读相关信息。针对选项,逐个判断正误,1道等于3道。
例题2
It seems that everybody tells lies well, not big lies, but what we call “white lies” .Telling white lies isn't that bad. Most of the time ,people do it because they want to protect a friendship.
( )Which of the following is not True?
A. White lies are not big lies.
B. In fact, everybody tells lies .
C. People tell white lies to protect a friendship.
D. White lies are harmful to friendship. (答案为D. 答题时要求对每个选项进行回读确认信息,然后判断。)
3. 推断题( To infer a conclusion)
推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论。包括:数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。
★解题技巧为:寻找线索,悟出字里行间的意思。
常见题式:
1)From the passage we know that______
2)From the passage we can infer(推断)that___
注意:此类题目无法从原文中找到一模一样的句子。
如:The doctor gave my sister some medicine, but it did nothing to her.
( )From this sentence know__________.
A. my sister didn't like this medicine
B. my sister took the medicine
C. the medicine made my sister sick
D. my sister got better now (答案为B. 根据后半句的but it did nothing to her推断得出我姐姐吃了这个药。)
4.猜测词义题( To guess the meaning)
猜测词义题主要考查根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。
解题技巧为:通过阅读上下文,断定该词的真正含义。
常见题式如下:
1)The word “…” in the passage probably means_________.
2)What does the word “…”mean______.
3)The underlined(划线的) word means_________
例题3
Besides the usual classrooms and laboatories, the boarding schools have lots of other facilities for their students, including music rooms, borts, swimming pools, cinemas and theaters.
The underlined word means _________.
A.教师 B. 设施 C. 活动 D. 课程
二、书面回答问题的特点和解题误区
书面回答问题在设置问题时通常针对文中的5W和How—即who, when, where, what, why,和how(how long, how far, how fast…)。基本属于细节题,能在原文中找到。通常最后一个问题属于开放性题目。做这种题目时,必须看懂有关内容及前因后果,因为开放性题目的答案可以有许多,只要言之有理,都能得分。书面回答问题时,必须指导学生了解不同问题类型的回答方式,如一般疑问句用yes/no回答,选择疑问句不能用yes/no回答等。在书面回答时还要注意文字的书写,意思表述的简单明了,单词的大小写、名词的单复数、动词的人称、时态、语态等。在平时教学中, 经常发现学生能看懂文章, 也能正确地找出原文中的句子,但在书面回答时却出错,这是很可惜的。现在我来分析一下回答问题存在的几个误区和产生的原因,期望通过分析后能帮助学生提高回答问题的得分率。
回答问题解题误区1: 回答不完整
例1. Where do the writer and his grandpa go every Saturday?
回答:The nursing home.
(文中原句为:Every Saturday, Grandpa and I walk to the nursing home to … )
正确答案为:To the nursing home
例2. Where was the exhibition held?
回答: A hall.
(文中原句为:He hired(租用) a hall.)
正确答案为:In a hall
★解题技巧点拨: Where =介词+地方
例3. How many sheep are coming?
回答: Two hundred.
(文中原句为: There were about two hundred sheep coming towards us down the hill.)
★解题技巧点拨: 数字前的修饰词,如more than, less than, almost, nearly, about等一定不能忘
例4. How long has he stayed in Beijing?
回答:Ten days. (正确答案为:For ten days)
对比:5. How long did it take Mr. Smith to reach the ground floor one morning?
回答:For almost 10 minutes.
(文中原句为:All this took him almost 10 minutes.) 正确答案为:Almost 10 minutes.
★解题技巧点拨: How long 应用“for+一段时间 ”来回答,但在“it takes sb. some time to do sth.” 这个句型中是没有”for”的。
回答问题解题误区2:时态错误
例1. What did you think of the holiday?
回答:It’s terrible. 正确答案为:It was terrible.
例2.What do you think of Tom?(故事发生在过去)
回答:He is kind. 正确答案为:He was kind.
★解题技巧点拨: 回答问题时看清楚问题的时态是很重要的。
回答问题解题误区3:句法(人称)错误
例1. What did Robert and John want James to do? (文中原句为: “ What you have to do is to give us the car keys.” Robert and Adam said to James.)
回答:They wanted to give us the car keys.
正确回答:They wanted James/him to give them the car keys.
★解题技巧点拨: : 人称转换是回答问题中容易忽视的环节。
六、提高阅读能力的其他必备条件
阅读能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事,除了掌握一定的阅读技巧之外,词汇量起着决定性的作用。因此,我们要不断扩大词汇量,学会利用词缀来猜测词义。另外,我们还要扩大知识面,增加背景知识。背景知识材料多样,包括天文地理、风土人情、政治历史、人物传略、科学技术等等。一旦对文章有了背景知识,就会提高我们对文章的理解能力。
词汇题解题技巧
词汇题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点在哪里,不需要考生查找所考查内容。它可以考一个单词的含义,一个词组的意思,或者考一个句子的弦外之音。
词汇题常见提问方式如下:
The word “accentuate” (Line 4, Para.3) most probably means _____.
What is the meaning of …?
The word “colonies” (Line 2, Para.4) refers to _____.
The statement “The business of America is business” probably means “_____”.
The phrase “puts it down to” (Line 1, Para3) is closest in meaning to “_____”.
By “white elephant” the author refers to _____.
实例讲解:
原文:
This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
题目:
60. “Shadowland” in the last sentence refers to____ .
A) the wonderland one often dreams about
B) the bright future that one is looking forward to
C) the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached
D) a world that exists only in one's imagination
此题可以利用并列关系来求解。首先,and后面的句子告诉我们“任何有梦想的人必须要学会在那里生活”,这暗含了“那里”不好的环境。再从and可知,两个分句的逻辑是一致的,据此Shadowland也应该是不利的环境,故选择C项。
考句子含义的,如果句子简单,一般在上下文中寻找答案;如果句子复杂,则更加倾向于在句子内部找答案。
下面介绍一些常用的根据上下文猜测词义的技巧。
第一,针对性解释。
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。对术语下定义的句子往往出现在段首,也是主题句。有时整个段落、甚至整篇文章都围绕这一定义展开。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,因而,借助作者的定义或释义推断词义是最直接的办法。这
1.根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如:Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
2.根据复述猜测词义
1) 同位语
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。
2) 定语从句
Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出SAD含义,即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。
3. 根据举例猜测词义
例如:There is little furniture in the room. For example, there is no TV set, no fridge, no electric fan. There is even no desk in it. There is only a bed and a chair and piles of books on the floor.
可通过下文的列举,猜出furniture是“家具”。
第二,内在逻辑关系。
1. 根据对比关系猜测词义。例如:
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast,(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
2. 根据比较关系猜测词义
例如:Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
3. 根据因果关系猜测词义
例如:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
4. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
为使自己的意思表达得更清楚,作者通常用其同义词或近义词来解释难词。
例如:1.Mother was tall, fat and middle -aged. The principal of the school was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.作者把学校校长和他的母亲相比,母亲是胖的,根据as...as结构可推知plump和fat为近义词,也是肥胖之意。
2.All the members are of the same opinions. They are unanimous.用the same opinion 理解unanimous,意思为“一致同意的”。同义词或近义词标志词有or, like, as...as, the same as 等,可根据已知词推断出生词词义。
第三,外部相关因素。运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:
Husband:it’s really cold out tonight.
Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是“冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。
第四,构词法知识。
1. 根据前缀猜测词义。
例如:He fell into a ditch(沟) and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.
根据词根conscious(清醒的,有意识的),结合前缀semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的,半昏迷的”。
2. 根据后缀猜测词义
例如:Insecticide is applied where it is needed.
后缀-cide表示“杀者,杀灭剂”,结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。
3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如:Bullfight is very popular in Spain.
Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)结合在一起,指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动——斗牛。
英语阅读中词义猜测的方法和技巧
一、巧借生词本身
在英语文章中,一些人名、地名、节日等专有名词不影响理解,对它们可就词论词,不必猜测词义。例如:
1.The largest spider in the world is the goliathtarantula. 由下文知the goliathtarantula 是世界上最大的蜘蛛的名字,至于汉语怎么说则不必深究,不妨直接称之为the goliathtarantula。
2.Held on a farm, the Glastonbury festival is the most well -known and popular in the United Kingdom. 由festival可知Glastonbury只是英国一个节日的名称而已。对于类似表示专有事物名称的词,阅读时只需了解它是哪类事物即可,不必翻译。再如:Naruto is a story about...,只需知道Naruto是一个故事即可;从Cooper, an American geologist(地质学家)中可知Cooper是一个地质学家的名字。
二、巧用上下文信息
在阅读中,可根据上下文的语境暗示,运用逻辑推理来猜测生词词义。例如:
(1)He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give up easily. 作者用含有once引导的主从复合句,描述了“他”的个性:一旦树立目标, 就不会放弃。因此可推出resolute应为“坚决的, 有决心的”之意。
(2)The female(女性的)mosquito(蚊子) is a vampire and lives on blood. 从下文lives on blood可知vampire 词义为“吸血昆虫”。
三、利用同义词或近义词
为使自己的意思表达得更清楚,作者通常用其同义词或近义词来解释难词。例如:
1.Be punctual when you are going to a party. Never be late.
文中punctual一词的含义,可通过上下文间的逻辑关系判定late为其反义词,既而猜出其意为“准时的”。
2.All the members are of the same opinions. They are unanimous.用the same opinion 理解unanimous,意思为“一致同意的”。同义词或近义词标志词有or, like, as...as, the same as 等,可根据已知词推断出生词词义。
3.You must stop dreaming and face reality.
通过上文的dreaming,可以猜出reality是“现实”。
4.I like making friends with anybody. I hate making opponents.
通过上文的friends,可以猜出opponents是“敌人,对手”。
四、运用定义或释义
阅读中会遇到一些不熟悉的术语。为帮助读者理解,作者常用一个句子或一个段落来说明其内涵。对术语下定义的句子往往出现在段首,也是主题句。有时整个段落、甚至整篇文章都围绕这一定义展开。因而,借助作者的定义或释义推断词义是最直接的办法。用来表示定义或释义的提示语有:mean, refer to, be defined as, be described as, be known as, be called, that is, that is to say(即; 就是; 换句话说; 更确切地说), namely(即,也就是; 换句话说; 亦即; 就是说), or, similarly(类似地), in other words(换句话说; 就是说)。要让学生熟知这些提示语,为以后推测词义奠定基础。例如:
1.The enemy soldiers surrendered, that is, threw their weapons(武器)and walked out with their hands above their heads. 短语that is后面就是对surrendered 的释义:扔出武器,双手举过头顶走出来。可知,surrender是“投降”之意。
2.The word ecology means the study of the relationship between living things and their surroundings. 根据动词means给出的含义,可推知ecology为“生态学”。
五、巧用构词法
阅读中可运用合成、转化、派生等构词法知识来猜测词义。通过分析词缀及词根,不仅可猜测单词含义,还有利于扩大词汇量。例如:
1.They overestimate the interviewer’s ability and asked him many difficult questions.词缀over的意思为“过分”,而estimate意为“估计”。因此可推测overestimate意为“过高估计”。
2.Take out all removable parts and wash them with warm water. “removable”一词由词根move+前缀re+ 后缀able 构成,可推知意为“可移动的,可拆装的”。
教学中要让学生掌握一些常见词缀及含义。如:形容词后缀有-ful, -less, -y, -ing,-able等;
名词后缀有- or, - er, - tion, - ist,- th, -ment, -age, -ness等;构成反义词的前缀有un-, dis-. in-,im-, ir-, non-等。
有特定意义的词缀有re-( 重新,再),co-(合作的),anti-(反对的),over-(过高的),micro-(微型的),fore-(超前的),inter-(国际的,相互的),pre-(先前的,提前的),super-(超级的),tele-(远)等。
六、巧借标点符号
有时为了让读者更清楚文中某个词或短语的含义,作者经常借助标点符号( 如括号、破折号、冒号、逗号等)直接为生词提供定义或解释。例如:
1.In Russia if we give flowers as a present, we have to give an odd number of them (one, three, five, etc) because even number of flowers (two, four, six,etc)are for funerals.通过括号里的例子可知odd number为奇数, even number为偶数。
2.One of the tourists has just been bluejacked—secretly sent a test message using short-range wireless technology called bluetooth. 通过破折号后面的内容可知bluejack的意思是“运用蓝牙这种短程天线技术秘密发送手机短信”。
七、妙用对比词
在文章中, 作者有时会运用一些相互对应、互为反义的词语,使不同事物的特点更为突出。我们可以通过上下文的逻辑关系, 透过两种事物或现象的对比描述, 从其中一个熟悉的词反推出生词词义。例如:
1.Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.大部分人同意,从however 一词可推知dissent 意思为“不同意”。
2.Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it is hoarse.她现在的状况与过去相对比,过去她的声音是soft and sweet, 那么现在就是hoarse(沙哑的)了。
表示对比、转折的标志词通常有yet, but, however, otherwise(否则), even though(即使), unlike(不像), instead(相反;替代;而不是), rather than(而不是), on the other hand(在另一方面), on the contrary(相反)等。
八、找准信号词
通常情况下,某些单词或短语所引出的内容可起到解释说明的作用,能助我们理解生词含义。此类信号词有:for example, for instance, such as(例如), namely(即), and, like(像), especially(特别,尤其),include, consist of(包括)等。
1.Many United Nations employees(雇员;职工)are polyglots, Mrs. White, for example, speaks five languages.根据for example后面的例证不难猜出polyglot是“会说多种语言的人”。
2.But, on the other hand, we have such compound words as handshake and handbag. 由such as后面的例词handshake和handbag可推知compound words为“合成词”。
九、巧借经验和常识
在阅读理解中结合自己的经验和社会常识, 往往也能有效地推断出生词的含义。如:
1.When you have tanks of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. 根据生活常识,人只有背着“氧气罐”,才能在深水中呆很长一段时间。
2.In the old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with them a large quantity of dowry. 根据社会风俗,有钱人家的姑娘出嫁肯定要带很多的“嫁妆”。
根据生活经验猜测词义时,要注意观察同一生词是否在文章中其他地方出现,把两处的语境进行比较,更容易准确地猜出词义。
十、巧用因果关系
不同的原因导致不同的结果;反之,由结果也能够分析出原因。我们可以巧用因果关系来推测词义。例如:
1.Since I could not afford to buy the original painting, I bought a replica.An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. 根据since 引出的原因状语从句来看,因为作者买不起原画,结果买了“replica”,后句又进一步说明“没有经验的人是看不出差别的”,所以,很容易推断replica 应是“复制品”。
2.He was so infuriated that he tore the letters into pieces.根据结果“he tore the letters into pieces”可推知原因“infuriated”(生气)。表示因果关系的标志词有because,so, thus, due to, result in/from,as a result(of)等。
十一、活用语法知识
有些语法知识如定语从句和同位语等, 有时起着解释或进一步说明的作用,可以帮助推断词义。例如:
He was a prestidigitator who amused the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.此句中who引导的定语从句对生词做出了详细的解释,根据解释可知prestidigitator是“变戏法的人”。
以上谈了阅读中猜测词义的一些技巧,但最根本的一点是坚持“词不离句, 句不离文”的原则, 在上下文的紧密联系中猜测词义。此外,我们还要带着问题,按意群、句子去阅读,不要把注意力集中在某个单词或短语上,这样既能加快阅读速度,又能把注意力集中在内容的理解上,养成良好的阅读习惯。