中考英语语法——代词讲解 教案

代词■代词的定义和特征代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分词和句子的词。1)Because he had a bad cold，Jack decided to stay in bed the whole day. (代词he代替名词Jack)2)The Browns said they might move to California. (代词they代替名词短语the Browns)3)Bob always answers his teacher’s questions well; that shows that he works very hard at home. (代词that代替前面的分句)代词之间有两点共同之处：第一，它们本身的词义都很弱，必须从上下文来确定；第二，许多代词都有两种功用：一可单独取代名词的位置，二可起修饰语的作用。■代词的种类代词可分为八类：1)人称代词 (personal pronoun)a)主格：I，you，he，she，it，we，you，theyb)宾格：me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them2)物主代词(possessive pronoun)a)形容词性物主代词：my，your，his，her，its，our，your，theirb)名词性物主代词：mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs3)反身代词(reflexive pronoun)：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，oneself4)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun)：each other，one another5)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)：this，that，these，those，it，such，same6)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun)：who，whom，whose，which，what7)关系代词(relative pronoun)：who，whom，whose，which，that，as8)不定代词(indefinite pronoun)：some，something，somebody，someone，any，anything，anybody，anyone，no，nothing，nobody，no one，every，everything，everyone，everybody，each，much，many，little，a little，few，a few，other，another，all，none，one，both，either，neither一、人称代词1、人称代词的形式(见下表)2、人称代词的作用人称代词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。(1)人称代词作主语时用主格I lost my wallet in the park.(2)人称代词作宾语时用宾格I saw you in the street. (3)人称代词作表语时一般用宾格Who is knocking at the door？It’s me. 3、在使用人称代词时有下面几点注意:(1)we，you两词有时泛指一般人，指大家。You never know what may happen.(2)she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。I think Chinese will do what she promised to do.(3)I在并列的主语中，总放最后。(4)it有许多用法(a)代表已提到过的一件事物。I love swimming. It keeps me fit.(b)当说话者不知道对方的性别时，可用it来表示。It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl？ (c)可用来指带时间、距离、自然现象等。It is half past three now. (d)用于固定搭配中。Take it easy.walk it步行 make it办成 take it out of somebody拿某人出气二、物主代词1、物主代词的形式2、物主代词的作用1)形容词性物主代词只能作定语。The tall boy is my student.2)名词性物主代词(1)   作表语 Whose dictionary is this？It’s mine. (2)   作主语 Our room is on the first floor and theirs is on the second. (3)   作宾语 You may use my pen. I’ll use hers.(4)与of连用作定语He is a close friend of ours.三、反身代词1、反身代词的形式2、反身代词的作用(1)   作宾语 I can’t express myself in English. (2)   作表语 He is not quite himself these days. (3)作同位语反身代词作同位语时，往往是用来加强名词或代词的语气，应重读；在句中常置于名词、代词之后或句子末尾。The theory itself is all right. We had better ask the teacher herself about it. (5)偶尔用作主语 这种独立使用的反身代词语气较强。Both my sister and myself were invited to the party.(6)用于固定习语 help oneself to，hurt oneself，enjoy oneself，dress oneself，by oneself，in oneself(本身)，between ourselves(私下说的话，不可告诉别人)四、相互代词相互代词表示相互关系。1、相互代词的形式2、相互代词的用法(1)相互代词宾格用作宾语We can help each other.(2)相互代词属格用作定语We should point out each other’s shortcomings. 五、指示代词指示代词是用来指示或标识人或事物的代词。1、指示代词的形式其他还有：such，so，same，it(指人用)2、指示代词的用法(1)作主语 These aren’t my books. (2)作宾语 She will do that. (3)作表语 My idea is this. (4)作定语 This book is about Chinese traditional medicine. (5)this和that有时可用作状语，表示程度，译为“这么”和“那么”The book is this thick.](6)that和those有时用来代表前面提到的东西，以避免重复这个名词The weather in Han Dan is cooler than that in Guangzhou.(代替不可数名词weather)The machines are better than those we made last year.(代替可数名词复数machines)My room was lighter than the one next door.(如果是单数可数名词用the one来代替)六、疑问代词1、疑问代词的形式2、疑问代词的用法1)who通常作主语和表语Who is on duty today？ 2)whom作宾语 Whom do you wish to speak to？With whom did you go？ (口语中说Who did you go with？更多一些。)3)whose、what、which这三个代词可以用作(1)   主语 Whose is better？What happened next？(2)   表语 Whose is it？What’s your father？ (3)宾语Whose are you going to borrow？ (4)定语Whose umbrella is this？ 七、关系代词1、关系代词的形式who，whom，whose，which，that是用来引起定语从句的。它一面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，一面又在从句内担当一个成分(通称为先行词)。2、关系代词的用法1)who代表人，在从句中做主语或宾语。The girl who spoke is my best friend.Do you like the teacher who (whom) we talked with？ 2)whom代表人，在从句中作宾语。He is the man whom (who) you have been looking for. 3)whose代表某个人的，在从句中作定语。Do you know anyone whose family is in Xi’an？ 4)which代表事物，在从句中可以作主语和宾语。He told a story which moved us deeply. 5)that既代表人也代表物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.Fool that I was！ 八、不定代词不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词，英语中不定代词有：some(something，somebody，someone)，any(anything，anybody，anyone)，no(nothing，nobody，no one)，every(everything，everybody，everyone)，all，each，both，much，many，(a)little，(a)few，other(s)，another，none，one，either，neither等。1.不定代词的作用1)     作主语 Both(of us) are right.Either(of the answers) is correct.Neither(of the answers) is correct.Is everybody here？ Nothing special happened yesterday.All is going well.2)     作宾语 There is room for all of us.  I like none of the booksIf you have any，give us some.3)     作表语 Thanks，it’s too much for me.That’s really something.4)     作定语 You may take either road. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.人人都管等于没人管。(谚)Please give another example to illustrate your point. 5)作同位语 We none of us said anything. Give them two each.2.不定代词的用法比较1)all，every和each的比较all在表示抽象的整体概念时，作单数，相当于everything:All was destroyed in the big fire. Grasp all，lose all.什么都抓，什么都抓不住。(谚)all指人时用作复数，意为指三者以上的“全部”、“全体”，相当于everyone，例：All are present. She knows us all.all在人称代词前面，只能用all of，而且要与人称代词的宾格us，you，them等连用，如：all of us，而不能说成all us。every用于三个或三个以上的人或物，是“每一个”的意思，只能作定语，强调整体概念，例：Every player is present. They helped us in every way. 在表示“每个”、“全体”意思时，every的意思与all很接近。但一般情况下every和单数名词搭配，all和复数名词搭配，例：Every child enjoys Christmas. All children enjoy Christmas. Each也是“每一个”的意思，但与every不同，each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物，着重于个别概念，例：Two men came into the room. Each carried an umbrella. Each book on this desk is worth reading.He gave three to each(of them).2)some和any的比较不定代词some，any都是“一些”的意思，都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中；而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中，例：Have you any questions？ If there are any new magazines in the library，take some for me. 注意：在表示请求或建议，希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，应用some而不用any，例：Would you please give me some paper？Would you like some sugar？some还可用于盼望得到肯定答复的疑问句，如：Isn’t there some ink in that bottle？当any表示“任何”或“无论哪一个”的意义时，可用于肯定句，此时any要重读，例：Any one will do.任何一个都行。You may come at any time that is convenient to you.some，any和body，one，thing构成合成代词somebody，someone，something，anybody，anyone，anything等和some，any的基本用法一样，由some构成的合成代词一般用于肯定句，由any构成的合成代词一般用于否定句和疑问句。如果要在疑问句中表示请求，建议等肯定的意思或者盼望得到肯定的答复，须用somebody，someone或something。3)many、much和few、littlemany(很多)，few(很少)，a few(有几个)是表示数的代词，用以代替或修饰可数名词；much(很多)，little(很少)，a little(有一些)是表示量的代词，用以代替或修饰不可数名词。a few和a little表示肯定的意义，而few和little则表示否定意义。这些词一般作定语时较多，有时也可作主语、宾语，例：She has as many books as you. (定语)I have few books to lend you.Many have come to the meeting.He knows little about it.How much is it？注意：a lot(of)，plenty of等一类的短语相当于many和much，可修饰可数或不可数名词，一般用于肯定句：She has a lot of books on this subject.4)other(s)，the other和anotherother表示“另一个”的意思，在句中可作主语、宾语或定语，不独立使用，通常修饰可数名词复数。其复数形式是others，可独立使用，无范围限定。other和others前面加定冠词the时是特指，表示两个中的一个；前面不带定冠词the时，表示泛指，例：I have two brothers. One is a doctor，the other is a teacher. (特指，作主语)He is always ready to help others. (泛指，作宾语)another(另外一个，又一个)只能代替或修饰单数名词，可用作主语、宾语或定语，不独立使用。它实际上是由an+ other构成的，因此前面不可再用冠词，即不定指。例：Don’t lose heart. Have another try. (作定语)I have got three English novels. One is written by Charles Dickens，another(is written)by Mark Twain，and the third(is written)by Bronte. (作主语)another后面还可以跟few或带数字的复数名词，例：Just think what our town will be like in another few years.You’d better stay in bed for another two weeks.