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2020江苏高考英语二轮讲义：专题三阅读理解第三讲 理解主旨要义——主旨大意题
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第三讲 理解主旨要义——主旨大意题[学生用书P77]
主旨大意题是阅读理解中难度较大的一类题目，是拉开分数差距的一个重要考查点。因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
高考江苏卷主旨大意题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。
(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。
2019
2
2018
2
2017
—
[学生用书P77]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：
(1)What would be the best title for the text？/What is the topic of the text?
(2)The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is ________．
(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ________．
(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?
(5)What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(7)The passage mainly focuses on ________．
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度：
(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
(2)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
标题归纳题——概括凝练选标题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上， 结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。
常见的设问方式：
◆The best title of the passage is ________．
◆Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
◆What would be the best title for the passage?
◆The most appropriate title of the passage is ________．
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ·B)For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“It’s no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers，” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A＋E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of Chinainspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook，” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking_on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers，” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”
7．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
第一步 读文章，概括文意
文章以国外视角报道中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A
向世界推销梦想的年轻模特
与文章内容不符
无中生有，曲解文意
B
在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展
本文提到了在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展，但这不是文章主要表达的内容
以偏概全，主次不分
C
东西方美学的差异
本文主要讲述的是中国引领国际时尚和设计发展，C项范围过大
主题过大，范围太广
D
中国美学影响国际时尚的发展趋势
此标题全面、精练地概括了文章内容
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
第三步 对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：D
理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括——准确而又简短。
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符。
3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
文章大意题——明确中心定选项
主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。
常见的设问方式：
◆What’s the main idea/point of the passage?
◆The passage is mainly about ________．
◆What is the text mainly about?
◆The general/main idea of the passage is about ________．
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ·B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30，000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snowcovered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold, 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rise and fall of a city.
B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness.
D．Tourism in Dawson.
第一步 读文章，概括文意
本文主要介绍了加拿大道森的历史、发展与现状。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A
一个城市的兴衰
本文主要以道森为例，讲述了城市的兴衰
涵盖性强，
覆盖全文
B
加拿大淘金热
本文只在第二段提到了淘金热
以偏概全，
主次不分
C
荒野之旅
本文没提到荒野之旅
无中生有，
曲解文意
D
道森的旅游业
范围太小，不能涵盖道森的过去
以偏概全，
主次不分
第三步 对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：A
在寻找和归纳一篇文章的主题句时，应做到以下几点：
1．关注文章的首段和符合主题句特点的句子，留意下文是否对其有解释和支撑作用；
2．快速通读文章主体部分的每一段，结合每一段的主题句，判断各个段落是否与文章开头和结尾的主题句形成呼应关系；
3．注意文章的末尾，看此处出现的主题句和文章开头的主题句是否呼应。
如果文章的首句语言精练，且在中间被从多角度来说明或论证，又与尾段的句子相呼应，则这个句子是全文的主题句。此处，如果文章中出现了两种及以上的不同
观点，则文章最后作者的观点为文章的主要观点。此时要注意表示转折含义的词语如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等，因为这些词语之后的内容往往是作者的观点，也是文章的主旨大意。
此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除错误选项，选出正确答案。
段落大意题——分析结构细揣摩
每一个文段都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。一般有如下四种结构：
1．总分式。作者在段落开头概括主题，然后再按照一定的逻辑顺序展开段落；有时候，作者也会在开头先用一个引子导入主题，从而使主题句出现在第二句，但从整体上看，段落仍然是总分式结构。
2．分总式。除了总分式外，还有很多段落在开头通过举例子或论述层层推进，直到最后才得出段落的主题句，这种结构叫分总式。分总式也是很常见的一种段落结构。
3．分总分式。一个段落也可以采用分总分的模式，往往在开头讲述一个具体的事例，通过事例得出一个结论，也就是这个段落的主题句，然后继续例证或拓展这个观点所包含的内容。
4．无主题句式。英语中也有少量的段落并没有主题句，犹如汉语中的散文一样，讲究用一个主题将表面互不相连的一些事例或者表述连接起来。段落虽然没有主题句，但读完整个段落，你仍能发现，这些表面不相连的内容却都指向了同一个主题，这些不明显的主题通过一些关键词或者相似结构表现出来。
常见的设问方式：
◆What does the author tell us in paragraph...?
◆The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________．
◆The first paragraph is mainly about ________．
◆Which of the following can best summarize para.1?
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
第一步 读文章，概括段意
本段介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A
受欢迎人的分类
A项是对本段内容的精练总结和概括
涵盖性强，
覆盖全文
B
青少年的特征
本文没有涉及青少年的特征，纯属无中生有
无中生有，
曲解文意
C
交际技能的重要性
涉及交际技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主题
以偏概全，
主次不分
D
不光彩行为的原因
涉及不光彩行为，但没有介绍其原因，不是本段的主题
以偏概全，
主次不分
第三步 对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：A
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
[学生用书P80]
(2019·江苏卷·D)The 65yearold Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer’s(阿尔兹海默症). He was losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.
Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to help.
“Why do this？” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares，” Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tears in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano. Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
“It was beautiful，” Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth saving.”
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin. It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.He stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn’t play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower.”
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts. Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal, songs. With Naomi’s help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn’t.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told the director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower.”
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission. He considered it an honor.
After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional. It needed to be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，叙述了Steve在家人、朋友的帮助下与病魔赛跑及众人努力拯救可能失传的“独家音乐”的感人故事。
65．Why did Melissa want to save her father’s music?
A．His music could stop his disease from worsening.
B．She wanted to please her dying old father.
C．His music deserved to be preserved in the family.
D．She wanted to make her father a professional.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，父亲Steve是一位钢琴爱好者，是家里唯一一位音乐家，再根据第三段中的“felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young”可知，父亲Steve的音乐陪伴了Melissa的成长，因此Melissa觉得它对于这个家庭来说有着特别的意义，值得被保存，故本题答案为C。
66．After hearing Steve’s playing, Naomi ________．
A．refused to make a comment on it
B．was deeply impressed by his music
C．decided to free Steve from suffering
D．regretted offering help to her friend
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第十段“‘It was beautiful，’Naomi said after listening to the recording.‘The music was worth saving.’”可知，听完他的演奏之后，Naomi对他的音乐很是赞赏，故本题答案为B。
67．How can the process of Steve’s recording be described?
A．It was slow but productive.
B．It was beneficial to his health.
C．It was tiresome for Naomi.
D．It was vital for Naomi’s career.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第十二段中的“Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his place.”及第十四段中的“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song.”可知，音乐的录制过程缓慢，但是有成效，故本题答案为A。
68．Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower，” his wife Joni ________．
A．thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B．didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C．didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D．brought her husband’s music career to perfection
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第十五段中的“Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him‘honey’ and encouraged him.The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.”可知，在Steve进行音乐创作时，他泄气过，甚至说过要放弃，而他的妻子Joni仍然鼓励他和表扬他，并称这会是他的“签名之作”。由signature一般表示“(文件结尾的)签名”可推知，Joni认为这会是她丈夫最后的创作，她之前并没有想到丈夫的音乐会有被公开演奏的一天。再结合下文中Steve的音乐在音乐会上被演奏并得到认可及其对Steve的影响的内容可知，Joni之前并没有完全认识到Steve的音乐的价值或其积极作用。故本题答案为C。
69．How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland?
A．He felt concerned about his illness.
B．He sensed a responsibility for music.
C．He regained his faith in music.
D．He got into a state of quiet.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后两段的内容尤其是倒数第二段中的“He told his family he was at peace.”可知，在音乐会上，他心情很平静。故本题答案为D。
70．What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A．The Kindness of Friends
B．The Power of Music
C．The Making of a Musician
D．The Value of Determination
B 解析：标题归纳题。音乐让Steve在家人、朋友的帮助下展开了一场与病魔赛跑的接力赛，因此The Power of Music适合作文章的标题。
找主题句的五个小窍门
1．段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。
3．作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。
5．表示总结或结论的词语常有therefore, in short等。
[学生用书P81]
A
(2019·常州学业水平监测)As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves. When they’re little, they need our help with everything. Over time, kids usually take the lead on things like feeding and dressing themselves, but it can be difficult to know when it’s time for them to start doing some basic things, such as packing their own lunches for school or solving problems with teachers without a parent’s help.
Blogger Amy Carney recently shared a post about the things parents should stop doing for their teens. In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.
Barb Harvey, a childhood behavior expert, gave me her answer：The age at which children learn to master certain skills will be different depending upon the maturity(成熟) and interest level of the child.
I asked the same question among my friends. They gave all kinds of answers, which can explain Harvey’s opinion.
Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you. If your kids aren’t ready to pack their own lunches—don’t sweat it. Help them learn the skills they’re ready to deal with and keep working towards the end goal of raising responsible and able adults. Because if there’s one thing that we can all agree on as parents, it’s that time moves quickly when you’re raising kids. One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了父母和孩子成长的关系。
1．What is Amy Carney’s expectation when her children are 13?
A．To be a skillful cook.
B．To follow Harvey’s opinion.
C．To be an expert.
D．To have basic skills.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.”可知，Amy Carney期望自己的孩子们在13岁时可以掌握一些基本技能。故选D。
2．Who can decide when the children will learn to care for themselves?
A．Amy Carney. B．Barb Harvey.
C．The children. D．The parents.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you.”可知，孩子们什么时候可以照顾自己取决于父母。故选D。
3．Why will parents feel upset when their children grow up?
A．Their kids can do nothing.
B．They feel less important.
C．Their children become able adults.
D．Their kids disagree on anything.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.”和对第一段的整体理解可推知，当孩子们长大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情时，父母会觉得失落是因为父母觉得孩子们不再需要自己了，自己对他们来讲没有那么重要了。故选B。
4．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Walking a fine line.
B．Blogger Amy Carney.
C．Parents and their children’s growth.
D．A childhood behavior expert.
C 解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves.”点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲述的是父母和孩子成长的关系。故选C。
[长难句分析] In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.(第二段第二句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。句中that she expects her kids to master是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the basic skills。
译文：在这篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子们到他们13岁时应该掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒来，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作业。
B
(2019·江苏七市高三调研)I recently spent a day clearing out my late mother’s wardrobe. It has been two years since she died so it was time to move on. There were four wardrobes and two chests of drawers—10 black bags full of clothes for charity, and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research.
What struck me as I sorted through the rails was first, what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black, lots of layers—and second, how she never threw anything away. She didn’t buy clothes excessively, rather accumulated them over a lifetime. And every piece she bought, whether it was from St Michael(a luxury brand), H&M or Helmut Lang(fastfashion brands), she treated as equals. A vintage kimono, a coat she made in the 80s from a Kenzo Vogue dressmaking pattern, the smart black jacket ordered from Asos(an online shop), or the 40yearold oversized Tshirt from Miss Selfridge was all perfectly kept, carefully hung up or folded, buttons all in one piece, not a stitch out of place. She did not differentiate between highstreet bargains and Sunday best. She cherished all her clothes, whatever the price tag.
So, when Dr. Mark Sumner, a lecturer in fashion and sustainability at the University of Leeds, told MPs at the environmental audit committee’s investigation into the sustainability of the factfashion industry that highstreet clothes can be more durable than fastfashion ones, it rang true to me. “There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.
Some fast fashion is cheap and nasty and will fall apart after a few washes. The same can be true of designer clothing. It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr.Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation). As my mother’s wardrobe testifies, if you have a good eye for clothes that are stylish rather than fashionable, choose carefully: look for the bestquality fabrics you can afford, and treat the clothes you buy with the utmost respect, care and love. Your clothes—whatever the price tag—will repay you with years of service.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，后来作者想要通过Dr. Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。
5．What do we know about the writer’s late mother?
A．She was only fond of designer clothes.
B．She liked collecting fashionable clothes.
C．She had preference for black.
D．She often bought clothes online.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black”可知，作者的母亲喜欢黑色。故选C。
6．How will the writer treat her late mother’s clothes?
A．She will donate them all to a charity.
B．She will keep some for her own use.
C．She will sell them to fund research.
D．She will give them all to her friends.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research”可知，作者会留一些自己穿。故选B。
7．What does the author intend to prove in the last two paragraphs?
A．Expensive clothes don’t mean longlasting clothes.
B．Expensive clothes aren’t easily wornout clothes.
C．Expensive clothes don’t involve labor exploitation.
D．Expensive clothes mean a good eye for fashion.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后两段内容尤其是最后一段第三句“It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr. Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation)．”可推知，作者想要证明的是昂贵的衣服不一定耐穿。故选A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Can Cheap Clothes Be Stylish?
B．Can Price Tag Indicate Fashion?
C．Can Fast Fashion Be Sustainable?
D．Can Designer Clothing Sell More?
C 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，然后作者通过Dr.Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟想要告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故选C。
[长难句分析] “There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.(第三段最后一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是there be 句型，动词不定式作后置定语；that引导宾语从句；which引导宾语从句。
译文：他说：“这并不是说价格会告诉你哪种产品会容易磨损。”
主旨大意题[学生用书P147(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·苏北三市高三质量检测)Recently whenever I turned on my computer or my mobile phone, news about the great effect of Hurricane Harvey on thousands of people caught my eye. I saw many unfortunate events. However, there was also the bright news that confirmed the goodness of mankind. As a journalist, I wrote many humaninterest stories during my career. That’s why the story about the guys in the bakery caught my eye.
When the staff at a Mexican bakery chain in Houston were trapped inside the building for two days, they didn’t sit there feeling sorry for themselves. They used their time wisely after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey. While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.
The flood water rose in the street outside. They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread. They used more than 4，200 pounds of flour to create hundreds of loaves and sheets of sweet bread. Although the water kept rising, they continued baking to help more people. By the time the owner managed to get to them, they had made so much bread that they took the loaves to loads of emergency centers across the city for people affected by the floods.
The store manager, Brian Alvarado, told The Independent, “Whenever a disaster occurs, nobody should just feel forlorn. Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others. Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。一家连锁面包店的员工们在面对哈维飓风带来的洪水、断电时，在等待救援的同时采取积极的行动，利用应急电源烤面包去帮助社区受洪水影响的居民。
1．What did the bakery store workers do after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey?
A．They volunteered to make bread for their community.
B．They managed to live by selling more bread in the store.
C．They felt sorry that they couldn’t escape from the store.
D．They ate nothing but to wait for their community to rescue them.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.”可知，当这家面包房的员工们在等待周一上午的最终救援时，四人决定为他们的社区烤尽可能多的面包。故选A项。
2．Which of the following best explains “forlorn” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Fortunate. B．Hopeful.
C．Shallow. D．Desperate.
D 解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others.”可知，相反，我们应该采取积极的行动来拯救自己和帮助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思与positive相反，故forlorn与desperate(绝望的)意思相近。故选D项。
3．What can we infer from the text?
A．Alvarado organized his workers to bake much bread.
B．Hurricane Harvey caused a power failure in Houston.
C．The staff in the bakery sent enough flour to emergency centers.
D．The author preferred to write stories about people facing disasters.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread.”可知，他们利用应急电源烤面包。由此可推知，哈维飓风造成休斯敦停电。故选B项。
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．A Popular Mexican Bakery Chain in Houston
B．Wait for the Eventual Rescue in a Big Disaster
C．All Kinds of Disasters Caused by Hurricane Harvey in Houston
D．Bake Bread to Make a Difference in the Face of Hurricane Harvey
D 解析：标题归纳题。根据第二三段的内容和最后一段中的“Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”可知，D项(在面对哈维飓风时，烤面包起了很大作用)作为标题最能概括全文内容。故选D项。
B
It’s common knowledge that some countries have higher life expectancies than others, but the city you live in can also affect your health.
Some cities are hard on their residents. In places with poor city planning, for example Lagos, which was called out recently by the Economist Intelligence Unit, public spaces are few, making outdoor activities hard. Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.
These are just some of the factors added up by Spotahome, a rental agency. They’ve analyzed data from a range of sources, including the World Health Organization, TripAdvisor and the CIA World Factbook to score each city on health, gym availability and quality, life expectancies, obesity, green space and other elements to make a list to work out which are the world’s healthiest cities.
The list is certainly Eurocentric and sunshine is seen as a positive factor. It does go some way toward suggesting which cities are getting it right in providing a good life for their residents. It may not be surprising to learn that most of the healthiest cities are in northern Europe, known for its peoplefirst approach to city planning. The cities of Australia and Canada also do well. However, the first American city is only in 34th place. The U．K. doesn’t fare too well either—its only city in the top 50 list is London, in 40th.
Whether you’re planning a wholesome holiday, or simply wondering what your city can do better in its quest for happy citizens, the list of the 50 healthiest cities will give you pause for thought about the future of city planning. Here are the slender, healthyeating, cleanaired cities that are getting it right.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究者们通过调查发现城市建设会影响居民的健康。通过分析健康、绿化、预期寿命等因素，研究者们还列出了一个世界上最健康的城市的清单。
5．What plays the key role in building a healthy city according to the text?
A．Local culture. B．City planning.
C．Economic condition. D．Geographical position.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，大家都知道一些国家比其他国家拥有更高的预期寿命，但是人们居住的地市也会影响人们的健康，即城市规划在创建一个健康城市方面扮演着一个很重要的角色，故选B项。
6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．How the list of the healthiest cities came into being.
B．What Spotahome discovered in the recent study.
C．The reasons why Spotahome carried out the study.
D．The places where the data of the study came from.
A 解析：段落大意题。第三段主要介绍了研究者们通过从各种来源中分析数据，然后根据健康、体育设备的利用率和质量、预期寿命、肥胖指数、绿化方面和其他的一些因素对每个城市进行打分来制订清单并列出世界上最健康的城市。由此可知，本段主要介绍了这份最健康城市的清单是怎样形成的，故选A项。
7．What can we learn from the text?
A．Cities in America lack enough sunshine.
B．The U．K. ranked higher than America in the list.
C．Australia and Canada have the best city planning.
D．Some people in Lagos may live a poor life.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.”可知，在拉各斯，一些居民可能过着贫穷的生活，故选D项。
8．What may be the best title for the text?
A．The Best Places to Have a Rich Life
B．The Happiest Lifestyle in the World
C．The City Factors Affecting Your Health
D．The Nice Countries to Keep Healthy
C 解析：标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了城市建设对居民健康的影响，故选C项。
C
(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)British economist and philosopher, TR Malthus, wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798 and created shock waves around the world saying that population would grow in a geometric progression (like 1，2，4，8，16，32，64...) while food production would increase in an arithmetic progression (like 1，2，3，4，5，6，7...). Malthus had said that it is biologically inherent(固有的) in all living organisms to multiply fast.
Now, after more than 200 years of Malthus’s theory, we see that the world population has increased from about 1 billion to about 7.6 billion, but at a much slower rate than that predicted by Malthus. This is because of various contraceptive(避孕的) methods adopted in many countries and also the adoption of policies regulating birth. World food production has increased from about 500 million tonnes in 1960－1961 to about 2，600 million tonnes in 2017－2018. This is because of increase in production and cultivated(用于耕作的) areas as well as innovations in agricultural technology.
My intention is not to prove Malthus wrong. Rather, it was his alarming prediction that created an awakening worldwide regarding adoption of family planning programmes. Having said that, one must realize that even an increase from about 1 billion to about 7.6 billion today is causing serious damage to the planet, which will definitely not be able to support larger populations. Imagine, what it would be like if the world population increases to 11 billion by 2100, as has been predicted under some models.
Let me now discuss how this population explosion has given rise to environmental pollution. There are three main reasons: First, the larger the population, the larger the demand for food, and thus, the higher the requirement of cultivable land. Second, changing lifestyles has led to evolving consumption patterns; more and bigger cars, TVs, refrigerators, mobile phones, packaged foods, furniture items, and electrical devices of several types are being consumed widely and in greater numbers with each passing day. Third, we need to create housing for everincreasing populations. All this puts a pressure on the environment and land. Thus, forests and bodies of water are being destroyed to meet the requirement of land, more so in poor countries. As a consequence, species of wildlife are disappearing as their habitats do not exist any more or are completely changed, resulting in the ecological balance getting disturbed. Not only this, given that forests act as carbon sinks, their destruction is worsening global warming. Thus, when it comes to pollution, everincreasing global population is the criminal.
Further, due to the above human activities, our energy consumption is increasing, which is largely fossilfuelbased today. This is causing massive emission(排放) of greenhouse gases that is responsible for climate change. Heavy vehicular traffic, besides creating noise pollution, is further contributing to these emissions. The carbon emissions in the atmosphere presently stand at about 380 ppm compared to 280 ppm about a decade back and, at the current rate of emission, the threshold limit of 550 ppm may be breached very soon.
Today, we are facing several types of pollution. I am not discussing them in details as the issues are well known. Poor people are more affected by both increasing population and pollution. Further, poverty itself is the worst kind of pollution. Thus, there is a causeandeffect relationship between environmental pollution and poverty. Climate change is negatively affecting agriproduction, and the degradation of forests and oceans is reducing the availability of forest produce and marine products on which about 35% of the global population depends.
It is all leading to price rise, affecting the poor the most and on multiple fronts. The loss of rich land to construction also aggravates poverty. Thus, poverty gets worse due to increase in population and pollution. To conclude, the world is in urgent need of stabilization of the population to fight both pollution and poverty.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。作者分析了人口快速增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。鉴于此，作者呼吁要保持人口的稳定。
9．According to the passage, Malthus believes that ________．
A．there are effective ways to decrease the growth of population
B．food production should increase in line with population growth
C．the increase of population would exceed that of food production
D．lack of food supply is likely to bring about pollution and poverty
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“population would grow in a geometric progression (like 1，2，4，8，16，32，64...) while food production would increase in an arithmetic progression (like 1，2，3，4，5，6，7...)”可知，Malthus认为，人口会以等比数列的形式增长，而粮食产量会以等差数列的形式增长。由此可推知，人口的增长会超过粮食产量的增长。故选C。
10．What is implied in the second paragraph?
A．Malthus’s prediction of world population is totally inexact.
B．People have realized the necessity to control population growth.
C．World food production has increased by about four times since 1960.
D．Modern technology contributes most to the increase in food production.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“This is because of various contraceptive(避孕的) methods adopted in many countries and also the adoption of policies regulating birth”可知，人口增长的速度比Malthus预测的慢的原因是避孕措施的采用，而且许多国家也通过了一些政策来控制出生率。由此可推知，人们已经意识到了控制人口增长的必要性。故选B。
11．What’s the author’s attitude toward Malthus’s theory?
A．Critical. B．Positive.
C．Doubtful. D．Opposing.
B 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“My intention is not to prove Malthus wrong. Rather, it was his alarming prediction that created an awakening worldwide regarding adoption of family planning programmes.”可知，作者认为，正是Malthus令人震惊的预言警醒全世界的人们采用计划生育的方案。由此可知，作者对Malthus的理论是持支持态度的。
12．Which word can replace the underlined word “aggravates” in the last paragraph?
A．Increases. B．Relieves.
C．Exposes. D．Witnesses.
A 解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“The loss of rich land to construction”及“Thus, poverty gets worse due to increase in population and pollution.”可知，画线词所在句的含义为“肥沃的土地沦为建筑用地也加剧了贫穷”，画线词的意思是“使加重”，与increase的含义相似。故选A。
13．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The possibility of taking measures to control population.
B．The urgency for the whole world to fight against poverty.
C．The relationship between population, pollution and poverty.
D．The consumption pressure on the environment from rising population.
C 解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章重点讲述了人口增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。
14．How is the passage mainly developed?
A．By listing relevant figures.
B．By providing typical examples.
C．By comparing opinions from different fields.
D．By presenting a cause and analyzing its effects.
D 解析：写作手法题。本文重点分析了人口的增长带来的负面影响，如污染和贫困问题等，由此可知，本文是通过陈述一个原因，然后分析其影响的方式来行文的。故选D。
第三讲 理解主旨要义——主旨大意题[学生用书P77]
主旨大意题是阅读理解中难度较大的一类题目，是拉开分数差距的一个重要考查点。因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
高考江苏卷主旨大意题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。
(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。
2019
2
2018
2
2017
—
[学生用书P77]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：
(1)What would be the best title for the text？/What is the topic of the text?
(2)The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is ________．
(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ________．
(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?
(5)What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(7)The passage mainly focuses on ________．
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度：
(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
(2)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
标题归纳题——概括凝练选标题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上， 结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。
常见的设问方式：
◆The best title of the passage is ________．
◆Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
◆What would be the best title for the passage?
◆The most appropriate title of the passage is ________．
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ·B)For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“It’s no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers，” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A＋E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of Chinainspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook，” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking_on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers，” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”
7．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
第一步 读文章，概括文意
文章以国外视角报道中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A
向世界推销梦想的年轻模特
与文章内容不符
无中生有，曲解文意
B
在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展
本文提到了在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展，但这不是文章主要表达的内容
以偏概全，主次不分
C
东西方美学的差异
本文主要讲述的是中国引领国际时尚和设计发展，C项范围过大
主题过大，范围太广
D
中国美学影响国际时尚的发展趋势
此标题全面、精练地概括了文章内容
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
第三步 对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：D
理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括——准确而又简短。
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符。
3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
文章大意题——明确中心定选项
主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。
常见的设问方式：
◆What’s the main idea/point of the passage?
◆The passage is mainly about ________．
◆What is the text mainly about?
◆The general/main idea of the passage is about ________．
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ·B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30，000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snowcovered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold, 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rise and fall of a city.
B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness.
D．Tourism in Dawson.
第一步 读文章，概括文意
本文主要介绍了加拿大道森的历史、发展与现状。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A
一个城市的兴衰
本文主要以道森为例，讲述了城市的兴衰
涵盖性强，
覆盖全文
B
加拿大淘金热
本文只在第二段提到了淘金热
以偏概全，
主次不分
C
荒野之旅
本文没提到荒野之旅
无中生有，
曲解文意
D
道森的旅游业
范围太小，不能涵盖道森的过去
以偏概全，
主次不分
第三步 对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：A
在寻找和归纳一篇文章的主题句时，应做到以下几点：
1．关注文章的首段和符合主题句特点的句子，留意下文是否对其有解释和支撑作用；
2．快速通读文章主体部分的每一段，结合每一段的主题句，判断各个段落是否与文章开头和结尾的主题句形成呼应关系；
3．注意文章的末尾，看此处出现的主题句和文章开头的主题句是否呼应。
如果文章的首句语言精练，且在中间被从多角度来说明或论证，又与尾段的句子相呼应，则这个句子是全文的主题句。此处，如果文章中出现了两种及以上的不同
观点，则文章最后作者的观点为文章的主要观点。此时要注意表示转折含义的词语如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等，因为这些词语之后的内容往往是作者的观点，也是文章的主旨大意。
此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除错误选项，选出正确答案。
段落大意题——分析结构细揣摩
每一个文段都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。一般有如下四种结构：
1．总分式。作者在段落开头概括主题，然后再按照一定的逻辑顺序展开段落；有时候，作者也会在开头先用一个引子导入主题，从而使主题句出现在第二句，但从整体上看，段落仍然是总分式结构。
2．分总式。除了总分式外，还有很多段落在开头通过举例子或论述层层推进，直到最后才得出段落的主题句，这种结构叫分总式。分总式也是很常见的一种段落结构。
3．分总分式。一个段落也可以采用分总分的模式，往往在开头讲述一个具体的事例，通过事例得出一个结论，也就是这个段落的主题句，然后继续例证或拓展这个观点所包含的内容。
4．无主题句式。英语中也有少量的段落并没有主题句，犹如汉语中的散文一样，讲究用一个主题将表面互不相连的一些事例或者表述连接起来。段落虽然没有主题句，但读完整个段落，你仍能发现，这些表面不相连的内容却都指向了同一个主题，这些不明显的主题通过一些关键词或者相似结构表现出来。
常见的设问方式：
◆What does the author tell us in paragraph...?
◆The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________．
◆The first paragraph is mainly about ________．
◆Which of the following can best summarize para.1?
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
第一步 读文章，概括段意
本段介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A
受欢迎人的分类
A项是对本段内容的精练总结和概括
涵盖性强，
覆盖全文
B
青少年的特征
本文没有涉及青少年的特征，纯属无中生有
无中生有，
曲解文意
C
交际技能的重要性
涉及交际技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主题
以偏概全，
主次不分
D
不光彩行为的原因
涉及不光彩行为，但没有介绍其原因，不是本段的主题
以偏概全，
主次不分
第三步 对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：A
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
[学生用书P80]
(2019·江苏卷·D)The 65yearold Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer’s(阿尔兹海默症). He was losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.
Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to help.
“Why do this？” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares，” Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tears in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano. Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
“It was beautiful，” Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth saving.”
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin. It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.He stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn’t play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower.”
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts. Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal, songs. With Naomi’s help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn’t.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told the director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower.”
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission. He considered it an honor.
After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional. It needed to be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，叙述了Steve在家人、朋友的帮助下与病魔赛跑及众人努力拯救可能失传的“独家音乐”的感人故事。
65．Why did Melissa want to save her father’s music?
A．His music could stop his disease from worsening.
B．She wanted to please her dying old father.
C．His music deserved to be preserved in the family.
D．She wanted to make her father a professional.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知，父亲Steve是一位钢琴爱好者，是家里唯一一位音乐家，再根据第三段中的“felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep each night when she was young”可知，父亲Steve的音乐陪伴了Melissa的成长，因此Melissa觉得它对于这个家庭来说有着特别的意义，值得被保存，故本题答案为C。
66．After hearing Steve’s playing, Naomi ________．
A．refused to make a comment on it
B．was deeply impressed by his music
C．decided to free Steve from suffering
D．regretted offering help to her friend
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第十段“‘It was beautiful，’Naomi said after listening to the recording.‘The music was worth saving.’”可知，听完他的演奏之后，Naomi对他的音乐很是赞赏，故本题答案为B。
67．How can the process of Steve’s recording be described?
A．It was slow but productive.
B．It was beneficial to his health.
C．It was tiresome for Naomi.
D．It was vital for Naomi’s career.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第十二段中的“Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she’d take his place.”及第十四段中的“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song.”可知，音乐的录制过程缓慢，但是有成效，故本题答案为A。
68．Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower，” his wife Joni ________．
A．thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B．didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C．didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D．brought her husband’s music career to perfection
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第十五段中的“Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him‘honey’ and encouraged him.The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.”可知，在Steve进行音乐创作时，他泄气过，甚至说过要放弃，而他的妻子Joni仍然鼓励他和表扬他，并称这会是他的“签名之作”。由signature一般表示“(文件结尾的)签名”可推知，Joni认为这会是她丈夫最后的创作，她之前并没有想到丈夫的音乐会有被公开演奏的一天。再结合下文中Steve的音乐在音乐会上被演奏并得到认可及其对Steve的影响的内容可知，Joni之前并没有完全认识到Steve的音乐的价值或其积极作用。故本题答案为C。
69．How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland?
A．He felt concerned about his illness.
B．He sensed a responsibility for music.
C．He regained his faith in music.
D．He got into a state of quiet.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后两段的内容尤其是倒数第二段中的“He told his family he was at peace.”可知，在音乐会上，他心情很平静。故本题答案为D。
70．What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A．The Kindness of Friends
B．The Power of Music
C．The Making of a Musician
D．The Value of Determination
B 解析：标题归纳题。音乐让Steve在家人、朋友的帮助下展开了一场与病魔赛跑的接力赛，因此The Power of Music适合作文章的标题。
找主题句的五个小窍门
1．段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。
3．作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。
5．表示总结或结论的词语常有therefore, in short等。
[学生用书P81]
A
(2019·常州学业水平监测)As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves. When they’re little, they need our help with everything. Over time, kids usually take the lead on things like feeding and dressing themselves, but it can be difficult to know when it’s time for them to start doing some basic things, such as packing their own lunches for school or solving problems with teachers without a parent’s help.
Blogger Amy Carney recently shared a post about the things parents should stop doing for their teens. In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.
Barb Harvey, a childhood behavior expert, gave me her answer：The age at which children learn to master certain skills will be different depending upon the maturity(成熟) and interest level of the child.
I asked the same question among my friends. They gave all kinds of answers, which can explain Harvey’s opinion.
Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you. If your kids aren’t ready to pack their own lunches—don’t sweat it. Help them learn the skills they’re ready to deal with and keep working towards the end goal of raising responsible and able adults. Because if there’s one thing that we can all agree on as parents, it’s that time moves quickly when you’re raising kids. One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了父母和孩子成长的关系。
1．What is Amy Carney’s expectation when her children are 13?
A．To be a skillful cook.
B．To follow Harvey’s opinion.
C．To be an expert.
D．To have basic skills.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.”可知，Amy Carney期望自己的孩子们在13岁时可以掌握一些基本技能。故选D。
2．Who can decide when the children will learn to care for themselves?
A．Amy Carney. B．Barb Harvey.
C．The children. D．The parents.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you.”可知，孩子们什么时候可以照顾自己取决于父母。故选D。
3．Why will parents feel upset when their children grow up?
A．Their kids can do nothing.
B．They feel less important.
C．Their children become able adults.
D．Their kids disagree on anything.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.”和对第一段的整体理解可推知，当孩子们长大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情时，父母会觉得失落是因为父母觉得孩子们不再需要自己了，自己对他们来讲没有那么重要了。故选B。
4．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Walking a fine line.
B．Blogger Amy Carney.
C．Parents and their children’s growth.
D．A childhood behavior expert.
C 解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves.”点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲述的是父母和孩子成长的关系。故选C。
[长难句分析] In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.(第二段第二句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。句中that she expects her kids to master是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the basic skills。
译文：在这篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子们到他们13岁时应该掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒来，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作业。
B
(2019·江苏七市高三调研)I recently spent a day clearing out my late mother’s wardrobe. It has been two years since she died so it was time to move on. There were four wardrobes and two chests of drawers—10 black bags full of clothes for charity, and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research.
What struck me as I sorted through the rails was first, what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black, lots of layers—and second, how she never threw anything away. She didn’t buy clothes excessively, rather accumulated them over a lifetime. And every piece she bought, whether it was from St Michael(a luxury brand), H&M or Helmut Lang(fastfashion brands), she treated as equals. A vintage kimono, a coat she made in the 80s from a Kenzo Vogue dressmaking pattern, the smart black jacket ordered from Asos(an online shop), or the 40yearold oversized Tshirt from Miss Selfridge was all perfectly kept, carefully hung up or folded, buttons all in one piece, not a stitch out of place. She did not differentiate between highstreet bargains and Sunday best. She cherished all her clothes, whatever the price tag.
So, when Dr. Mark Sumner, a lecturer in fashion and sustainability at the University of Leeds, told MPs at the environmental audit committee’s investigation into the sustainability of the factfashion industry that highstreet clothes can be more durable than fastfashion ones, it rang true to me. “There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.
Some fast fashion is cheap and nasty and will fall apart after a few washes. The same can be true of designer clothing. It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr.Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation). As my mother’s wardrobe testifies, if you have a good eye for clothes that are stylish rather than fashionable, choose carefully: look for the bestquality fabrics you can afford, and treat the clothes you buy with the utmost respect, care and love. Your clothes—whatever the price tag—will repay you with years of service.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，后来作者想要通过Dr. Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。
5．What do we know about the writer’s late mother?
A．She was only fond of designer clothes.
B．She liked collecting fashionable clothes.
C．She had preference for black.
D．She often bought clothes online.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black”可知，作者的母亲喜欢黑色。故选C。
6．How will the writer treat her late mother’s clothes?
A．She will donate them all to a charity.
B．She will keep some for her own use.
C．She will sell them to fund research.
D．She will give them all to her friends.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research”可知，作者会留一些自己穿。故选B。
7．What does the author intend to prove in the last two paragraphs?
A．Expensive clothes don’t mean longlasting clothes.
B．Expensive clothes aren’t easily wornout clothes.
C．Expensive clothes don’t involve labor exploitation.
D．Expensive clothes mean a good eye for fashion.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后两段内容尤其是最后一段第三句“It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr. Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation)．”可推知，作者想要证明的是昂贵的衣服不一定耐穿。故选A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Can Cheap Clothes Be Stylish?
B．Can Price Tag Indicate Fashion?
C．Can Fast Fashion Be Sustainable?
D．Can Designer Clothing Sell More?
C 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，然后作者通过Dr.Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟想要告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故选C。
[长难句分析] “There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.(第三段最后一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是there be 句型，动词不定式作后置定语；that引导宾语从句；which引导宾语从句。
译文：他说：“这并不是说价格会告诉你哪种产品会容易磨损。”
主旨大意题[学生用书P147(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·苏北三市高三质量检测)Recently whenever I turned on my computer or my mobile phone, news about the great effect of Hurricane Harvey on thousands of people caught my eye. I saw many unfortunate events. However, there was also the bright news that confirmed the goodness of mankind. As a journalist, I wrote many humaninterest stories during my career. That’s why the story about the guys in the bakery caught my eye.
When the staff at a Mexican bakery chain in Houston were trapped inside the building for two days, they didn’t sit there feeling sorry for themselves. They used their time wisely after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey. While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.
The flood water rose in the street outside. They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread. They used more than 4，200 pounds of flour to create hundreds of loaves and sheets of sweet bread. Although the water kept rising, they continued baking to help more people. By the time the owner managed to get to them, they had made so much bread that they took the loaves to loads of emergency centers across the city for people affected by the floods.
The store manager, Brian Alvarado, told The Independent, “Whenever a disaster occurs, nobody should just feel forlorn. Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others. Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。一家连锁面包店的员工们在面对哈维飓风带来的洪水、断电时，在等待救援的同时采取积极的行动，利用应急电源烤面包去帮助社区受洪水影响的居民。
1．What did the bakery store workers do after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey?
A．They volunteered to make bread for their community.
B．They managed to live by selling more bread in the store.
C．They felt sorry that they couldn’t escape from the store.
D．They ate nothing but to wait for their community to rescue them.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.”可知，当这家面包房的员工们在等待周一上午的最终救援时，四人决定为他们的社区烤尽可能多的面包。故选A项。
2．Which of the following best explains “forlorn” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Fortunate. B．Hopeful.
C．Shallow. D．Desperate.
D 解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others.”可知，相反，我们应该采取积极的行动来拯救自己和帮助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思与positive相反，故forlorn与desperate(绝望的)意思相近。故选D项。
3．What can we infer from the text?
A．Alvarado organized his workers to bake much bread.
B．Hurricane Harvey caused a power failure in Houston.
C．The staff in the bakery sent enough flour to emergency centers.
D．The author preferred to write stories about people facing disasters.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread.”可知，他们利用应急电源烤面包。由此可推知，哈维飓风造成休斯敦停电。故选B项。
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．A Popular Mexican Bakery Chain in Houston
B．Wait for the Eventual Rescue in a Big Disaster
C．All Kinds of Disasters Caused by Hurricane Harvey in Houston
D．Bake Bread to Make a Difference in the Face of Hurricane Harvey
D 解析：标题归纳题。根据第二三段的内容和最后一段中的“Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”可知，D项(在面对哈维飓风时，烤面包起了很大作用)作为标题最能概括全文内容。故选D项。
B
It’s common knowledge that some countries have higher life expectancies than others, but the city you live in can also affect your health.
Some cities are hard on their residents. In places with poor city planning, for example Lagos, which was called out recently by the Economist Intelligence Unit, public spaces are few, making outdoor activities hard. Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.
These are just some of the factors added up by Spotahome, a rental agency. They’ve analyzed data from a range of sources, including the World Health Organization, TripAdvisor and the CIA World Factbook to score each city on health, gym availability and quality, life expectancies, obesity, green space and other elements to make a list to work out which are the world’s healthiest cities.
The list is certainly Eurocentric and sunshine is seen as a positive factor. It does go some way toward suggesting which cities are getting it right in providing a good life for their residents. It may not be surprising to learn that most of the healthiest cities are in northern Europe, known for its peoplefirst approach to city planning. The cities of Australia and Canada also do well. However, the first American city is only in 34th place. The U．K. doesn’t fare too well either—its only city in the top 50 list is London, in 40th.
Whether you’re planning a wholesome holiday, or simply wondering what your city can do better in its quest for happy citizens, the list of the 50 healthiest cities will give you pause for thought about the future of city planning. Here are the slender, healthyeating, cleanaired cities that are getting it right.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究者们通过调查发现城市建设会影响居民的健康。通过分析健康、绿化、预期寿命等因素，研究者们还列出了一个世界上最健康的城市的清单。
5．What plays the key role in building a healthy city according to the text?
A．Local culture. B．City planning.
C．Economic condition. D．Geographical position.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，大家都知道一些国家比其他国家拥有更高的预期寿命，但是人们居住的地市也会影响人们的健康，即城市规划在创建一个健康城市方面扮演着一个很重要的角色，故选B项。
6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．How the list of the healthiest cities came into being.
B．What Spotahome discovered in the recent study.
C．The reasons why Spotahome carried out the study.
D．The places where the data of the study came from.
A 解析：段落大意题。第三段主要介绍了研究者们通过从各种来源中分析数据，然后根据健康、体育设备的利用率和质量、预期寿命、肥胖指数、绿化方面和其他的一些因素对每个城市进行打分来制订清单并列出世界上最健康的城市。由此可知，本段主要介绍了这份最健康城市的清单是怎样形成的，故选A项。
7．What can we learn from the text?
A．Cities in America lack enough sunshine.
B．The U．K. ranked higher than America in the list.
C．Australia and Canada have the best city planning.
D．Some people in Lagos may live a poor life.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.”可知，在拉各斯，一些居民可能过着贫穷的生活，故选D项。
8．What may be the best title for the text?
A．The Best Places to Have a Rich Life
B．The Happiest Lifestyle in the World
C．The City Factors Affecting Your Health
D．The Nice Countries to Keep Healthy
C 解析：标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了城市建设对居民健康的影响，故选C项。
C
(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)British economist and philosopher, TR Malthus, wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798 and created shock waves around the world saying that population would grow in a geometric progression (like 1，2，4，8，16，32，64...) while food production would increase in an arithmetic progression (like 1，2，3，4，5，6，7...). Malthus had said that it is biologically inherent(固有的) in all living organisms to multiply fast.
Now, after more than 200 years of Malthus’s theory, we see that the world population has increased from about 1 billion to about 7.6 billion, but at a much slower rate than that predicted by Malthus. This is because of various contraceptive(避孕的) methods adopted in many countries and also the adoption of policies regulating birth. World food production has increased from about 500 million tonnes in 1960－1961 to about 2，600 million tonnes in 2017－2018. This is because of increase in production and cultivated(用于耕作的) areas as well as innovations in agricultural technology.
My intention is not to prove Malthus wrong. Rather, it was his alarming prediction that created an awakening worldwide regarding adoption of family planning programmes. Having said that, one must realize that even an increase from about 1 billion to about 7.6 billion today is causing serious damage to the planet, which will definitely not be able to support larger populations. Imagine, what it would be like if the world population increases to 11 billion by 2100, as has been predicted under some models.
Let me now discuss how this population explosion has given rise to environmental pollution. There are three main reasons: First, the larger the population, the larger the demand for food, and thus, the higher the requirement of cultivable land. Second, changing lifestyles has led to evolving consumption patterns; more and bigger cars, TVs, refrigerators, mobile phones, packaged foods, furniture items, and electrical devices of several types are being consumed widely and in greater numbers with each passing day. Third, we need to create housing for everincreasing populations. All this puts a pressure on the environment and land. Thus, forests and bodies of water are being destroyed to meet the requirement of land, more so in poor countries. As a consequence, species of wildlife are disappearing as their habitats do not exist any more or are completely changed, resulting in the ecological balance getting disturbed. Not only this, given that forests act as carbon sinks, their destruction is worsening global warming. Thus, when it comes to pollution, everincreasing global population is the criminal.
Further, due to the above human activities, our energy consumption is increasing, which is largely fossilfuelbased today. This is causing massive emission(排放) of greenhouse gases that is responsible for climate change. Heavy vehicular traffic, besides creating noise pollution, is further contributing to these emissions. The carbon emissions in the atmosphere presently stand at about 380 ppm compared to 280 ppm about a decade back and, at the current rate of emission, the threshold limit of 550 ppm may be breached very soon.
Today, we are facing several types of pollution. I am not discussing them in details as the issues are well known. Poor people are more affected by both increasing population and pollution. Further, poverty itself is the worst kind of pollution. Thus, there is a causeandeffect relationship between environmental pollution and poverty. Climate change is negatively affecting agriproduction, and the degradation of forests and oceans is reducing the availability of forest produce and marine products on which about 35% of the global population depends.
It is all leading to price rise, affecting the poor the most and on multiple fronts. The loss of rich land to construction also aggravates poverty. Thus, poverty gets worse due to increase in population and pollution. To conclude, the world is in urgent need of stabilization of the population to fight both pollution and poverty.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。作者分析了人口快速增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。鉴于此，作者呼吁要保持人口的稳定。
9．According to the passage, Malthus believes that ________．
A．there are effective ways to decrease the growth of population
B．food production should increase in line with population growth
C．the increase of population would exceed that of food production
D．lack of food supply is likely to bring about pollution and poverty
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“population would grow in a geometric progression (like 1，2，4，8，16，32，64...) while food production would increase in an arithmetic progression (like 1，2，3，4，5，6，7...)”可知，Malthus认为，人口会以等比数列的形式增长，而粮食产量会以等差数列的形式增长。由此可推知，人口的增长会超过粮食产量的增长。故选C。
10．What is implied in the second paragraph?
A．Malthus’s prediction of world population is totally inexact.
B．People have realized the necessity to control population growth.
C．World food production has increased by about four times since 1960.
D．Modern technology contributes most to the increase in food production.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“This is because of various contraceptive(避孕的) methods adopted in many countries and also the adoption of policies regulating birth”可知，人口增长的速度比Malthus预测的慢的原因是避孕措施的采用，而且许多国家也通过了一些政策来控制出生率。由此可推知，人们已经意识到了控制人口增长的必要性。故选B。
11．What’s the author’s attitude toward Malthus’s theory?
A．Critical. B．Positive.
C．Doubtful. D．Opposing.
B 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“My intention is not to prove Malthus wrong. Rather, it was his alarming prediction that created an awakening worldwide regarding adoption of family planning programmes.”可知，作者认为，正是Malthus令人震惊的预言警醒全世界的人们采用计划生育的方案。由此可知，作者对Malthus的理论是持支持态度的。
12．Which word can replace the underlined word “aggravates” in the last paragraph?
A．Increases. B．Relieves.
C．Exposes. D．Witnesses.
A 解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“The loss of rich land to construction”及“Thus, poverty gets worse due to increase in population and pollution.”可知，画线词所在句的含义为“肥沃的土地沦为建筑用地也加剧了贫穷”，画线词的意思是“使加重”，与increase的含义相似。故选A。
13．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The possibility of taking measures to control population.
B．The urgency for the whole world to fight against poverty.
C．The relationship between population, pollution and poverty.
D．The consumption pressure on the environment from rising population.
C 解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章重点讲述了人口增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。
14．How is the passage mainly developed?
A．By listing relevant figures.
B．By providing typical examples.
C．By comparing opinions from different fields.
D．By presenting a cause and analyzing its effects.
D 解析：写作手法题。本文重点分析了人口的增长带来的负面影响，如污染和贫困问题等，由此可知，本文是通过陈述一个原因，然后分析其影响的方式来行文的。故选D。
