2020江苏高考英语二轮讲义：专题三阅读理解第一讲　理解文中具体信息——细节理解题


第二部分　题型应对策略|精通四种题型解题技巧，有的放矢多拿分
第一讲　理解文中具体信息——细节理解题[学生用书P67]
细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中非常重要的一种题型。细节理解题题干针对原文的具体叙述进行提问，主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节、文章的主要事实或文中个别词句的理解能力，一般包括查找信息题、数字计算题等。
高考江苏卷细节理解题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)文章细节对于理解全文内容来说至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。
(2)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。
(3)这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。
2019
9
2018
7
2017
10

[学生用书P67]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握细节理解题常见的命题方式：
(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。
(2)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。
(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。
Ⅱ.掌握细节细解题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：直接信息题；综合细节题。
(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。

　直接细节题——精准定位判细节
直接细节题即事实认定类细节题，该题型在原文中可直接找到答案，不要求考生对事实做出解释或者判断，只需要从阅读材料中直接获取信息(有时需要跨段落查找细节信息)。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。
常见的设问方式：
◆Which activity will you choose if...?
◆What will you/the students do on Tuesday/on the Capital City Bike Tour?
◆When can you see a play in Hebrew?
◆Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?
◆At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?
◆Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?
[典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·A片段)
Jobs for Youth
If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
Who is eligible: Youth 15－18 years old in select communities(社区)．
Summer Company
Summer Company provides students with hands­on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15－29, returning to school in the fall.
21．What is special about Summer Company?
A．It requires no training before employment.
B．It provides awards for running new businesses.
C．It allows one to work in the natural environment.
D．It offers more summer job opportunities.

第一步　确定题干中的关键词
Summer_Company
第二步　根据关键词定位信息句
Summer_Company_provides_students_with_hands­on_business_training_and_awards_of_up_to_$3，000_to_start_and_run_their_own_summer_businesses.
第三步　比对选项确定答案
Summer_Company的特别之处在于_“它为经营新业务提供奖励”。
自主解答：B

第一步　看题目，从题干中提取关键信息。
第二步　采取速读技巧快速定位原文信息，仔细比对选项和文中细节，进而确定答案。　
　综合细节题——推理归纳定选项
综合细节题要求考生在原文中找到有关的信息，但同时需要将选项信息与原文句子进行语义上的转换， 例如使用同义词、近义词或反义词表达相同的意思， 这需要考生综合考虑，把握出题人的考查意图。
常见的设问方式：
◆Which of the following best describes...?
◆Why was...a success?
◆How does the writer recommend...to readers?
[典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C片段)“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.
29．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A．To meet with her coworkers.
B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own.
D．To collect data for her report.

第一步　确定题干中的关键词
prefer_to_go_out，lunch
第二步　根据关键词定位信息句
用prefer_to_go_out和lunch寻读，可以定位在第三段，在第三段找到I_just_wanted_some_time_to_myself.
第三步　比对选项确定答案
根据信息句可知，Bechtel更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自己的时间。
自主解答：C

第一步　看题目，从题干中提取关键信息。
第二步　采取速读技巧寻找原文信息，将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，将确定的文章信息进行加工处理，进行进一步的辨别，进而确定答案。　

　数字计算题——“加减乘除”巧破解

数字计算题要求考生在原文中找到相关的数字信息，再对相关的数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，确定答案。
常见的设问方式：
◆How much should a couple with a kid pay a visit...?
◆How long does...last?
◆How much may they pay...?
[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)At present, the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present?
A．About 6，800.　　　　　 B．About 3，400.
C．About 2，400. D．About 1，200.

第一步　确定题干中的关键词
less_than_6，000_people_at_present
第二步　根据关键词定位信息句
At_present,_the_world_has_about_6，800_languages.及The_median_number(中位数)_of_speakers_is_a_mere_6，000，which_means_that_half_the_world’s_languages_are_spoken_by_fewer_people_than_that._
第三步　整合推算运用数学公式计算
由原文信息句可知，目前全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是6_000，这就意味着世界上有一半语言的使用人数不到6_000；结合At_present，the_world_has_about_6，800_languages.可知，目前大约3_400种语言的使用人数不到6_000。
自主解答：B

第一步　仔细分析题干，抓牢关键信息。
第二步　从文章中找出包含该信息的段落，运用数学公式计算。
对于离散的数字计算题，需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据，然后再进行分析整合。　
[学生用书P69]
(2019·江苏卷·A)Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to make your visit truly memorable.
High_energy
If you desire physical activities, you can choose activities from swimming to horse riding. Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern. And don’t forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling.
High_minded
Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events.
Keeping_the_kids_happy
Children love the small train and playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and there’s plenty more to explore at the Buxton Museum. There’s a new indoor play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during school holiday periods.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了巴克斯顿(Buxton)令人难忘的景点及活动。
56．If you want to take an underground journey, which place is the best choice?
A．Poole’s Cavern.
B．Pavilion Gardens.
C．Buxton Museum.
D．Green Man Gallery.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据High_energy部分中的“Explore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Poole’s Cavern.”可知，如果你想进行地下之旅，可选择Poole’s Cavern。
57．Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers ________.
A．rides in small trains
B．courses in modern arts
C．artistic and cultural activities
D．basic courses in horse riding
C　解析：细节理解题。根据High_minded部分中的“Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you’ll find much to suit all tastes...There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved”可知，Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre很特别的原因是它提供多种文化艺术活动。

“两关注”“一防范”巧解细节理解题
1．两关注：关注正确选项的特征：一是同义词替换或释义， 即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面， 来表达相同的意思； 二是对文章信息的综合理解推断归纳。
2．一防范：防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。在做间接信息题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。必要时要对原文信息进行归纳，然后比对选项，进而选出正确答案。

[学生用书P69]
A
(2019·苏北三市高三质量检测)
Great American Song Contest
Contest Rules & Entry：
This annual event is designed for amateur and semi­pro(半职业) songwriters only. Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版税) do not have qualifications.
Amateur and semi­pro songwriters from all nations of the world are invited to participate in the Great American Song Contest. Song lyrics(歌词) may be in any language. Please include an English translation.
All participants will be sent an entry confirmation and a judging schedule when their songs are received and processed.
This year’s deadline is March 5. Online submissions must be received by this date. Mailed submissions must be postmarked(盖邮戳) by this date.
An entry fee of $30 is required for each entered song. After the first two entries, the entry fee drops to $25 for each additional song.
If the same song is entered in multiple categories, each requires a separate entry fee.
Prizes & Benefits：
Grand Prize Winner receives $1，000 in cash; each First Prize Winner receives $500 in cash. In addition, all winners receive a free membership to TAXI Independent A&R Company—$300 value!
Unlike those highly competitive “big cash prize” contests, which receive 20，000 to 30，000 entries each year but reward only a few, the Great American Song Contest offers a clear benefit to everyone who enters. Songwriters can get their songs heard and get feedback from knowledgeable music­industry professionals. That’s because the Great American Song Contest offers this opportunity and unique guarantee: All participating songwriters receive written opinions on their songs from experienced music­industry professionals!
【解题导语】　本文是一则广告。文章主要介绍Great American Song Contest的规则、参赛费用和奖励。
1．What can we know from the contest rules?
A．Song lyrics must be written in English only.
B．Not all songwriters can take part in the contest.
C．All submissions must be received by the deadline.
D．Not all participants will receive a judging schedule.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“This annual event is designed for amateur and semi­pro(半职业) songwriters only. Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版税) do not have qualifications.”可知，只有业余和半职业歌曲作者可以参赛，即并非所有歌曲作者都能参赛。故正确答案为B。
2．How much should a songwriter pay for his three entries?
A．$75.　　　　　　 B．$80.
C．$85. D．$90.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据Contest Rules & Entry部分倒数第二段“An entry fee of $30 is required for each entered song. After the first two entries, the entry fee drops to $25 for each additional song.”可知，三首参赛歌曲需付(30×2＋25＝)85美元。故正确答案为C。
[长难句分析]　Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版税) do not have qualifications. (Contest Rules & Entry部分第一段第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。who 引导定语从句，修饰先行词Songwriters。
译文：每年从歌曲出版版税中赚取一万美元以上的歌曲作者没有参赛资格。
B
(2019·苏州学业质量阳光指标调研)Scientists have recreated a 1985 study of birds in Peru that shows climate change is pushing them from their natural environment. Thirty years ago, researchers studied over 400 kinds of birds living on a mountainside in Peru. In 2017, researchers looked again at the bird populations. They found that almost all had moved to higher places in the mountain. Almost all had decreased in size. And, the scientists say at least eight bird groups that started at the higher elevations(高地) had died out completely.
The researchers say the birds might have moved up the mountain because of temperature changes. Or changes to food sources may have forced them to go higher. The findings were published in a science journal. The 1985 research has documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation in reaction to warming temperatures. Mark Urban, a biologist at a university, said this recent study was the first to prove that rising temperatures and moving to avoid them can lead to extinction.
In 2016, Fitzpatrick, director and a co­writer of the study passed his notes, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman. Freeman has been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years. He set out in August and September of 2017 to copy Fitzpatrick’s study. His team used the same methods, searching the same places in the same time of year.
Freeman’s team wanted to see how things had changed for the bird groups since 1985. The average temperatures on the mountain had risen 0.42 degrees Celsius. His team placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain to record the sounds of birds that might not easily be seen.
Freeman said that the birds moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain. He believes that temperature is the main cause of the birds’ movement. Fitzpatrick noted that birds used to living in areas with little temperature change may be especially at risk because of climate change. He said, “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountain top is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges.”
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，温度上升会让鸟类向海拔更高的地方迁徙，而这会导致鸟类的灭绝。
3．How many kinds of birds lived in Peru 30 years ago?
A．At least eight bird groups.
B．More than 400.
C．Over eight bird groups.
D．Less than 400.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Thirty years ago, researchers studied over 400 kinds of birds living on a mountainside in Peru.”可知，在三十年前，有400多种鸟类生活在秘鲁。故正确答案为B。
4．Why did the birds move up the mountain?
A．To avoid temperature changes.
B．To find more food sources.
C．To adapt to extreme temperature.
D．To react to the increase of other kinds of animals.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The researchers say the birds might have moved up the mountain because of temperature changes.”可知，它们是为了避开温度的变化。故正确答案为A。
5．How did Freeman and his team record the sound of birds not easily being seen?
A．They had the temperature rise 0.42 degrees Celsius.
B．They moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain.
C．They placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain.
D．They kept on listening to the sound happening on this mountain top.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“His team placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain to record the sounds of birds that might not easily be seen.”可知，他们是通过在山上放置20个录音设备来记录那些不容易被看见的鸟类的声音的。故正确答案为C。
6．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Two teams used the same methods to do researches.
B．Scientists documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation.
C．Scientists have been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years.
D．Rising temperature causes some birds in Peru to become extinct.
D　解析：主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了一项研究成果，即温度上升会让鸟类向海拔更高的地方迁徙，而这会导致鸟类的灭绝。D项体现了这项研究的结果，概括了本文的主要内容。故正确答案为D。
[长难句分析]　Mark Urban, a biologist at a university, said this recent study was the first to prove that rising temperatures and moving to avoid them can lead to extinction.(第二段最后一句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。a biologist at a university是Mark Urban的同位语；this recent study was...是省略了that的宾语从句，作said的宾语；rising temperatures...can lead to...是that引导的宾语从句，作prove的宾语。
译文：Mark Urban，一所大学的生物学家，说最近这项研究首次证明，气温上升和为避免高温而进行的迁徙可能会导致物种的灭绝。

细节理解题[学生用书P143(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A

(2019·盐城高三二模)Born in the State of New York on May 14th, 1984, Mark Zuckerberg was an instant success. In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the class, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise. It earned him admission to Harvard University.
As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university—an instantly controversial website that encouraged students to rate each other based on appearance.
The site was controversial for several reasons. The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with. The second was its controversial nature—not every student likes being ranked based on their appearance. The third was its huge resource use—while it was hosted on Harvard servers, it was the most popular page in the university’s entire network.
Zuckerberg was soon forced to shut the site down, but its popularity and controversy had made him consider its future potential. He soon turned the simple site into a personal one for Harvard students, encouraging them to network with their peers at the college. It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.
The company has been criticized frequently, nevertheless, Zuckerberg has remained true to his initial vision—to create a website that the entire world can use to communicate openly and easily with one another and to keep the user experience clean and pure. The end result is one of the world’s biggest online businesses.
Although its true value is debatable, it’s safe to say that Facebook, and its creator Mark Zuckerberg, are two of the twenty­first century’s most influential, controversial, and potentially powerful figures.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Facebook网站的创始人Zuckerberg创建网站的过程以及他努力克服所遇困难的故事。
1．What can we know about Mark Zuckerberg when he was a student?
A．He was often praised by teachers for the website he created.
B．He had good academic performance.
C．He alone created a website called Facebook.
D．He encouraged students to set up business like him.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the class, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise.”可知，Mark Zuckerberg在学生时期就有良好的学业表现。故B项正确。
2.Why did Zuckerberg shut the site down?
A．Because his website was not popular.
B．Because he was doubted for the way he used photographs.
C．Because he needed time to reconsider his choice.
D．Because he stole resource on Harvard server.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with.”可知，他关闭该网站的第一个因素就是照片的非法使用。故B项正确。
[长难句分析]　It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.(第四段第三句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。It was...that 构成强调句；which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“The Facebook”；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词a public service。
译文：就在那时，他和两个朋友一起推出了“The Facebook”。Facebook迅速传播到其他大学并发展成为一项公共服务。在美国，任何人都可以使用这一服务，无论是用来与朋友和家人联系，还是玩游戏。
B

While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions, there’s always the risk that you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain. But the days of having to quickly close your sunroof could soon be a thing of the past thanks to Jaguar Land Rover’s latest technology.
The firm is developing cars that can adapt automatically by closing windows and roofs or starting the heater if they detect bad weather is on the way. The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure, humidity(湿度) and light sensors(传感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions and adapt to them. Cars equipped with the system could make slight changes to the air conditioning if it finds the weather is getting warmer during a journey or increase the cabin temperature if it will get colder.
The forecast may indicate there is a possibility of one or more weather conditions, such as rain, within a period of time, such as five minutes. The vehicle may then adapt to the local weather conditions. In particular, it may close one or more windows, or close a roof of the vehicle in response to a forecast of rain. Similarly windows could be darkened using electrochromic(电致变色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.
Although it’s unclear whether this technology will make its way to a production vehicle anytime soon, such a system would be advantageous on autonomous vehicles. Since there’s no human driver present, the system will allow the vehicle to make it comfortable for its passengers, based on current weather conditions. It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了捷豹路虎最新的技术——天气预报系统。该系统使用了一整套气压、湿度和光线传感器，帮助车辆预测大气状况的变化并加以适应。
3．How will Jaguar Land Rover’s latest technology benefit drivers?
A．Vehicles can automatically drive themselves.
B．Vehicles can find positions and routes themselves.
C．Vehicles can act as mobile weather forecasting stations.
D．Vehicles can open windows and sunroofs automatically.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure, humidity(湿度) and light sensors(传感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions and adapt to them.”可知，捷豹路虎的最新技术可以让车辆像可移动的天气预报站一样，帮助车辆预测天气状况的变化并加以适应，从而造福于驾驶员。故选C。
4．What is the feature of the glass of a vehicle with the new technology?
A．It can help adjust the temperature.
B．It can still be clear in rainy days.
C．It is too strong to break into pieces.
D．Its colour can change with the sunshine.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Similarly windows could be darkened using electrochromic(电致变色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.”可知，采用新技术的汽车玻璃的颜色会随着阳光而改变。故选D。
5．What can we know about the weather forecasting system from the text?
A．It is intelligent enough to stop raining.
B．It makes the driver more comfortable.
C．It can’t predict the weather accurately.
D．It makes autonomous cars safer in bad weather.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming.”可知，天气预报系统会使无人驾驶汽车在恶劣天气下更安全。故选D。
6．Where might the text be taken from?
A．A book review.　　　　　 B．A science report.
C．A science fiction. D．A travel brochure.
B　解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了捷豹路虎最新的技术，因此本文最可能出自科学报道。故选B。
[长难句分析]　While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions, there’s always the risk that you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain.(第一段第一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。while引导让步状语从句；you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain是同位语从句，说明risk的内容。
译文：虽然天气预报员可以做出相当准确的预测，但你还会有在雨中开车时会淋雨的风险。
C
(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)The United Nations Climate Change Conference takes place next week in Poland. About 20，000 people from 190 countries are expected to take part in the conference. There, world leaders will debate how to limit climate change—the weather events linked to slowly rising temperatures on Earth. They will discuss ways to reduce carbon emissions(排放物) and other pollution which, scientists say, can give rise to long­term changes to our planet.
For environmentalists, one area of concern is South America’s Amazon rainforest. Brazil holds about 60 percent of the Amazon rainforest. It is also the most biodiverse country on Earth, with more than 56，000 species of plants, 1，700 species of birds, 695 amphibians, 578 mammals, and 651 reptiles. Studies have shown that the Amazon takes in as much as 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year and releases about 20 percent of Earth’s oxygen.
Scientists wonder whether the rainforest will be protected under Brazil’s next president, Jair Bolsonaro, who will take office on January 1, 2019. Bolsonaro has said that his country should withdraw from the 2015 Paris Agreement. Under the agreement, most nations promised to reduce carbon emissions by 37 percent over 2005 levels by the year 2030. The president­elect claims a mandate(授权) from voters to develop land for agriculture and other purposes. He said that Brazil’s rainforest protection is standing in the way of economic success.
Scientists say deforestation is a major reason for climate change. Studies have linked rising temperatures to the destruction of forests. Scientists worry about the future of the Amazon. New Brazilian government records show the speed of deforestation has increased over the past year.
Carlos Nobre, a climate scientist at the University of São Paulo, told the Associated Press that it is almost impossible to say just how important the rainforest is to the planet’s living systems. Some scientists call the Amazon “the lungs of the planet”. They liken it to human lungs. Each tree takes in and stores carbon dioxide from the air around it. The trees also release the oxygen we need to live.
The Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, also creates weather. Billions of trees pull up water through their roots. Then the trees release water vapor into the air. The vapor forms a thick mist, made up of tiny drops of water. These water particles move up into the clouds and later return to earth as rain. Scientists estimate that the Amazon creates 30 to 50 percent of its own rainfall.
During the election campaign, Bolsonaro promised to ease protection for areas of the Brazilian Amazon set aside for native peoples and wildlife. He said the indigenous lands and nature reserves restrict economic growth. “All these reserves cause problems for development，” he said. The president­elect also talked about taking away the power of Brazil’s environmental ministry to enforce laws for protecting the environment.
Paulo Artaxo is a professor of environmental physics at the University of São Paulo. He said that if Bolsonaro keeps his campaign promises, then “deforestation of the Amazon will probably increase quickly—and the effects will be felt everywhere on the planet”．
However, senator­elect Luiz Carlos Heinze, noted that farmers are not invaders(侵略者), but producers. He blamed the past administrations for supporting native rights at the expense of farmers. “Brazil，” he said, “will be the biggest farming nation on Earth during Bolsonaro’s years.”
Scientists warn that if the Amazon and other rainforests lose too many trees, this could affect rainfall and global climate. Nobre and others estimate that the “tipping” point(引爆点) for the Amazon system is 20 to 25 percent deforestation. Without enough trees to support the rainfall, the longer and bigger dry season could turn more than half of the rainforest into a tropical grassland.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。众所周知，亚马孙热带雨林对整个地球的生态有着举足轻重的作用。其中，约60%的部分位于巴西。而2019年上任的巴西总统Bolsonaro承诺为了发展本国经济将允许农民砍伐更多的热带雨林树木，对此很多人感到忧心忡忡。
7．What does the author say about the Amazon rainforest?
A．It is home to more than 56，000 species of plants.
B．It makes up about 60% of Brazil’s rainforests.
C．It creates 30 to 50 percent of the world’s rainfall.
D．It supplies about 20 percent of the oxygen to Earth.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Studies have shown that the Amazon takes in as much as 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year and releases about 20 percent of Earth’s oxygen”可知，亚马孙热带雨林为地球供应大约20%的氧气。故选D。
8．Why does Bolsonaro want to withdraw Brazil from the 2015 Paris Agreement?
A．Because he thinks it impossible to achieve.
B．Because it is against his promises to his voters.
C．Because he thinks it will sacrifice Brazil’s economy.
D．Because it will influence Brazil’s rainforest protection.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中提到的亚马孙热带雨林具有吸收二氧化碳和释放氧气的重要作用和第三段中的“Bolsonaro has said that his country should withdraw...He said that Brazil’s rainforest protection is standing in the way of economic success”可知，Bolsonaro想让巴西退出《巴黎协定》是因为这一协定要求巴西减少二氧化碳的排放，这就意味着巴西要保护好其境内的热带雨林，但Bolsonaro认为这种保护会阻碍巴西经济的发展。故选C。
9．Which of the following statements may Carlos Nobre agree with?
A．The significance of rainforests is to be reevaluated.
B．The value of rainforests can not be overemphasized.
C．It’s unwise for Brazil to quit the 2015 Paris Agreement.
D．It’s wrong to link rainforests to the planet’s living systems.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第五段中的“it is almost impossible to say just how important the rainforest is to the planet’s living systems”可知，Carlos Nobre认为热带雨林对地球生命系统非常重要。故选B。
10．What is Luiz Carlos Heinze’s attitude to Bolsonaro’s campaign promises?
A．Doubtful.　　　　　 B．Critical.
C．Favorable. D．Concerned.
C　解析：观点态度题。根据倒数第二段的内容尤其是“He blamed the past administrations for supporting native rights at the expense of farmers. ‘Brazil，’ he said, ‘will be the biggest farming nation on Earth during Bolsonaro’s years.’”可知，Luiz Carlos Heinze责备先前的巴西政府为了保护热带雨林地区而牺牲了农民的利益，而且他认为在Bolsonaro执政期间，巴西会成为地球上最大的农业国家。由此可推知，他对Bolsonaro的承诺是持赞同态度的。故选C。
11．What will probably happen if Bolsonaro’s promises are carried out?
A．Native peoples’ shelters will no longer be protected.
B．Brazil will surely see a rapid increase in its economy.
C．Laws to protect the environment will be strengthened.
D．Global warming will worsen because of deforestation.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“if Bolsonaro keeps his campaign promises, then ‘deforestation of the Amazon will probably increase quickly—and the effects will be felt everywhere on the planet’”和最后一段中的“Scientists warn that...global climate.”可知，如果Bolsonaro信守了他的承诺，即为了发展巴西的农业经济，允许农民砍伐更多的树木，这可能会导致亚马孙的森林砍伐量迅速增加，进而对全球气候产生影响，使全球变暖问题恶化。故选D。
12．Which is the most suitable title for this passage?
A．Are Brazil’s Rainforests in Danger?
B．What Threats the Amazon Rainforest?
C．Why Is the Amazon Rainforest Important?
D．Will Brazil’s Rainforests Survive Climate Change?
A　解析：标题归纳题。文章重点讲述2019年上任的巴西总统Bolsonaro承诺为了发展巴西本国的经济要退出《巴黎协定》，允许农民砍伐更多的热带雨林树木，这会对全球气候产生恶劣影响。因此很多人对此感到担忧。故A项“巴西的热带雨林处于危险之中吗？”作本文标题最佳。