2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：语法十一、定语从句

十一、定语从句对应学生用书p187　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a．m. to 5 p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ____________ she opened with her late husband Les.2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters ____________ had great experience with caring for these animals.3．(2019·浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ____________ gives off light in the dark.4．(2019·北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those ____________ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ____________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil­testing program ____________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.[答案与解析] 1．which。考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。2．who。考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人)，且从句缺主语。故填关系词who。3．that/which。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为a piece of cloth，且定语从句缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。4．who/that。考查定语从句。从大学受益最多的学生是那些完全投入到学术生活中并充分利用大学的机会和资源的学生。根据句意以及句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，其先行词指人，空处在从句中做主语，故填who/that。5．that/which。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为a study，且定语从句缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。6．that/which。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句。a soil­testing program是先行词，指物，且定语从句缺少主语，故填关系代词，that/which。   对应学生用书p187(一)概述定语从句，在句中用来修饰名词或代词(有时可以是句子)。这个从句所修饰的词叫先行词，从句由一个连接词连接，这个连接词叫作关系词(即关系代词或关系副词)。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。关系副词在句中充当状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式。定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。 (二)关系词一览 名称关　系　代　词关　系　副　词   形式whowhomwhichthatwhose(ofwhom/which)whenwherewhy  指代     范围人人物人，物……(人)的……(物)的时间地点原因  在从句     中的     作用主语    表语     宾语宾语主语   表语     宾语主语    表语     宾语定语状语状语状语   
(三)定语从句的各种形式 名称例　句解　说限制性定语从句The boy who talked to me is my classmate. The boy (whom) you saw is my classmate.  The boy whose parents are abroad is my classmate.  September 1st is the day when school begins.  That is the school where I study.  This is the reason why he was absent from class.  In those days that/which followed, we worked very hard.  This is the school that/which we visited last year.  Do you know the reason which/that he explained to the boss？(1)这类从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用，因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。 (2)在从句中做宾语的关系代词可省略。  (3)左边第四句中的“when”相当于“on which”；第五句中的“where”相当于“in which”；第六句中的“why”相当于“for which”。  (4)有时，定语从句的先行词表时间、地点、原因等，但指代它的关系词却在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语，这时，引导定语从句的仍然只能是关系代词，而不能用关系副词。如左边的最后三个例子。  非限制性定语从句I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. It had 1，100 students, many of whom later went into the countryside.  That is my room, whose window is open.  He passed the exam, which was unexpected.  The meeting will be put off till next week, when those fellows will be back.  We then moved to Paris, where we have lived for six years.(1)这种从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后不影响整个句子的含义。 (2)不能用关系代词that引导。  (3)引导从句的关系词不能省略。  (4)非限制性定语从句的先行词若是前面一整句话，关系代词则用which，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。  特殊句式  I have the same book as you (have).  →My book is the same as yours (is).  →I found the same book that you lost yesterday.(1)关系代词as/that分别引导定语从句，其先行词是the same或the same所修饰的名词。 (2)the same...as...指“同一类(似)”事物；the same...that...指“同一个”，即该事物本身。  Such books as you bought are useless.  People such as you describe are rare nowadays.as 引导定语从句修饰先行词such或such...。 Heat is a form of energy, as is known to all of us.   As our teacher points out, that book is of benefit to everyone.as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句末，句中或句首。 I don't like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother.  That is the way (that/which) you'll learn about.(1)表方式的名词way做先行词时，引导定语从句且在从句中充当状语的关系词可用that或in which(即含“in the way”之意)，亦可省略。 (2)但如果代替way的关系代词在定语从句中做宾语，则可用that或which，亦可省略。   
　　(四)介词＋关系代词(prep.＋which / whom)用　法例　句注　释介词的位置  位于从句末，远离关系代词He is an easy­going person (whom) all like to make friends with. The tool (that/which) he is working with is called a hammer.关系代词做介词的宾语，远离介词的关系代词可以省略。 位于从句前，关系代词紧跟介词The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. This is the school in which I study.紧跟介词的关系代词不可省略。 介词的选择  根据先行词The place in which a sports field will be built is very beautiful.“in”表“在……之处”。根据谓语动词We have several natives advancing towards our party, to whom we gave some gifts.“to”出自“give sth. to sb.”。根据句子意思The girl made a hole in the wall, through which she could see what was going on outside.“through”含“通过(那个洞)”之意。根据所属关系The journey took her four months, of which the sailing time was 79 days.“of”表“其(四个月之)中”。代替关系副词The reason for which he was absent is that he was ill.“for which”可换成关系副词“why”。(五)关系代词that与which的区别区别例句常 用 关 系 代 词 that 的 情 况 当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时Do you have anything that is important to tell me? 当先行词被all, any, few, little, no, not, every, each等修饰时I have few books that are very good. 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰时The biggest bird that I caught is this bird. This is the first book that I bought myself. 当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等修饰时This is the very book that I lost yesterday. 当先行词有两个，一个指人一个指物时The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace. 当主句中含有疑问词which时Which are the books that you bought for me？当先行词在主句中做表语，且关系代词在从句中也做表语时China isn't the country that she used to be 50 years ago.当主句以There be... 结构开头时There is a seat in the corner that is still free.There are two tickets of the film that are for you.  常用 关系 代词 which 的 情况 在非限制性定语从句中Mary has a book, which is very precious. 在介词之后This is a house in which lives an old man. 当主句中的主语被that修饰时That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.I've bought you some books which, I think, may interest you.