2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：语法十五、构词法

十五、构词法对应学生用书p199　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Her years of hard work have ____________(final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.2．(2019·浙江卷)School uniforms are ____________(tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.3．(2019·北京卷)Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend, and it’s never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and ____________(meaning) college experience.4．(2018·浙江卷) ____________(recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ____________(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.[答案与解析] 1．finally。考查副词用法。根据空格所处的位置可知，此处应用副词形式做状语，修饰谓语动词have been acknowledged，意为“最终得到认可”，故填finally。2．traditional。考查形容词。句意：穿校服在英国是一个传统，但是一些学校开始允许学生上学不用穿校服。这里做表语，常用形容词，故填traditional。3．meaningful。句意：在考虑上哪所大学之前，学生应该对大学有一个正确的态度，为一个健康和有意义的大学体验做必要的准备永远不会太早。根据句意以及句子结构可知，此处用形容词做定语修饰名词college experience。4．Recently。分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词修饰整个句子，故填recent的副词形式。5．strengthen。分析句子结构可知，此处为动词不定式做目的状语，故本空应填动词strengthen，意为“增强，加强”。对应学生用书p199　　(一)派生法1．形容词变副词的后缀 在形容词后加­ly可变成相应意义的副词 直接加­ly extreme→extremely尤其stupid→stupidly 傻地 改y为­ilyhappy→happily快乐地merry→merrily 快乐地 去e加­lytrue→truly真地2.形容词变名词的后缀 后缀例词­ageshort→shortage不足；短缺­cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效accurate→accuracy准确性 ­domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧 ­encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默 ­nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点careless→carelessness粗心大意 ­thstrong→strength力气；强项wide→width宽度 ­y ­ty ­itydifficult→difficulty困难；难题responsible→responsibility责任 3.动词变名词的后缀 后缀例词­alapprove→approval赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来 ­anceappear→appearance出现；外貌perform→performance表演；节目 ­enceexist→existence存在；生存refer→reference参考；查阅 ­ionconstruct→construction建设evaluate→evaluation评估 ­ationconsider→consideration考虑imagine→imagination想象力 ­(s)siondiscuss→discussion讨论；辩论admit→admission接纳；准许入学 ­inghear→hearing听力；听觉begin→beginning开始 ­mentargue→argument辩论；论据equip→equipment设备 ­urefail→failure失败；没做到(应做之事)press→pressure压力 ­turemix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发 ­yrecover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现 其他vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向；趋势 4.表示“人”的后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：后缀例词­ervillage→villager村民strange→stranger陌生人 ­arlie→liar说谎者­eeemploy→employee受雇者；雇员interview→interviewee被面试者 ­orinvent→inventor发明家educate→educator教育家；教师 ­esssteward→stewardess 女乘务员host→hostess 女主人；女主持人 ­eseChina→Chinese中国人Japan→Japanese日本人 ­anAmerica→American美国人Australia→Australian澳大利亚人 ­ianhistory→historian历史学家politics→politician政治家；政客 ­istspecial→specialist专家tour→tourist旅行者；观光者 ­antparticipate→participant参加者assist→assistant助手 5.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀 后缀例词­ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的 ­alperson→personal个人的；私人的nature→natural自然的；天生的 ­fulhope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的 ­edconfuse→confused感到困惑的bore→bored感到厌倦的 ­ingsurprise→surprising令人惊讶的convince→convincing令人信服的 ­ibleaccess→accessible容易到达的；容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的 ­iveeffect→effective有效的；生效的instruct→instructive有教育意义的 ­ousanxiety→anxious忧虑的curiosity→curious好奇的 ­sometire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome麻烦的 ­ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的 dirt→dirty有灰尘的；脏的 ­erneast→eastern东方的west→western西方的 ­ishfool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的 ­icscience→scientific科学的electricity→electric电的 ­aryimagine→imaginary想象的；虚构的6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 前缀例词dis­advantage→disadvantage缺点comfort→discomfort不舒适 il­legal→illegal不合法的im­patient→impatient不耐烦的moral→immoral不道德的 in­formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的 ir­regular→irregular不规则的responsible→irresponsible不负责任的 mis­lead→mislead误导understand→misunderstand误解 un­wise→unwise不明智的willing→unwilling不愿意的 happy→unhappy不高兴的 ­lesshope→hopeless绝望的care→careless粗心的 7.变动词的前缀和后缀 前缀与后缀例词en­large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实；使丰富 ­enstrength→strengthen加强broad→broaden使变宽 hard→harden使变硬 ­ifyclass→classify把……分类beauty→beautify美化 ­izeapology→apologize道歉　　(二)转化法不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。动词→名词walk→take a walk散步swim→have a swim游泳 名词→动词book n．书→v.预订milk n．牛奶→v.挤奶 形容词→动词slow adj.慢的→v.减慢narrow adj.窄的→v.使变窄；(差距等)缩小 形容词→副词hard adj.困难的→adv.努力地high adj.高的→adv.高高地 deep adj.深的→adv.深深地 wide adj.宽的→adv.广阔地