2021届高考英语通用版一轮复习考点专讲：考点26并列句和状语从句学案

 考点26 并列句和状语从句
高考频度：★★★★★


考向一 并列句
一、并列连词
1.表示并列关系的连词：
and: 可用来连接两个或两个以上的单词/短语或句子，表示一种顺接的关系。
We are singing and they are dancing.
or：用于否定句中连接并列成分，表示＂和，与＂；
用于＂祈使句+or+陈述句＂中，意为＂否则，要不然＂。
The baby is too young. He can’t speak or walk.
both…and：＂两个都……＂，连接两个并列主语时谓语动词用复数。
Both Li Ping and Mary are going to the Great Wall tomorrow.
either…or…：＂要么……要么＂，连接的并列成分可在句中作主语、表语、宾语等。连接并列成分作主语时，谓语动词通常与or后的部分保持一致。
Either she or I am right.
neither…nor: ＂既不……也不……＂，连接的并列成分可在句中作主语、表语、宾语等。连接并列成分作主语时，谓语动词通常与nor后的部分保持一致。
Neither he nor I am right.
not only…but also: ＂不仅……而且……＂，强调后者；引导并列主语时，谓语动词与后面的主语保持一致。
Not only the students but also the teacher gives the money to our school.
2. 表示转折关系的并列连词
but
＂但是＂，所连接的成分意思相反或相对。
Our school is small but beautiful.
while
＂然而，可是＂，表对比。
He went out for a walk, while I stayed at home.
yet
＂但是，然而＂，用于转折。
I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了，但我还要尝试。
3. 表示因果关系的并列连词
＂由于，因为＂，表示原因，不能放在句首，也不能单独使用；for引导的从句不能位于not，but或任何连词之后。
The days were short, for it was now December.

for：

＂因此，所以＂，表示结果，so不能和because连用。
There were no buses, so I came by bicycle.


so：

4. 其他常用并列连词
when：＂就在那时＂，常用句型：
be about to do…when…
be going to do…when…
be doing…when…
►I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
二、并列句
并列句由两个或者两个以上独立分句并列在一起构成， 起基本结构是 分句加并列连词加分句。
在并列句中， 除了使用并列连词以外还可以使用并列连词词组， 或者连接副词来连接分句，有时甚至不用并列连词， 只用逗号. 分号. 冒号等把分句隔开。
常用的并列连词有：and , but , or, for, so , neither, nor …
并列连词词组有：either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as well as, not only…but also…
连接副词有：besides, furthermore, moreover …
1. 表示联合关系
常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词
There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.
I can neither write songs nor play the guitar.
2. 表示选择关系
常用or, either …or 等连词
We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk.
…either one of his daughters replaces him as a prisoner in the castle, or he will die. …
3. 表示转折和对比关系
常用yet， but， however， while 等
but表示完全转折， 语气较强。 while主要表示对比。 however在使用时必须用逗号把它和句子其他成分隔开。 yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。
Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors.
They wanted to charge ﹩5,000 for the car, but we managed to bring the price down.
In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children.
One can not see wind, however, it does exist.
I’d like to go with you ; however , my hands are full.
The essay is good; it could be improved ,however.
He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词)
It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词)
4. 表示因果关系
常用so， for，therefore等连接词
I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning.
It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home.
He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail.
5. 表示条件或者结果
常用and或者or等连词
Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time.
Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident .
Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better.
You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past.
6. 表示递进关系
常用besides， furthermore，moreover等连接副词。
Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, it is instructive.


注意：
1.包含并列连词的特殊句式。
(1)祈使句，and/or＋主谓结构。
(2)名词短语，and＋主谓结构。
(3).be about to...when...正要……这时突然……
Climb to the top of the mountain，and you'll get a good view of the city.
Hurry up，or you'll be late.
Another five minutes，and I'll finish the composition.
A few minutes and they went away.
He was about to go out when it began to rain heavily.
2.however，but，while的用法比较。
however另起新句,有逗号与句子隔开。but不需另起新句。while既表示对比，又表转折。
He was ill，but he still kept on working.
What she said sounded reasonable，Mr. Green，however，didn't believe her. 她说得有道理，然而，格林先生就是不信她。
There is plenty of rain in the south while there is little rain in the north. 南方多雨而北方少雨。
3.(1) so不能与because连用。
(2)but，while不与although连用，但yet，still可与although连用

1.【2019·新课标I卷·短文改错】Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.
【答案】 Suddenly football fell just in front of me almost hit me.
【解析】考查冠词。名词football为可数名词，前边需要有限定词。这里football第一次出现，故在football前加a；考查连词。句意：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。“足球落下来”与“打到我”两个动作是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but改为and。
2.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made_(make) over the years. I work not because I have to, ___67___ because I want to.”
【答案】but
【解析】考查并列连词。根据句意逻辑可知，此处为转折关系，句意：我工作不是因为我不得不做，而是因为我想做。此处用but与前文not 呼应，构成“不是……而是 ……”之意，故填but。
3.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】On our way to the house，it was raining ___61___ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get (get)there. It was in the middle of Pearl City.
【答案】so
【解析】考查副词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们不能不想还要多久才能到达那里。“so…that…”意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。故填so。
4.（2018·新课标I卷·短文改错）At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed.
【参考答案】but改为and
【答案解析】考查并列连词的用法。我计划每两年回来一次，他同意了。此处是并列关系，故将but改成and。
考向二 状语从句
定义
在复合句中担任状语成分的从句称为状语从句。按其意义可分为时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，结果，目的，方式，比较状语从句等。状语从句可放在主句的前后，一般用逗号隔开。状语从句常由引导词（连接词）引导。
分类
地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
方式状语从句
as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是＂正如……＂，＂就像＂，多用于正式文体。
as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作＂仿佛……似的＂，＂好像……似的＂。
原因状语从句
because, since, as和for
（1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
（2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。
分类
结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so和such与其后的词的搭配规律。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
注意：
① so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。
② so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
注意：unless = if not.　
让步状语从句
连接词though, although，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
比较状语从句
引导词及用法：（not） so / as … as, than, the +比较级…… the +比较级……, except/excepting that...（除了……）。
时间状语从句
连接词：when/while/as,till/until,since,before/after, once /as soon as/the moment/the minute/the instant/immediately/ directly/instantly, /no sooner…than
/hardly（scarcely,rarely）…when ,the first（second…）last/next/every /each /by the time等

分类
时间状语从句
when/while/as
都表示＂当……的时候＂，但when侧重某一时刻的动作或状态，while侧重某一持续时间段的动作或状态，as侧重紧接着发生的动作或状态，强调＂同一时间，一先一后，一边……一边……＂。
when的其他用法及意义：
（1）＂突然，正在此时＂，常构成以下结构：
be（was/were）+ doing sth/about to do sth/on the point of doing sth/to do sth/on one’s way to...+when（vt-ed）... /had done…+when（vt-ed）..
（2）＂既然/如果＂
until/till
二者意义相同，until 比till正式，句首只能用until。
肯定句且谓语动词为延续性动词时表示＂直到……为止＂；否定句且谓语动词为终止性动词时表示 ＂直到……才……＂，常构成＂not...until...=before...
但not until放在句首时，主句应该半倒装（倒主不倒从）。


分类
时间状语从句
since
prep ＂自从……以来＂ 主句（一般/现在完成时）+since+时间点
adv. ＂从那以后＂ since then/ever since 强调某一动作或状态的一直，它所修辞的主句谓语动词须为延续性动词。
conj. 主句（一般/现在完成时）+since从句（vt-ed）
（1）主句谓语动词为非延续性动词时，必须强调动作的多次。
Great changes have taken place since I left this city.（take place 为终止性动词，故译为＂自从我离开这城市，发生了很多变化＂）
（2）从句谓语动词为非延续性动词时，则从句的动作表示延续多长时间了，按正常语序翻译。
（3）若从句谓语动词为延续性动词时，则从句的动作表示已结束多长时间了。
（4）it is /was/has been+一段时间+since（vt-ed）... ＂自从……有多长时间了＂
before
＂在……之前；还没（来得及…….就； 趁着还没……＂
【固定用法】
① it was（not）/had done＋一段时间＋before（vt-ed）…＂还要过多久才……（不多久就……了）＂

分类
时间状语从句

② it will（not）be＋一段时间＋before（一般式）… ＂还要过多久才……（不多久就……了）＂
③ there is +一段时间+to go（=left）＋before（一般式）... ＂在……之前＂
④ long before ＂不久前＂, 用于一般过去时和完成时中；before long = soon/not long after ＂不久后＂,用于一般将来时和一般过去时中。
其他
once（一旦/曾经，常放在句首）/as soon as/the moment
/the minute/the instant/immediately/ directly/instantly,
/hardly（scarcely,rarely）…when/no sooner…than （一……就……）； hardly/ scarcely/ rarely/ no sooner置于句首须半倒装，构成hardlyscarcely,rarely/no sooner+had +s+done...when/than）.
the first（second…）time/last（next）time/every（each）time/by the time（常与完成时连用）

1.(2019·江苏卷·单项填空)The doctor shares his phone number with the patients __________ they need medical assistance.
A. if only B. as if C. even though D. in case
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】考查状语从句的连词。句意：医生给了病人他的手机号码，以防病人需要医疗援助。A. if only要是…多好；B. as if好像，仿佛；C. even though即使，尽管；D. in case以备，以防，免得。故选D。
2.It's much easier to make friends ________ you have similar interests.
A. unless B. when C. even though D. so that
【参考答案】B　
【答案解析】考查状语从句。由句意＂当你们兴趣相投时，交朋友就容易多了＂可知，这里应该用when引导时间状语从句。
3.I took my driving license with me on holiday, ________ I wanted to hire a car.
A. in case B. even if C. ever since D. if only
【参考答案】A　
【答案解析】考查状语从句的连接词。带驾照的目的是便于租车，所以选A。in case以防、以免或以便于。even if即使，用于让步状语从句；ever since自从，一般引导时间状语从句；if only倘若，用于条件句，使用虚拟语气。

题组一 基础过关
I.根据语境在空白处填入适当的并列连词
1. I have long been interested in space exploration ________I believe I could learn a great deal from him about it.
2.Oliver is not the right sort of person for the job，________I'll pay him off.
3.I believed her—________surely she would not lie to me.
4. And why are some people happy and successful________others aren't?
5. It's not doing the things we like，________liking the things we have to do that makes life happy.
6.The children must have got lost in the woods；________，they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
II.根据语境在空白处填入适当的状语从句的连词
1. I will be grateful ________ you could give me a kind consideration.
2. ________I showed my answer to him，the teacher praised me for my independent thinking.
3.________cleaning street is no more than an ordinary job，it contributes to the society.
4.Good opinions are worth sticking to ________they can benefit us all.
5.Leave your key with a neighbor ________you lock yourself out one day.
6.It took nearly two hundred years ________I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.
题组二 能力提升
I.单项填空
1. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, __________ plants can spread to new places.
A. so B. or C. for D. but
2.There's no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery ________ another man, also intelligent, fails.
A. since B．if C. as D. while
3. I was glad to meet Jenny again, ________ I didn't want to spend all day with her.
A. but B. and C．so D．or
4. I think we’d better keep to the subject, ______ we’ll waste our time．
A. and B. or C. but D. so
5.—Glad to see you, Kate.
—Oh, my God. It’s been 20 years _______ we last saw each other.
A. when B. before C. after D. since
6.—What a terrible accident!
—Yes. It happened _______ he four roads meet.
A. where B. that C. when D.as
7. _______ the students found the soldier’s idea interesting, the system for the blind was too difficult to be of practical use.
A.As B. Since C. While D. When
8.China’s economy is sure to develop very quickly _______ the new government is able to work scientifically and practically.
A. even though B.in case C.as though D.in that
9.–I’m totally confused about why she steals things_______ she can easily afford to buy them.
A. if B. when C. while D. because
10._________be late again, he came to school by taxi this morning.
A. In order to B. So as to C. In order not to D. So as not to
II.语篇填空(用适当的连词填空)
Gandhi was honored as the father of the Indian nation, __1__he has been respected by the Indians with the belief that he is an Indian national hero.
He was born in India in 1869.As is recorded，he did not get married __2__13 years old, following the local custom. In 1888 he sailed to England, __3__studying law for three years and became a lawyer.__4__he returned to India, he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case.
In South Africa he was surprised to find that the problem of racial discrimination was serious.__5__，he formed an organization __6__this was how he started to fight for equal rights.
Gandhi returned to India in 1915, __7__India was controlled by the British. He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and independence for his country.__8__in the political movement many Indians including Gandhi were put in prison __9__it was still not sure whether they could gain independence，the struggles never stopped. The British government had to give in __10__India won its independence in 1947.Unfortunately Gandhi was shot by an Indian who opposed his views and died on January 30th, 1948.
题组三体验真题
1.（2019·天津卷·单项填空）Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion _________ he wants their support.
A. since B. once
C. unless D. after
2.（2017·新课标I卷·短文改错） Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes（改为went） blank, I forgot what he had said to me altogether.
3. （2017·新课标III卷·短文改错）I had（改为have） grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.
4. (2017·北京卷·单项填空)—Peter, please send us postcards ________ we'll know where you have visited.
—No problem.
A. but B. or C. for D. so
5.(2016·北京卷·单项填空) I am not afraid of tomorrow, ________ I have seen yesterday and I love today.
A. so B. and C. for D. but
6.（2017·天津）I ___________ down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
A. was driving B. have driven
C. would drive D. drove
7.(2015·北京)He is a shy man, ___________ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
A.so B. but
C. or D. as
8.(2014·北京) Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ______ plants can spread to new places.
A. so B. or
C. for D. but
9. (2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I was glad to meet Jenny again, ________ I didn't want to spend all day with her.
A. but B. and
C. so D. or


题组一 基础过关
I.根据语境在空白处填入适当的并列连词
1.and 2.so 3.for 4.while 5.but 6.otherwise
II.根据语境在空白处填入适当的状语从句的连词
1.if 2.When 3.Although 4.because 5.in case 6.before
题组二 能力提升
I.单项填空
1.A
【解析】考查并列句。句意：一些动物带着种子到处走，所以植物就会扩展到新的地方。本题前半部分讲＂有些动物把种子从一个地方带到另外一个地方＂，所以导致＂植物传播＂，表示因果关系的并列句。所以选A。
2.D
【解析】考查并列连词的用法。句意：没办法知道为什么一个人有重大发现，而另外一个人虽然也很聪明，却没有(重大发现)。此处while是并列连词，表示转折和对比，意思是＂然而＂。根据句意选D。
3.A　
【解析】考查连词。句意：我很高兴又遇见了珍妮， 不过我不想花整天的时间和她在一起。后面句子中的didn't表示否定，由此可知这里是转折的意思。故选A。
4. B
【解析】考查连词的用法。句意：我觉得我们最好是继续这一科目。否则会浪费我们的时间。and表并列关系；or表示选择；but表示转折；so表示因果。本题旨在说明要么继续这一科目，要么浪费时间，二者择一。故答案为B。
5.D
【解析】考查连词。句意：——凯特，很高兴见到你。——天啊！自从我们上次相见已经20年了。A. when＂当……时候＂；B. before＂在……之前＂；C. after＂在……之后＂；D. since＂自从＂。Since引起时间状语从句，从句的时态用一般过去时，而主句中用现在完成时。故选D。
6.A
【解析】考查地点状语从句。句意：——多么可怕的事故！——是啊。它发生在四条路的交汇处。根据句意可知此处应用where引导地点状语从句，故选A。
7.C
【解析】考查连词。as＂正如，因为＂；since＂自从，既然＂；while＂当……时候，尽管＂；when＂当……时候＂。结合该句两个主谓结构表示的意思可知，该空应表示让步＂尽管……＂。句意：尽管学生们觉得这位士兵的观点很有趣，但供盲人使用的这个系统太难以致没有实用价值＂。故选C项。
8.D
【解析】考查状语从句。A. even though即使，尽管；B. in case  以防，万一；C. as though好像；D. in that因为。句意：中国的经济一定会发展非常快速，因为新的政府能够科学地、实事求是地工作。根据句意可知应选D。
9.B
【解析】考查连词。句意：我真是完全迷惑了，她为什么要偷东西，既然自己能够很容易地购买到。A. if如果；B. when既然；当……时候；C. while当……时候；尽管；D. because因为。when在此引起条件状语从句。故选B。
10.C
【解析】考查目的状语从句。句意为：为了不再迟到，今天早晨他是打车来学校的。根据句意排除A、B两项，而so as not to不用于句首，故C项正确。
II.语篇填空(用适当的连词填空)
1.and　 2.until　 3.after　 4.When/As soon as　 5.Therefore　
6.and　 7.when　 8.Although/Though　 9.and　 10.and
题组三体验真题
1.C
【解析】考查连词辨析。句意：汤姆是如此独立，以至于他从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。since因为；once一旦；unless除非；after在……之后，根据题意，故选C。
2.so改为but/yet
【解析】考查连词。根据句意可知作者本以为自己已经掌握了教练的话，结果一发动车，脑中一片空白，前后文为转折关系，故将so改为but或yet。
3.and改为but
【解析】考查连词。固定短语not only…but also…意为＂不但……而且……＂。
4.D
【解析】考查连词。句意：＂彼得， 请发给我们明信片以便我们能知道你参观过的地方。＂＂没问题。＂so (that) 意为＂为了……，以便……＂，由句意可知答案选 D。
5.C
【解析】考查并列连词。句意：我不害怕明天，因为我已经经历了昨天并且深爱着今天。so后跟结果；and表并列关系；for补充说明原因；but表转折。故选C。
6.A
【解析】根据固定句型：was/ were doing sth + when…(正在做某事，就在这时突然)可知选A。此处when是并列连词。
7.B
【解析】句意：他是一个害羞的人，但是他并不害怕任何事和任何人。A. so因此；B. but但是；C. or或者；D. as作为。根据句意，前后句表示转折，因此选择but。
8.A
【解析】考查并列句。句意：一些动物带着种子到处走，所以植物就会扩展到新的地方。本题前半部分讲＂有些动物把种子从一个地方带到另外一个地方＂，所以导致＂植物传播＂，表示因果关系的并列句。所以选A。
9.A
【解析】考查连词。句意：我很高兴又遇见了珍妮， 不过我不想花整天的时间和她在一起。后面句子中的didn't表示否定，由此可知这里是转折的意思。