2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第六讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致

第六讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致
(一)　动词的时态、语态


单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started (start) a soil­testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
2．(2018·6月浙江高考)I still remember visiting a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was_shocked (shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were_used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah has_been_told/was_told (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.
6．(2017·6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband searched(search)the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
7．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)I was_allowed (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600­acre centre.
8．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might be_made (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.












一、时态
(一)一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加­s或­es构成。其变化规则如下：
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
直接加­s
work—works　learn—learns
come—comes play—plays
want—wants need—needs
结尾为­s，­x，­sh，­ch或­o
在词尾加­es
pass—passes discuss—discusses
teach—teaches wash—washes
fix—fixes go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”
变y为i再加­es
carry—carries　cry—cries
study—studies worry—worries
2.一般现在时的用法
1)主要用来表示人、事物的现状和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
Secondary school in the USA usually covers seven years, grades six to twelve.
美国的中学通常是七年制，即从六年级到十二年级。
2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。
①She knows French and German besides English.
除了英语，她还会法语和德语。
②Planning so far ahead makes no sense — so many things will have changed by next year.
这么早作计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。
3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。
①It’s known that the earth goes round the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
②“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”
奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。”
4)一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。
①I’ll tell him about it as soon as he comes.
他一来，我就告诉他这件事。
②They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。
①The train leaves at 4：30 p．m.
火车在下午4：30出发。
②The plane takes off at 5 o’clock.
飞机在5点钟起飞。
(二)一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
(1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加­ed构成，其变化规则如下：
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
在动词后加­ed
look—looked　watch—watched
stay—stayed expect—expected
以­e结尾的动词
后加­d
hope—hoped　like—liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词
变y为i再加­ed
study—studied　try—tried
copy—copied carry—carried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时
双写词尾的辅音字母再加­ed
stop—stopped clap—clapped
plan—planned prefer—preferred
admit—admitted
permit—permitted
(2)不规则动词的过去式

　　　　　不规则动词的变化详见 “附录四：
动词的不规则变化表”
2．一般过去时的用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
—Is Peter coming?
—No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015·重庆高考单选)
——彼得要来吗？
——不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。
(2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。
—Long time no see! Have you graduated from college?
—Yes.I studied English for four years in Nanjing.
——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？
——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。
(3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。
I always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。
①I didn’t know you were here.
我不知道你在这里。
②Sorry, I forgot to bring your book.
很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。
(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(三)一般将来时
1．will/shall＋动词原形
(1)表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。
①By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.
等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。
②My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.
我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。
(2)will还可表示说话时临时做出的决定。
—What time is it?
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
——几点了？
——我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。
2．be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
①I feel I am going to make progress with her help.
我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。
②Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
3．be to＋动词原形
“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
10点前你们得交上论文。
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are＋v.­ing。v.­ing形式的变化规则如下：
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
在词尾直接加­ing
work—working
look—looking
study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词
去e再加­ing
have—having face—facing
take—taking write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写该辅音字母再加­ing
cut—cutting　put—putting
swim—swimming
begin—beginning
以 ­ie结尾的动词
变ie为y再加­ing
lie—lying　tie—tying
die—dying
2．现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。
The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.
秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。
(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。
My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven o’clock tomorrow morning.
明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
Tom is always coming late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.
汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成为：was/were＋doing。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。
I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。
(六)将来进行时
表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为：will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1：30到4：30)等。
①If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you will be eating fresh watermelon in the summer.
如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么夏天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。
②I’ll be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.
明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。
(七)现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry, I haven’t made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。
2．表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
3．在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
4．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
5．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isn’t it?
这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
(八)过去完成时
过去完成时的构成为：had＋done，其基本用法如下：
1．表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。
2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped to come to help you. Something happened to me. That’s why I didn’t come.
我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。
3．在“hardly (scarcely) ...when ..., no sooner ...than ...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done.
送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。
5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。
(九)将来完成时
表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by＋将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为：will/shall have done。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。
(十)现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并仍在进行。
—Tony, why are your eyes red?
—I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes.
——托尼，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？
——在过去的5分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。
3．现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
(十一)过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，这一动作可能刚结束，也可能仍在进行。
He had been living here before he went to New York.
他去纽约之前一直住在这里。
(十二)过去将来时
1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法
过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。
She said that she wouldn’t do that again.
她说她再也不会这样做了。
2．表示过去将来时的其他表达法
(1) was/were going to ＋ 动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。
I thought it was going to rain.
我认为要下雨了。
(2)was/were to ＋ 动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。
She said she was to get married next month.
她说她计划在下个月结婚。
(3)was/were about to ＋ 动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示将来的具体时间状语连用。
I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。
(4)was/were ＋现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
二、被动语态
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下：
形态
时间　　
一般
进行
完成
现在
am/is/are
cleaned
am/is/are being cleaned
have/has been
cleaned　　　
过去
was/were
cleaned
was/were
being cleaned
had been cleaned
将来
shall/will
be cleaned

shall/will have
been cleaned
过去将来
should/would
be cleaned


①Enough has been done for you, but you’ve made little progress.
为你做了很多，然而你进步却很小。
②The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。
(二)被动语态的基本用法
1．强调或突出动作的承受者。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，畅销全世界。
2．不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。
—Have you heard about that fire in the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one was hurt.
——你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？
——听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。
3．用在科技文献或新闻报道中。
Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.
这种小汽车是二十世纪八十年代制造的。

[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
①find→found

②goes→went
(1)上下文中时态不一致
若上下文叙述的是同一件事情，则时态应具有一致性。
①若上下文是一般过去时，则同样用一般过去时；
②若上下文是一般现在时，则同样用一般现在时。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.
④Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky — they were looked like rain!
③took→taken

④去掉looked或第二个were
(2)语态错用
常见错误类型有：
①被动语态构成错误，其构成形式应为“be＋过去分词”；
②系动词和不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态，误把系动词和不及物动词(短语)当作及物动词而使用被动语态。

(二)　主谓一致


单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country has_grown (grow) more corn than rice.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often acceptable.
5．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.
6．(2015·湖南高考单选)It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes (take) years to achieve.

英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三大原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近一致原则。这三个原则发生冲突时，优先考虑意义一致原则。
一、意义一致原则
1．由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。
①The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。
②To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是个好习惯。
2．“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有充分的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
3．非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
To prevent the air from being polluted is what we’re now researching.
防止空气受污染是我们现在正在研究的课题。
4．含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况。
(1)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
More than one student has been admitted to the club.
不只一名学生被录取到这家俱乐部。
(2)the rest, the remaining/part ...＋主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。
The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.
工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。
(3)分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。
①About 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants.
大约50%的土地适合种植物。
②About 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up.
这个城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。
5．单复数同形的名词作主语的情况。
单复数同形的名词，如means, works, sheep, deer, crossroads, series等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据具体情况而定。
①Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.
解决这个问题的每一种方法都试过，但没有一种有效。
②There are various means of communicating with a stranger.
同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。
6．从句作主语的情况。
从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据从句的意义决定。
①That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.
杰克出国了，这使我们都很惊讶。
②What he says and acts do not agree.
他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事，是复数概念)
二、语法一致原则
1．主语和谓语通常遵循语法一致的原则，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。
①Mr Black is a well­known expert on AIDS.
布莱克先生是著名的艾滋病专家。
②My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
我的朋友们无意和我去购物。
2．a quantity of后接名词时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。quantities of后接复数名词、不可数名词，谓语动词都用复数形式。
With more and more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.
→With more and more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
3．由“kind (form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。
This new type of buses is now on show.
这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。
4．主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等附属成分时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, is regarded as one of the best all­round forms of exercise.(2017·天津高考单选)
现在，骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。
三、就近一致原则
1．由or, nor, either ...or, neither ...nor, not only ...but (also)连接的并列主语，通常遵循就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。
①Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.
他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定)
②Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.
不是杰克而是他父母应为这次家庭事故受到责备。(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)
2．there be句型中，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are several grammar mistakes and a wrong sentence in your composition.
你的作文中出现了几个语法错误和一个错误的句子。


[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2016·6月浙江高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.
②My dream school look like a big garden.
①was→were
②look→looks
(1)名词或代词作主语时谓语动词单复数的误用
可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词应该用单数；代词作主语时，由代词的单复数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
③The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
④What Lily says and acts do not concern me.
③have→has
④do→does
(2)非谓语动词或从句作主语时的主谓一致错误
动名词、不定式或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。注意：名词性从句作主语表示复数概念时，谓语动词应用复数。
⑤I as well as my parents are going to New York City this month.
⑥(2018·合川区二诊)Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing.
⑤are→am
⑥are→am
(3)“就近”与“就远”原则的错用
①“就近”原则常见的有：either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...，not ... but ...等；
②“就远”原则常见的有：as well as, but, except, (together) with等。
⑦Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.
⑧(2019·太原市模拟)Among all my friends are a special one I’m most thankful to.
⑦were→was
⑧are→is
(4)倒装句的主谓一致错误
在倒装句中要找出句子的主语，从而判断谓语动词的单复数。


Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·江苏高考单选)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was_being_followed (follow)．
2．(2017·天津高考单选)I was_driving (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
3．—Did you have difficulty finding Li Ping’s house?
—Not really. She had_given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
4．He promised that he would_come (come), but he hasn’t arrived until now.
5．—Dr Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I will_call (call) him later.
6．It is the third time so far that such a meeting has_been_held (hold) in my hometown.
7．The results of the final examination will_be_made (make) known to the students soon.
8．Pollution is a serious problem, which calls (call) for our great concern.
9．This will help a lot if your passport is_stolen (steal)．
10．Two fifths of the land in that district is (be) covered with trees and grass.
11．Mary, as well as her sisters, is_studying (study) Chinese in China now.
12．The singer and writer has_sung (sing) so beautifully that his albums are popular everywhere.

Ⅱ.单句改错
1．It has been over three years since they get in touch with each other.get→got
2．When you will wake up tomorrow, you will be a little better.去掉第一个will
3．In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities.had→has
4．(2018·南充二模)Caroline is the very person who give me a hand when necessary.give→gives
5．This is the second time that I visited the famous national park.I后加have
6．Stress is a state of being upset that happen when we are under pressure.happen→happens
7．There is humorous stories, jokes and so on in this book and I think you will be interested in it.is→are
8．Frank, with his two sisters, are leaving for London by train tomorrow morning.are→is

Ⅰ.语法填空
Our group Springhill Baptist Church started a food pantry (食品储藏室) to help out members of the community.As part of the program, we buy the food that will __1__ (distribute) and make boxes for distribution.We do this on __2__ regular basis — the second Monday of every month.
One day, as my friend and I __3__ (load) our grocery carts with the necessary items in the store, a gentleman asked us, “__4__ do you get so many items？” We explained we were doing our __5__(month) grocery shopping and gave him some details about our program.__6__ (say) that it was great, he went on with his business.
After gathering everything on our list, we started unloading the food to check out at the counter, only__7__ (inform) by the cashier that our bill had already been paid.
The gentleman who asked about our __8__(intend) had left his credit card number to pay __9__our order and then walked off.He had no idea what the cost was before he left.We were __10__ (extreme) shocked at the generosity of a stranger.
语篇解读：本文是记叙文。作者和朋友去为教堂的食品储藏室购买食物时遇到了一位绅士，他在得知作者他们的意图后悄悄地为他们支付了账单。
1．be distributed　food与distribute之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。空前是情态动词will，故填be distributed。
2．a　on a regular basis固定搭配，意为“定期地”。
3．were loading　根据下文中的“we were doing our ... ”可知，此处表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作，应用过去进行时；句子的主语是my friend and I，是复数概念，谓语动词应用复数。故填were loading。
4．Why　根据下文的“We explained we were doing our ... ”可知，这位绅士是在问“你们为什么买这么多物品”，故填疑问词Why表示“为什么”。
5．monthly　根据空前的“our”及空后的“grocery shopping”可知，此处应填形容词作定语。上文的“every month”暗示这里填monthly“每月的，每月一次的”。
6．Saying　逗号后面的句子主语和谓语都有，故空处所在部分是非谓语动词，此处表示伴随状况，且say与he之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
7．to be informed　作者他们在柜台卸下食物结账时，意外地被收银员告知他们的账单已经被支付了。only后接不定式表示出乎意料的结果，inform与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，故应用不定式的被动式。
8．intention　根据空前的“about our”可知，此处要填名词，intention意为“意图，目的”。
9．for　pay for sth.是固定搭配，意为“为……而付钱，负担……的费用”。故填for。
10．extremely　这位陌生人的慷慨使我们非常震惊。应用副词修饰动词，故填extremely。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·厦门一检)One day, some children were playing hide­and­seek while they heard a boy names Tate shouting.“Help! The golden lion is coming after me！” They go running to help Tate, only find him laughing on the ground.One child said, “You shouldn’t do that.If you are real in trouble, nobody will come to help you.”
In a rainy day, Tate shouted again, “The river is flooding and I can’t swim.Help！” The children didn’t believe her this time.But a girl saw everything and called others to save him.Tate was not sorry for playing tricks on his friend.So from that day on, Tate never did that again.
答案：第一句：while→when; names→named
第三句：The→A
第四句：go→went; only后加to
第六句：real→really
第七句：In→On
第九句：her→him
第十一句：去掉not; friend→friends