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2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第七讲非谓语动词
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第七讲非谓语动词
单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn’s rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to_improve (improve) water quality.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required to_process (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting (rest)．
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to_prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
7. (2017·浙江高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to_cook (cook) a meal.
8．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)I was the first Western TV reporter permitted (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
9．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include introducing (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
10．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely to_bring (bring) your work home.
一、非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be doing
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分
词/动
名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表示完成
①I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读任务要完成。
②Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴比奇发明了第一台计算机。
③No harm seems to have been done.
似乎并没有造成伤害。
④Do you mind being interrupted while studying?
你介意学习时被打扰吗？
⑤Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.
如果给予我们足够的时间，我们一定能做好。
二、非谓语动词的用法
(一)非谓语动词作状语的用法
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
①To pass the College Entrance Examination, we must work hard.
为了通过高考，我们必须努力学习。
②The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语
①常用于“主语(人)＋系动词＋形容词(过去分词)＋to do”结构中。
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish, astonished等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
②常用于“主语(物)＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。
这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
2．分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。
(1)作时间状语相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。
Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
→When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different order.
被译成英语后，我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。
①Not understanding this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
→Because he didn’t understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
②Defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
→Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
→If I’m given another hour, I can also work out the problem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。
(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
People from all the corners came to the city center, making it very crowded.
来自各个角落的人都来到了市中心，这使市中心非常拥挤。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
→One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
→Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
3．独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主动或被动关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
(1)逻辑主语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词
①So many children to support, they both have to work full time.
有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全职工作。
②The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.
吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。
④There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
⑤It being Sunday, I didn’t need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.
因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。
(2)with/without＋复合宾语
“with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。
①I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on.
由于噪音不断我做不了作业。
②It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.
真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，作品尚未完成。
③The girl feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。
(二)非谓语动词作定语的用法
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2．分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。
①The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine.(2015·北京高考单选)
公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
②We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
③The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表示被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(完成)
3．动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖 a reading room阅览室
a sleeping car卧铺车
(三)非谓语动词作宾语的用法
1．只能用不定式作宾语的动词
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.
我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。
2．只能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider， suggest/advise， look forward to， excuse/pardon； admit， delay/put off， fancy (想象，设想)； avoid， miss， keep/keep on， practice； deny， finish， enjoy/appreciate； forbid， imagine， risk； can't help (禁不住)， mind， allow/permit， escape。
此外，下列动词短语也要用动名词作宾语：
be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank ...for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)。
①We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。
②My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
听到那好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
3．既可以接不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
下列动词或动词短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：
后接不定式
后接动名词
regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth.后悔做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事
forget doing sth.忘记已做过某事
remember to do sth.记得要做某事
remember doing sth.记得做过某事
mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
try to do sth.努力/企图做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
can’t help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
①I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
②Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着你得再等一小时。
(四)非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法
1．不定式作宾语补足语
有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋sb.＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议 allow允许 ask询问；要求
beg乞求 cause导致 encourage鼓励
expect期望 forbid禁止 force强迫
intend意欲 invite邀请 order命令
persuade说服 prefer喜爱 require需要
teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉
want想要 warn警告 wish想要
wait for等待 depend on依靠 call on号召；要求
①The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
②He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
2．分词作宾语补足语
(1)现在分词作宾语补足语时，表示主动、进行。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语时，表示被动、完成。
He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。
3．非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补有以下形式(以see为例)：
①see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
②see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事
The suspect was seen entering the building.
有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。
③see sb./sth. done看见某人/某物被……
Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.(2015·陕西高考单选)
在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
(2)常见的使役动词有四个：have, make, let, get，表示“使，让”的含义。
①have/make/let sb. do sth.以及get sb. to do sth.表示“让/使某人做某事”，宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.
→The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.
放学后老师让一些学生待在教室里。
make用于被动语态时，其后要用带to的不定式作主语补足语。
He was made to work day and night.
他被迫日夜工作。
②have/get＋sb./sth.＋doing sth.让某人/某物一直做某事
He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.
他让灯亮了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中，常与can’t, won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
③have/get/make＋宾语＋done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
I’ll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。
(五)非谓语动词作主语和表语的用法
1．不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
①To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun.
上山很艰难，下山却很好玩。
②It is not easy to find your way around the town.
在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。
(2)不定式作表语常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。
①His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
②My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
2．动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It’s a waste of time doing ...；It’s no use/good doing ...；It is useless ... doing ...；There is no ...等中。
①Knowing basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
掌握基本的急救技能将会有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速作出反应。
②It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
③There is no joking about such serious matters.
这样严肃的事开不得玩笑。
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the words，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turning left！”
①wait→waiting
②Turning→Turn
(1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用
句中已经有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只能用非谓语动词。
③(2018·天津高考改编)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taking.
④Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.
③taking→taken
④Felt→Feeling
(2)过去分词与现在分词的错用
①现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成；
②现在分词转化的形容词表示“令人……的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到……的”，常修饰人。
⑤Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asked me to let her to copy my answers.
⑤去掉her后的to
(3)不定式符号to的多余
在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！
⑥在students后加to
(4)不定式符号to的缺失
有些动词，如want, decide, plan等后应接带to的动词不定式作宾语。
⑦It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she’s outside.
⑧(2018·太原市高三第二学段测评)I am looking forward to see you.
⑦understanding
→understand
⑧see→seeing
(5)对to是介词还是不定式符号的误判
不定式符号to后接动词原形，另外应特别注意含有介词to的短语，如look forward to, get used to, the key to等，它们后跟动词时需用动词的ing形式。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·江苏高考单选)Many Chinese brands, having_developed (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
2．(2017·天津高考单选)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to_catch (catch)．
3．(2017·北京高考单选)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to_save (save) their valuable time.
4．(2017·北京高考单选)The national park has a large collection of wildlife，ranging (range) from butterflies to elephants.
5．(2017·北京高考单选)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent (spend) with his students.
6．In my opinion, giving someone a hug and holding their hands to_comfort (comfort) them can only be done in person.
7．Brian finds his smartphone functioning much faster, having_installed (install) a new operating system.
8．(2019·南昌二中模拟)When he left, he said to me, “I’m sorry to_have_troubled (trouble) you so much.”
9．(2019·日照模拟)The airport to_be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
10．(2019·大连一模)At the party, the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself noticed (notice)．
11．(2019·万州区二中模拟)Being_surrounded (surround) by beautiful green mountains and located at the foot of Mount Lu makes it a famous tourist attraction.
12．Shirley Chisholm is known as the first black woman elected to the United States Congress and the first black woman to_run (run) for president of the United States.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．With her eyes filling with tears, Jean came to Mr Li’s office to explain what had happened.filling→filled
2．Comparing with life in a large city, social life in a village is quiet. Comparing→Compared
3．He showed his mother the beautiful snake and begged her to let him keeping it. keeping→keep
4．A thief broke into the house at midnight, left the house in a mess.left→leaving或left前加and
5．(2018·南充二模)After the adventure, I have hundreds of interesting stories share with my families.share前加to
6．(2018·广西三市调研)Under these conditions, the only choice to developing global economy is cooperation.developing→develop
7．(2018·石家庄调研)Comparing with letters and public phones, mobile phones are much more convenient.Comparing→Compared
8．(2018·三峡名校联考)About half an hour later, the driver returned the camera.Both of us were grateful to the driver, and Tim, in particular, insisted on have a photo taken with him.have→having
9．(2019·海口调研测试一)Classes teaching in English provide students with a better environment.teaching→taught
Ⅰ.语法填空
Which is the most significant classical Chinese painting？According to Paul Denlinger, who __1__(lay) over in China many times when young, it should be Qingming Shanghe Tu or Along the River During the Qingming Festival.This __2__ (create) dates back to the Northern Song dynasty.
This painting is important __3__ several reasons.First, up until this time, almost all Chinese paintings were landscapes, __4__(contain) no or only a few images of people.Second, this is the first scroll (卷轴) painting __5__ (describe) both Chinese urban and suburban life during the period in the capital, Bianjing (now Kaifeng in Henan province). Third, the painting is __6__(high) detailed and features shops of all kinds and different economic activities in and out of the city.People are able to see the Chinese technologies of the time, which helps them __7__ great deal in understanding __8__ the Chinese lived.
The Beijing Palace Museum keeps the __9__(origin)Song painting and one of its famous copies — the Qing version __10__ (hold) in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
语篇解读：中国最重要的经典画作是什么？依在中国生活多年的Paul Denlinger来看，那非《清明上河图》莫属。
1．laid 根据句中的时间状语“when young”可知，此处描述的是发生在过去的动作，应用一般过去时。lay的过去式和过去分词都是laid，故填laid。lay over“(长途旅行期间)作短暂停留”。
2．creation 该作品(《清明上河图》)创作于北宋时期。空处作句子的主语，因此填名词creation“作品”。
3．for 这幅画之所以重要有几条原因。reason前的介词一般用for。for ... reason是固定用法，意为“出于……的原因”。
4．containing 分析句子结构可知，空处作伴随状语。contain意为“包括，包含”，与句子的主语almost all Chinese paintings之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
5．to describe 分析句子结构可知，scroll painting被序数词修饰，故用不定式作后置定语。
6．highly 第三，这幅画非常细致。空处修饰形容词detailed，应该填副词。high和highly都可作副词，但high表示“在高处，向高处，高”，多指具体的高；而highly表示“非常，很；高标准地”，多指抽象意义上的高。结合语境可知，这里应该用highly。
7．a 这极大地帮助他们了解那时中国人是怎么生活的。a great deal在此充当副词，修饰helps, 故填a。
8．how 空处引导宾语从句，作understanding的宾语，从句中的lived在此是不及物动词，故空处不能填who(m), which, what。如果填that，那从句句意不完整，填why/if/whether/where/when的话，句意不正确，故只能填how“怎样，如何”。
9．original 空处作定语修饰后面的名词短语，故用origin的形容词形式original“原来的，最早的”。
10．is held one of its famous copies与hold之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；且此处描述现在的事实，用一般现在时。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·吉林省实验中学模拟)I should be very pleasant if you could come to my home and stay us for a few days in the summer holidays. My native village is much beautiful. I can imagine the time when we are going to spend together. Every morning they should take a walk in the neighboring hills, which we can enjoy the fresh air and sweet songs sung by the birds. In the afternoon, we shall go for swim in the river. At night we shall sit in the yard, chatting and observe the stars in the sky. Please let me know how you think about the plan. I do look forward to your coming my home.
答案：第一句：pleasant→pleased; stay后加with
第二句：much→very
第三句：when→that/which或去掉when
第四句：they→we; which→where
第五句：swim前加a
第六句：observe→observing
第七句：how→what
第八句：coming后加to
单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Another reason for corn’s rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to_improve (improve) water quality.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required to_process (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting (rest)．
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to_prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
7. (2017·浙江高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to_cook (cook) a meal.
8．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)I was the first Western TV reporter permitted (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
9．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include introducing (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
10．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely to_bring (bring) your work home.
一、非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be doing
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分
词/动
名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表示完成
①I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读任务要完成。
②Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴比奇发明了第一台计算机。
③No harm seems to have been done.
似乎并没有造成伤害。
④Do you mind being interrupted while studying?
你介意学习时被打扰吗？
⑤Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.
如果给予我们足够的时间，我们一定能做好。
二、非谓语动词的用法
(一)非谓语动词作状语的用法
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
①To pass the College Entrance Examination, we must work hard.
为了通过高考，我们必须努力学习。
②The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语
①常用于“主语(人)＋系动词＋形容词(过去分词)＋to do”结构中。
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish, astonished等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
②常用于“主语(物)＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。
这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
2．分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。
(1)作时间状语相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。
Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
→When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different order.
被译成英语后，我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。
①Not understanding this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
→Because he didn’t understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
②Defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
→Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
→If I’m given another hour, I can also work out the problem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。
(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
People from all the corners came to the city center, making it very crowded.
来自各个角落的人都来到了市中心，这使市中心非常拥挤。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
→One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
→Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
3．独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主动或被动关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
(1)逻辑主语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词
①So many children to support, they both have to work full time.
有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全职工作。
②The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.
吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。
④There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
⑤It being Sunday, I didn’t need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.
因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。
(2)with/without＋复合宾语
“with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。
①I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on.
由于噪音不断我做不了作业。
②It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.
真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，作品尚未完成。
③The girl feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。
(二)非谓语动词作定语的用法
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2．分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。
①The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine.(2015·北京高考单选)
公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
②We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
③The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表示被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(完成)
3．动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖 a reading room阅览室
a sleeping car卧铺车
(三)非谓语动词作宾语的用法
1．只能用不定式作宾语的动词
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.
我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。
2．只能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider， suggest/advise， look forward to， excuse/pardon； admit， delay/put off， fancy (想象，设想)； avoid， miss， keep/keep on， practice； deny， finish， enjoy/appreciate； forbid， imagine， risk； can't help (禁不住)， mind， allow/permit， escape。
此外，下列动词短语也要用动名词作宾语：
be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank ...for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)。
①We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。
②My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
听到那好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
3．既可以接不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
下列动词或动词短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：
后接不定式
后接动名词
regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth.后悔做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事
forget doing sth.忘记已做过某事
remember to do sth.记得要做某事
remember doing sth.记得做过某事
mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
try to do sth.努力/企图做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
can’t help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
①I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
②Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着你得再等一小时。
(四)非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法
1．不定式作宾语补足语
有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋sb.＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议 allow允许 ask询问；要求
beg乞求 cause导致 encourage鼓励
expect期望 forbid禁止 force强迫
intend意欲 invite邀请 order命令
persuade说服 prefer喜爱 require需要
teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉
want想要 warn警告 wish想要
wait for等待 depend on依靠 call on号召；要求
①The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
②He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
2．分词作宾语补足语
(1)现在分词作宾语补足语时，表示主动、进行。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语时，表示被动、完成。
He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。
3．非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补有以下形式(以see为例)：
①see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
②see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事
The suspect was seen entering the building.
有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。
③see sb./sth. done看见某人/某物被……
Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.(2015·陕西高考单选)
在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
(2)常见的使役动词有四个：have, make, let, get，表示“使，让”的含义。
①have/make/let sb. do sth.以及get sb. to do sth.表示“让/使某人做某事”，宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.
→The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.
放学后老师让一些学生待在教室里。
make用于被动语态时，其后要用带to的不定式作主语补足语。
He was made to work day and night.
他被迫日夜工作。
②have/get＋sb./sth.＋doing sth.让某人/某物一直做某事
He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.
他让灯亮了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中，常与can’t, won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
③have/get/make＋宾语＋done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
I’ll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。
(五)非谓语动词作主语和表语的用法
1．不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
①To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun.
上山很艰难，下山却很好玩。
②It is not easy to find your way around the town.
在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。
(2)不定式作表语常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。
①His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
②My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
2．动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It’s a waste of time doing ...；It’s no use/good doing ...；It is useless ... doing ...；There is no ...等中。
①Knowing basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
掌握基本的急救技能将会有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速作出反应。
②It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
③There is no joking about such serious matters.
这样严肃的事开不得玩笑。
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the words，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turning left！”
①wait→waiting
②Turning→Turn
(1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用
句中已经有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只能用非谓语动词。
③(2018·天津高考改编)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taking.
④Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.
③taking→taken
④Felt→Feeling
(2)过去分词与现在分词的错用
①现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成；
②现在分词转化的形容词表示“令人……的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到……的”，常修饰人。
⑤Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asked me to let her to copy my answers.
⑤去掉her后的to
(3)不定式符号to的多余
在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！
⑥在students后加to
(4)不定式符号to的缺失
有些动词，如want, decide, plan等后应接带to的动词不定式作宾语。
⑦It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she’s outside.
⑧(2018·太原市高三第二学段测评)I am looking forward to see you.
⑦understanding
→understand
⑧see→seeing
(5)对to是介词还是不定式符号的误判
不定式符号to后接动词原形，另外应特别注意含有介词to的短语，如look forward to, get used to, the key to等，它们后跟动词时需用动词的ing形式。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·江苏高考单选)Many Chinese brands, having_developed (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
2．(2017·天津高考单选)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to_catch (catch)．
3．(2017·北京高考单选)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to_save (save) their valuable time.
4．(2017·北京高考单选)The national park has a large collection of wildlife，ranging (range) from butterflies to elephants.
5．(2017·北京高考单选)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent (spend) with his students.
6．In my opinion, giving someone a hug and holding their hands to_comfort (comfort) them can only be done in person.
7．Brian finds his smartphone functioning much faster, having_installed (install) a new operating system.
8．(2019·南昌二中模拟)When he left, he said to me, “I’m sorry to_have_troubled (trouble) you so much.”
9．(2019·日照模拟)The airport to_be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
10．(2019·大连一模)At the party, the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself noticed (notice)．
11．(2019·万州区二中模拟)Being_surrounded (surround) by beautiful green mountains and located at the foot of Mount Lu makes it a famous tourist attraction.
12．Shirley Chisholm is known as the first black woman elected to the United States Congress and the first black woman to_run (run) for president of the United States.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．With her eyes filling with tears, Jean came to Mr Li’s office to explain what had happened.filling→filled
2．Comparing with life in a large city, social life in a village is quiet. Comparing→Compared
3．He showed his mother the beautiful snake and begged her to let him keeping it. keeping→keep
4．A thief broke into the house at midnight, left the house in a mess.left→leaving或left前加and
5．(2018·南充二模)After the adventure, I have hundreds of interesting stories share with my families.share前加to
6．(2018·广西三市调研)Under these conditions, the only choice to developing global economy is cooperation.developing→develop
7．(2018·石家庄调研)Comparing with letters and public phones, mobile phones are much more convenient.Comparing→Compared
8．(2018·三峡名校联考)About half an hour later, the driver returned the camera.Both of us were grateful to the driver, and Tim, in particular, insisted on have a photo taken with him.have→having
9．(2019·海口调研测试一)Classes teaching in English provide students with a better environment.teaching→taught
Ⅰ.语法填空
Which is the most significant classical Chinese painting？According to Paul Denlinger, who __1__(lay) over in China many times when young, it should be Qingming Shanghe Tu or Along the River During the Qingming Festival.This __2__ (create) dates back to the Northern Song dynasty.
This painting is important __3__ several reasons.First, up until this time, almost all Chinese paintings were landscapes, __4__(contain) no or only a few images of people.Second, this is the first scroll (卷轴) painting __5__ (describe) both Chinese urban and suburban life during the period in the capital, Bianjing (now Kaifeng in Henan province). Third, the painting is __6__(high) detailed and features shops of all kinds and different economic activities in and out of the city.People are able to see the Chinese technologies of the time, which helps them __7__ great deal in understanding __8__ the Chinese lived.
The Beijing Palace Museum keeps the __9__(origin)Song painting and one of its famous copies — the Qing version __10__ (hold) in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
语篇解读：中国最重要的经典画作是什么？依在中国生活多年的Paul Denlinger来看，那非《清明上河图》莫属。
1．laid 根据句中的时间状语“when young”可知，此处描述的是发生在过去的动作，应用一般过去时。lay的过去式和过去分词都是laid，故填laid。lay over“(长途旅行期间)作短暂停留”。
2．creation 该作品(《清明上河图》)创作于北宋时期。空处作句子的主语，因此填名词creation“作品”。
3．for 这幅画之所以重要有几条原因。reason前的介词一般用for。for ... reason是固定用法，意为“出于……的原因”。
4．containing 分析句子结构可知，空处作伴随状语。contain意为“包括，包含”，与句子的主语almost all Chinese paintings之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
5．to describe 分析句子结构可知，scroll painting被序数词修饰，故用不定式作后置定语。
6．highly 第三，这幅画非常细致。空处修饰形容词detailed，应该填副词。high和highly都可作副词，但high表示“在高处，向高处，高”，多指具体的高；而highly表示“非常，很；高标准地”，多指抽象意义上的高。结合语境可知，这里应该用highly。
7．a 这极大地帮助他们了解那时中国人是怎么生活的。a great deal在此充当副词，修饰helps, 故填a。
8．how 空处引导宾语从句，作understanding的宾语，从句中的lived在此是不及物动词，故空处不能填who(m), which, what。如果填that，那从句句意不完整，填why/if/whether/where/when的话，句意不正确，故只能填how“怎样，如何”。
9．original 空处作定语修饰后面的名词短语，故用origin的形容词形式original“原来的，最早的”。
10．is held one of its famous copies与hold之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；且此处描述现在的事实，用一般现在时。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2018·吉林省实验中学模拟)I should be very pleasant if you could come to my home and stay us for a few days in the summer holidays. My native village is much beautiful. I can imagine the time when we are going to spend together. Every morning they should take a walk in the neighboring hills, which we can enjoy the fresh air and sweet songs sung by the birds. In the afternoon, we shall go for swim in the river. At night we shall sit in the yard, chatting and observe the stars in the sky. Please let me know how you think about the plan. I do look forward to your coming my home.
答案：第一句：pleasant→pleased; stay后加with
第二句：much→very
第三句：when→that/which或去掉when
第四句：they→we; which→where
第五句：swim前加a
第六句：observe→observing
第七句：how→what
第八句：coming后加to
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