2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第五讲介词与介词短语

第五讲介词与介词短语


单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
3. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree in_ engineering or architecture.
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s.
6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.

一、介词
1．表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near
介词
用法
示例
at
一般指在较小的地方
I met him at the shop.
in
一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内
They arrived in Beijing yesterday.
Shandong Province lies in the east of China.
on
一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域
The picture is hanging on the wall.
Vietnam is on the south of China.
to
表示某范围外不接壤的两位置
Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.
beside/
by
“在……的旁边”
She was standing beside her mother.
There is a small house by the river.
near
“接近；靠近”
There is a supermarket near my home.

2．表示方位的between和among
介词
用法
示例
between
在两者或每两者之间
I sat down between Sue and Jane.
among
在三者或三者以上之间
The teacher was standing among the students.

3．表示方位的across, through, over和past
介词
用法
示例
across
从……的表面穿过
He walked across the square to meet us.
through
从……的内部穿过
The guide led us through the forest.
over
从……的上面跨过
The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.
past
从……的旁边经过
She walked past the shop.

4．表示时间点的at, in和on
介词
用法
示例
at
表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日
at 9：00; at noon; at daybreak; at Christmas
in
表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、晚上
in the 21st century; in September; in the morning
on
表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上
on 2nd, September; on the morning of 1st, May

5．表示时间段的for和since
介词
用法
示例
for
“for＋时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语
He has lived in the small village for five years.
I studied in Peking University for 4 years.
since
“since＋时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语
He has worked in this company since graduation.
Tom has been doing his homework since 7 o’clock.

6．表示交通方式的by, in/on
介词
用法
示例
by
“by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词
My brother usually goes to school by bike.
in/on
in/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰
My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle.

7．表示“用……”的by, in和with
介词
用法
示例
by
指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词
He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young.
in
多用于表示语言、材料的名词前
All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink.
with
多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前
They are busy digging with spades.

8．表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides
介词
用法
示例
except
表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除
All my friends took part in the party except John.
except for
其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
besides
表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的
He has learned German, French besides English.
9.其他常考介词的用法
(1)against的用法
含义
示例
(表示态度)反对
An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
(表示对比)以……为背景
The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.
(表示方位)倚靠着……
The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded.

(2)beyond的用法
含义
示例
(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处
The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.
(表示时间)晚于……
He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.
(表示程度)超出，非……所能及
To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me.

(3)over的用法
含义
示例
(表示方位)越过
The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.
(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过
He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages.
(表示时间或过程)在……期间
I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy over the past couple of weeks.

(4)to的用法
含义
示例
(表示方向、距离)到，向，去
It was on the way to the railway station.
(表示时间)直到……为止，到
He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.
(表示比较、比例、参照)与……相比，相对于……而言
I prefer oranges to apples.
(表示对象关系)属于，对，给
The hospital is attached to the university.
达到(某一点或某个限度)
Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.

(5)under的用法
含义
示例
在……下面，在……之下
She placed the ladder under the window.
在……过程中
The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.
(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在……以下
These toys are not suitable for children under five.
受……影响
She’s been under a lot of pressure at work.

(6)with的用法
含义
示例
和……一起，和，同，跟
Would you like to go shopping with me？
(表示同时或同一方向)随着
With time going by, the little tree has grown up.
具有，带有
The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money with me.
由于，因为
He trembled with fear.
(表示方式)用
He cut it with a knife.

二、介词短语
介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。
①The dictionary is out of date: many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016·天津高考单选)
这本词典已经过时：自从这本字典发行以来，这门语言中已经增添了很多字。
②That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help.In short, he’s reliable.(2016·6月浙江高考单选)
那个年轻人诚实且有合作精神，当你需要他帮忙的时候，他总是在那儿。简言之，他是可以信赖的。
[知识积累]
介词的常用搭配一览
1．介词与名词的常用搭配
(1)at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措　　　　　 at peace 处于和平中
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
(2)其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
(3)on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火
on sale 出售；打折 on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on duty/guard 在值班/站岗
(4)其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
(5)by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
(6)in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in width 在宽度上
in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地
in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
(7)其他以in开头的介词短语
in need of 需要　　　　　　 in no case 决不
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有；占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in response to作为回应 in return 作为回报
in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换
in favor of 支持；赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假如
in celebration of 为庆祝…… in control of 管理；控制；操纵
in honour of 为向……表示敬意 in memory of 为了纪念……
in support of 为支持…… in the charge of 在……的管理下
in the direction of 在……方向 in the face of 面对……
(8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的　　　　　 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 意义重大的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
(9)out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 不受控制 out of date 过期
out of debt 不欠债 out of order 出故障
out of shape 走样；不成形 out of sight 看不到
out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业
out of question 毫无疑问 out of place 不合适的
(10)under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中
under control 处于控制之中 under construction 在建造中
(11)with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
(12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt无疑；确实
beyond expression/words难以表达
2．介词与形容词的常用搭配
(1)be＋adj.＋about
be anxious about 忧虑……
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about 对……担心
(2)be＋adj.＋at
be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊 be present at出席
be disappointed at对……失望
(3)be＋adj.＋in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in 忙于……
be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于……
be interested in对……感兴趣
be involved in包括在……中；被卷入
(4)be＋adj.＋for
be eager for渴望…… be famous for以……著名
be fit for适合；胜任…… be hungry for渴望……
be ready for准备好…… be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be thankful for因……而感激
be anxious for急切盼望；渴望……
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be＋adj.＋from
be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于
be far from 远离 be free from 不受……影响
(6)be＋adj.＋to
be close to接近…… be contrary to与……相反
be devoted to致力于…… be equal to等于……
be familiar to 对……来说熟悉 be friendly to 对……友好
be good to对……有好处 be grateful to对……心存感激
be harmful to对……有危害 be kind to对……友好
be opposed to反对…… be similar to与……相似
be/get used to (变得)习惯于……
(7)be＋adj.＋of
be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢……
be full of充满…… be proud of因……而自豪
be short of缺乏…… be tired of厌烦……
be ashamed of为……感到羞耻
(8)be＋adj.＋with
be busy with忙于…… be filled with充满
be combined with与……结合 be content with对……满意
be covered with被……覆盖 be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心 be popular with受……的欢迎
be satisfied with对……满意 be pleased with对……感到满意
by angry with (sb.) 对(某人)发怒
be concerned with与……有关；涉及；关心；关注

[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
②(2018·云南省统一检测)The bridge on the river has a long history.
①on→in
②on→over
(1)介词与名词搭配不当
介词与名词搭配时介词的使用取决于名词，这时要根据名词选择适当的介词。
③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Now I am leaving home to college.
③to→for
(2)介词与动词搭配不当
介词与动词搭配时介词的使用取决于动词，这时要根据动词选择适当的介词。
④(2019·潍坊市一模)You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins.
④of→in
(3)介词与形容词搭配不当
介词与形容词搭配时介词的使用取决于形容词，这时要根据形容词选择适当的介词。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.
⑤去掉for

⑥去掉第二个of
(4)介词的多余
①及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需加介词；
②last, next后跟名词表时间时前面无需加介词。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.
⑦dream后加of
(5)介词的缺失
不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。
⑧(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
⑨(2016·6月浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.
⑧on→of
⑨in→on
(6)习惯搭配中介词的错用
在习惯搭配中介词的使用是相对固定的，不能随意改动。


Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The little pupil took his grandma by the arm and walked her across the street.
2．It’s obvious that the new manager is rich in experience.
3．The villagers collected money to set up a monument in memory of those who died in the great earthquake.
4．My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very particular about the food he eats.
5．It saves a lot of time in the kitchen to have things you use within easy reach.
6．It’s time for you to change your attitude towards/to women now, Tom. They hold up half the sky, you know.
7．The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will in time.
8．(2018·郑州二检)Most caves are formed by nature under the ground, and some have entrances people can find.
9．To fight terrorism, all the countries should join hands and cooperate in a genuine manner.
10．(2019·福建单科质检)I was born in a town called Blackburn, and lived there till I left home at the age of eighteen.
11．According to the World Health Organization, about 200 million people suffer from malaria around the world.
12．She also goes to other countries where people cannot afford this treatment and helps them for free.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．In case of I have not heard from you by that date, this offer will be automatically withdrawn.去掉of
2．I remember clearly that I lost my way in the National Park on last Sunday.去掉on
3．These are the happiest girls I’ve ever seen and I’m the happiest in all！in→of
4．I’m very interested in the job and I’d like to apply to the position.第二个to→for
5．I’d like to bring you a cold drink in return with your help.with→for
6．With an old man leading the way, the scientists walked across the thick forest.across→through
7．(2019·广州模拟)I signed up for the competition and after its start, I did my best to be fully prepared.after→before
8．(2019·银川质检)Classes taught in English provide students for a better language environment.for→with

Ⅰ.语法填空
Homecoming is the tradition of welcoming back former students and celebrating a school’s __1__ (exist) in the United States. People, towns, high schools, and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back alumni (校友) and former residents. It __2__ (build) around a central event, such as a banquet and, most often, a game of football, or, __3__ occasion, basketball, ice hockey or soccer. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary widely. However, they usually consist of a football game, activities for students and alumni, a parade __4__ (feature) the school’s marching band and sports teams, and the coronation (加冕) of __5__ (it) Homecoming Queen, or Homecoming King. A dance commonly follows the game or the day after the game. __6__ (attach) to a football game, Homecoming traditionally occurs on the team’s return from the longest road trip of the season. The game, __7__ it is football or another sport, will typically include the home team playing a __8__ (considerable) weaker opponent. The game is supposed to be __9__ easy win and thus weaker schools will sometimes play __10__ (low) division schools.
语篇解读：本文为说明文，主要介绍了有关美国返校节的内容。
1．existence　分析句子结构可知，空处作celebrating的宾语，应用所给词的名词形式。existence表示“存在”。
2．is built　返校节以一个中心事件为基础。此处介绍的是通常的客观情况，故用一般现在时；主语It指代上文的Homecoming，它和build之间为被动关系，此处要用被动语态。
3．on　on occasion“偶尔，有时”，与上文中的most often相对应。
4．featuring　feature在此作动词，意为“以……为特色”，与a parade存在逻辑上的主动关系，应使用现在分词作后置宾语。
5．its　本题看似简单，但是要弄清楚空处指代的对象比较难，因为空前出现了the school, marching band, sports teams, the coronation。但是根据句意“然而，活动通常包括足球比赛……以学校的乐队、运动队伍为特色的游行和返校节皇后或国王的加冕”可知，返校节皇后或国王应该是学校的，空处指代“学校的”，故填its。
6．Attached　attach与其逻辑主语Homecoming之间为被动关系，故应用其过去分词形式作状语。
7．whether　不管是足球还是另外的运动，比赛通常包括……。根据后面的or可知，此处用whether“不管……(还是)”引导让步状语从句。
8．considerably　此处表示“弱得相当多的对手”，修饰形容词应用副词。
9．an　win作名词表示“(在比赛、竞赛中的)胜利”时通常为可数名词，且空后是读音以元音音素开关的单词，故填an。
10．lower　根据句意以及上文中的“weaker schools”可知，此处应使用比较级。
Ⅱ.短文改错
The other day the staff asked their boss, “Why are you smiling every day？Does the company make the profit daily？”
“You are wrong.I smile not because of the company profit，” the boss says with no doubt.“It is confidence which teaches me to smile at life.Because of holding a strong belief in mind, I haven’t defeated despite the repeated ups and downs of the company in the past.It has developed into a brilliantly group company from a tiny repair processing mill.The market doesn’t believe in tears, and compete never pities the weak.”
Lacking of self­confidence, each of us are only a weak body; holding it, even though we are in the flesh, we will be extremely strong.
Live confidently for your life will be more splendid and amazing.
答案：第一句：profit前的the→a
第二句：company→company’s; says→said
第三句：which→that
第四句：defeated前加been
第五句：brilliantly→brilliant
第六句：compete→competition
第七句：去掉第一个of或第一个of→in; 第一个are→is
第八句：for→and