2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第一讲名词
展开第一讲名__词
单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ) It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the introduction (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate)．
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
一、名词的单复数
1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 | 例词 |
| |||
一般情况下 | 在词尾直接加s | mouth→mouths house→houses | |||
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词 | 在词尾加es | glass→glasses match→matches | |||
以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词 | 变y为i，再加es | country→countries factory→factories | |||
以元音字母＋y结尾的名词 | 在词尾直接＋s | holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys | |||
以o结尾的名词 | 一般在词尾加s | piano→pianos photo→photos | |||
有些在词尾加es | hero→heroes potato→potatoes | ||||
以f, fe结尾的名词 | 一般要变f或fe为v＋es | self→selves wolf→wolves | |||
少数直接加s | roof→roofs belief→beliefs | ||||
①下列以f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加es，也可以直接在f后加s：
handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf→scarfs/scarves
②巧记变f或fe为v＋es的名词：
[巧学助记] 为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。
2．不规则名词的3种复数变化形式
变化规则 | 例词 |
单复数同形 | deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft |
变内部元音 | foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice |
外来名词 | medium→media phenomenon→phenomena analysis→analyses |
①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；②people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。
3.合成名词的2种复数形式
(1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。
passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw, grownup→grownups, housewife→housewives
(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。
二、抽象名词具体化
1．具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：
单词 | 抽象名词意义 | 具体化名词意义 |
success | 成功 | 成功的人或事 |
pleasure | 乐趣 | 令人高兴的事 |
attraction | 吸引 | 有吸引力的人或事物 |
beauty | 美；美丽 | 美丽的人或事物 |
comfort | 安慰；慰藉 | 令人感到安慰的人或事物 |
danger | 危险 | 危险的人或因素 |
delight | 高兴 | 令人高兴的事 |
failure | 失败 | 失败的人或事物 |
surprise | 惊奇 | 令人惊奇的事情 |
shock | 震惊 | 令人震惊的事情 |
pride | 骄傲 | 令人骄傲的事或人 |
Everyone agreed the picnic was a great success.
每个人都认为那次野餐是件成功的事。
2．抽象名词与a (an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
②—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.
—Yes, news came as a shock to me.
——天津发生了一起严重的爆炸事件。
——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。
三、名词所有格
1．名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。
①Many students’ eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.
很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。
②From the top of the hill, you can get a bird’s view of the city.
从山顶上，你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
2．由and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加’s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
3．双重所有格
指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of＋名词所有格”。
a play of Shakespeare’s莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a friend of my wife’s我妻子的一个朋友
[知识积累]
名词常见后缀集锦
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
ion/tion/ sion/ation | correct→correction 改正 attract→attraction 吸引 conclude→conclusion 结论；结束 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation 邀请 explain→explanation 解释 expect→expectation 期望 |
er/or | teach→teacher 老师 announce→announcer 播音员 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 |
ment | punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 argue→argument 辩论；论据 equip→equipment 装备；设备 |
ance/ence | appear→appearance 出现；外貌 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 |
ing | hear→hearing 听力；听觉 begin→beginning 开始 |
ure/ture | fail→failure 失败；没做到 press→pressure 压力 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 depart→departure 离开；出发 |
y | recover→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 |
其他 | choose→choice 选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 |
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
age | short→shortage 不足；短缺 |
cy | efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 |
dom | free→freedom 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 |
ence | different→difference 差异 silent→silence 沉默 |
ness | weak→weakness 虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 |
th | strong→strength 力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 |
y ty ity | honest→honesty 诚实 difficult→difficulty 困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility 责任 |
[典题精选] | [我来改正] | [常设误点] |
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. ②Those were great year at college, but I think that I’m even happier now. | ①chicken→chickens
②year→years | (1)可数名词单复数的错用 ①可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或one of ...等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式； ②在指示代词this, that后用单数名词；在these, those后用复数名词。 |
③We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking. ④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought some gardening tools.Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. | ③time→times ④informations→ information | (2)混淆名词的可数与不可数 ①有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”为可数名词，表示“时间”为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词； ②误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。 |
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. | ⑤honest→honesty | (3)词性错用 误把动词、形容词等当作名词。 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heartwarming show of affection (affect)．
2．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning filmmaking.
3．We hope that scientists (scientist) will solve the mystery one day and give us a satisfactory answer.
4．They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making preparations (prepare) for the long cold winter.
5．Yesterday the firemen (fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.
6．(2019·合肥一检)When Sammy looked up, the train was just a couple of feet (foot) away.
7．(2019·新疆一检)It will certainly be of great help to Tom, if there is a good environment, enough books and equipment (equip), as well as instruction from his teachers and friends.
8．There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to work at home instead of in offices.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．A lot of informations can be stored in it. informations→information
2．Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measure to limit their children’s Internet time. measure→measures
3．It’s one of the most beautiful view that I’ve ever seen in China.view→views
4．Police said the man was danger to the public.danger前加a
5．If you go to the party, it is polite to arrive on time. It is good manners to shake hand with your host.hand→hands
6．Yesterday, one of my favorite stamp was lost, which made me really upset.stamp→stamps
7．(2018·广州模拟)My son thinks that life is like a battlefield and we have to lose many time to win the final victory.time→times
8．Thanks to my professor, I have made a great progress in the past two years.去掉made后的a
Ⅰ.语法填空
The twoday G20 Leaders’ Summit __1__ (hold) on September 4, 2017 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province.The city had been ready to host guests from around the globe with __2__ (it) fantastic scenery and food.
The colorful city is often associated with the West Lake, a wellknown attraction with different charms in four seasons.The Qiantang River located in the east of Hangzhou is famous __3__ its magnificent tides.Besides the natural scenery, the food in Hangzhou is wonderful, too.Many U．S. __4__ (tour) lived less than 1 kilometer from the West Lake, but some didn’t visit it __5__ (immediate) because they were eager to taste the local food.__6__ rest couldn’t wait to view the beautiful G20 host city, with about 40 percent of the orders __7__ (book) that weekend.
The Summit also __8__ (attract) more students to learn English, according to a volunteer teacher.Timothy, an Australian __9__ has lived in Hangzhou since 2011, said, “I never imagined Hangzhou people could be so warm and friendly, __10__ (make) the G20 Leaders’ Summit a great success.”
语篇解读：为期两天的G20领导人峰会在浙江杭州成功举办，这座色彩缤纷的城市凭借西湖、钱塘江、当地美食等为世界各国的来宾奉上了一道食和景的饕餮盛宴，同时也激发了更多学生学习英语的兴趣。
1．was held 根据该句时间状语September 4可知，事情发生在过去，应用一般过去时，且hold与主语G20 Leaders’ Summit之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was held。
2．its 根据语境可知设空处修饰名词scenery和food，应用形容词性物主代词，故填its。
3．for be famous for ...为固定搭配，意为“因……而著名”。符合句意。故填介词for。
4．tourists 根据句意，设空处表示“游客”，tourist为可数名词，其前有Many修饰，应用复数形式。故填tourists。
5．immediately 设空处作状语修饰动词visit，因此应用副词形式，故填immediately。
6．The 此处特指其余的人，故填定冠词The。
7．booked 设空处作with复合结构中的宾补，book与逻辑主语the orders之间是被动关系，故填过去分词booked。
8．attracted 根据全文时间状语September 4可知，此处应用一般过去时，且attract与主语The Summit之间为主动关系，故填attracted。
9．who/that 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，且先行词指人，此处定语从句为限制性定语从句，故填who或that。
10．making 分析句子结构可知，引号内imagined后为省略that的宾语从句，从句中有谓语could be，设空处应填非谓语动词；make与Hangzhou people之间为主动关系，因此应用现在分词形式作结果状语，故填making。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·重庆名校联考) In our life, we often regret what we did and which we couldn’t do. Actually, it doesn’t benefit us at all. As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams. We often regret that we don’t seize those opportunities, thus feel upset. Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit, but we still can’t help doing it.
To avoid the problem below, we need to pay more attention to what you are doing now, making us busier and having no time to recall the past. Moreover, we’d better set reasonably goals one by one. Only by doing so can we struggle for our future better.
答案：第一句：which→what
第三句：chance→chances; high→higher
第四句：don’t→didn’t; feel→feeling
第五句：no前加of; 去掉but
第六句：below→above; you→we
第七句：reasonably→reasonable
