2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：1.2



[话题单词]
1．master v． 掌握
2．improve v． 提高
3．pronounce v． 发音
4．spelling n． 拼写；拼法
5．usage n． 使用；用法
6．standard n． 标准
7．review v． 复习
8．effective adj. 有效的
9．gradually adv. 逐渐地
10．fluently adv. 流利地
11．vocabulary n． 词汇
12．practice n． 练习
13．communication n． 交流；沟通
14．express v． 表达
15．memorize v． 记忆
[话题短语]
1．take notes记笔记
2．take part in the English Corner参加英语角
3．improve writing skills提高写作能力
4．have a good knowledge of English通晓英语
5．work hard at English努力学习英语
6．step by step逐步地；一步步地
7．be afraid of making mistakes害怕出错
8．enlarge/expand one’s vocabulary扩大词汇量
9．cultural difference文化差异
10．make great efforts付出巨大努力
11．form the habit of养成……的习惯
12．learn ...by heart把……记下/背下
13．be accustomed to习惯于……
14．make progress取得进步
15．concentrate on集中注意力于……
[话题佳句]
1．It is universally acknowledged that learning English well will be of great benefit to us all .
众所周知，学好英语对我们大家都大有益处。
2．Obviously，when we study a foreign language，a good learning habit can help us to speed up to attain our goals.
显而易见，当我们学习一门外语时，一个好的学习习惯能帮助我们尽快达到我们的目标。
3．There is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with written English.
毫无疑问，写英语日记对你的英语书面语很有帮助。
4．All efforts will be in vain if we can’t learn English by practicing repeatedly.
如果我们不通过反复练习来学习英语，所有的努力将付之东流。
5．I can enlarge my vocabulary as well as learning more about the culture and customs of English－speaking countries by reading works in English.
通过阅读英语作品我可以增加词汇量，了解更多说英语国家的风俗文化。
6．Firstly，I always take part in the English corner where I often exchange my English study experience with others，which broadens my horizons and improves my interest in English.
首先，我一直参加英语角，在那里我经常和其他人交流学习英语的经验，这拓宽了我的视野，提高了我对英语的兴趣。
[佳作背诵]
假设你是校报的主编，最近，校报增加了英语天地(English World) 栏目，请你根据下面提示写一则100词左右的征稿启事。
宗旨：激发本校学生学英语的兴趣，提高学生英语水平。
内容介绍：
1．英语趣味网(Wit and Fun)：英语谜语、幽默故事、游戏等；
2．学习英语的建议(Tips on Learning English)：给大家分享你成功学英语的经验；
3．七嘴八舌(I Say, You Say)：阐述你对当前某些热点问题或现象的看法。
稿件要求：词数100左右。
投稿方式：送校报编辑部或发邮件至englishcolumn@sina.com。
Contributions Wanted
In order to encourage the students in our school to become more interested in learning English and improve our English, we are planning to set up a new column called English World in our school newspaper.
In this column, we will have a section called Wit and Fun, in which we will present some English puzzles, humorous stories and games. We will also have a section called Tips on Learning English, where you can share your successful learning experience with others. Besides, in the section －I Say, You Say, different opinions on hot topics and phenomena will be warmly welcome.
Please send your contributions to the editorial department or e－mail them to englishcolumn@sina.com.Please remember：Your contributions are expected to be within 500 words.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①request n. & vt.请求；要求
②command n. & vt.命令；指令；掌握
③native adj.本国的；本地的；
n．本国人；本地人
④latter adj.较后的；后半的；(两者中)后者的(反义词)→former adj.较前的；前半的；(两者中)前者的
⑤expression n．词语；表示；表达→express vt.表达
⑥recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认→recognition n．识别；认出；承认
⑦base vt.以……为根据 n．基部；基地；基础→basic adj.基本的；基础的→basis n．基础；基本原则
⑧usage n．使用；用法；词语惯用法→use n. & v．使用，利用→useful adj.有用的→useless adj.无用的
2．阅读单词
①voyage n．航行；航海
②petrol n．汽油
③identity n．本身；本体；身份
④lightning n．闪电
adj.直的；笔直的；正直的
⑤enrich vt.使富裕；充实
⑥elevator n．电梯；升降机
⑦actually adv.事实上；实际上
⑧accent n．口音；腔调；重音
⑨straight adv.直接；挺直
⑩apartment n．公寓住宅；单元住宅
⑪official adj.官方的；正式的；公务的
officially adv.官方地，正式地
⑫gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的
gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地
⑬fluent adj.流利的；流畅的
fluently adv.流利地；流畅地
⑭frequent adj.频繁的；常见的
frequently adv.常常；频繁地
⑮eastern adj.东方的；东部的
southeastern adj.东南方的；来自东南的
northwestern adj.西北方的；来自西北的
western adj.西方的；来自西方的
eastwards adv.向东
westwards adv.向西
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．It's suggested that many kinds of out-of-class activities should be held to enrich(rich)the school life of the students.
2．Where unemployment and crime are high，it can be assumed that the latter(late) is due to the former.
3．For example，unlike the child，Mommy actually (actual)doesn't like Dove chocolate.
4．Nearly one hundred countries recognize English as their official(office)language.
5．As is known to all，education is a gradual process，and people are gradually aware of its importance.(gradual)
6．The puzzled expression on her face suggested that she didn't know how she could express her feelings properly.(express)
7．He had changed so much that you couldn't recognize him.As a matter of fact，illness and age changed him beyond recognition.(recognize)
8．Mary speaks fluent Chinese while her brother speaks Japanese fluently.(fluent)
9．We need the details requested on that form in order to respond to your request.(request)

1．“请求，要求”家族
①ask vt. & vi.要求，请求
②claim vt.对……提出要求
③desire vt.要求，请求
④demand n. & vt.要求
⑤request n. & vt.要求，请求
⑥require vt.要求，需要
⑦requirement n．要求
2．以“－ial”结尾的形容词集锦
①official官方的
②beneficial有益的
③commercial商业的
④facial表面的
⑤initial最初的
⑥social社会的
3．前缀en－构成的高频动词
①enrich 使充实
②enable 使能够
③enlarge 使扩大
④ encourage 鼓励
⑤ensure 确保；担保
⑥endanger 使遭遇危险
4．词形相近词对比速记
①latter adj.较后的；后半的；(两者中)后者的
②late adj.迟的，晚的，迟到的
adv.迟，晚
③latest adj.最新的；最近的
④later adv.后来 adj.后期的
⑤lately adv.近来；最近
5．副词“完全地”家族
①fully
②totally
③wholly
④entirely
⑤absolutely
⑥completely
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词/副词
①come up走近；上来；提出
②leave for动身去……
2．动词＋名词(＋介词)
①play a part (in)扮演一个角色；参与
②make use of利用；使用
3．其他形式
①more than超过；非常；不只是；不仅是
②because of因为；由于
③at present现在；目前
④believe it or not信不信由你
⑤be based on以……为基础
⑥even though/if即便，即使
用上面所给短语的适当形式填空
1．Because of the snow，the pilot had to land the plane at an airport in another city.
2．Many students believe the choice of their courses and universities should be based on their own interest.
3．At present，developing the ability of the students is an important task in our daily teaching activity.
4．By last year，the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
5．If you have a door to your office，make good use of it.
6．The question which came up at the meeting was whether we had enough money.

1．“make＋n. ＋介词”短语荟萃
①make advantages/use of使用，利用
②make the most/best of尽量利用；充分利用
③make way for为……让路，让路于
④make contact with接通，与……接触，与……联系
⑤make an appointment with sb.与……约定
⑥make a fool of愚弄，欺骗
2．than的相关短语聚焦
①more than超过；不止；不仅仅
②no more than仅仅；只不过
③not more than至多；不超过
④other than除了
⑤rather than不愿；而不是
3．表示“因为；由于”的短语一览
①because of因为；由于
②thanks to多亏；由于
③owing to由于
④as a result of...因为……的结果
⑤due to由于
⑥on account of因为
⑦in consequence of.../as a consequence of...因为……的结果
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
even if＝even though意为“即使；尽管”，引导让步状语从句
尽管森林公园离得很远，但是每年有很多游客会去游览。
Even if/though the forest park is far away， a lot of tourists visit it every year.
2.It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.
当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而我们今天所说的英语不是。
more ... than ...“与其说……倒不如说……”。
促使她成功的原因，与其说是她的聪明，倒不如说是她的努力工作。
It was more hard work than cleverness that led to her success.
3.Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English.
信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。
no such...“没有这样的……”。
露西被北京大学录取，然而我却没这么幸运。
Lucy was admitted to Beijing University, while I had no such luck.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
Different Countries Have Different Kinds of Englishes
Voyages of people from England play an important part in spreading the English language.1.At present，English is frequently 2.spoken(speak) as an official common language in many countries，such as America，Singapore，Malaysia and some African countries.All 3.based(base) on British English，the English spoken in these countries can be 4.well(good) understood by native English speakers.But actually，5.these Englishes have been gradually changing in accents，spellings，expressions and the 6.usage(use) of vocabulary.
Because of this fact，you can make use of the 7.differences(differ) to tell which country the foreigners of your block are from.For example，8.if a boss fluently commands his driver，“Come up straight to my apartment by elevator and take some gas for my trucks and cabs”，instead of 9.requesting( request)，“Please come to my flat by lift and take some petrol for my lorries and taxis”，you can recognize his American identity，while the 10.latter(late) suggests that he is British.


base vt.以……为据点(或总部等)；以……为根据
n．基部；基地；基础
(教材原句)It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.当时的英语更多是以德语为基础，而不像我们今天所说的英语。
拓展词：basis n．原因，缘由；基准，准则；方式；基础
basic adj.基本的；基础的
(1)base...on/upon... 把……建立在……；以……为根据；be based on/upon以……为根据(基础)
(2)on the basis of在……的基础上
(1)Don't judge one based(base) on what you see.It's probably because he acts what he wants you to see.
不要根据你看到的去评价一个人，因为你看到的有可能是他想让你看到的。
(2)写作能力提升
①The restaurant is based on trust，and it is working all right.(并列句)
②Based on trust，the restaurant is working all right.(分词作状语)
③The restaurant，which is based on trust，is working all right.(定语从句)
这家餐馆建立在诚信之上，现在运转正常。
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·浙江卷)Since then，this society has moved onward，never looking back，as the car transformed America from a farm-based(base) society into an industrial power.
command n．[C]命令；指令　[U]掌握；控制
vt.命令；指挥；支配
(教材原句)Read these sentences and decide which is a command and which is a request.
阅读这些句子，并判断出哪个是命令，哪个是要求。
拓展词：commanding adj.指挥的；威严的
(1)command sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事
command that...(should)do...命令……
(2)at one's command听某人支配
take command of指挥；控制
have a good command of掌握……；精通……
in command of掌管；掌握
under one's command＝under the command of sb.由某人指挥
[要点释疑]
command后接that引导的宾语从句时，从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语用“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。能这样用的动词可以用以下口诀来记忆：
一坚持(insist)；二命令(command，order)；三建议(advise，suggest，propose)；四要求(request，require，demand，desire)。
(1)It is easier，far easier，to obey another than to command(command) oneself.
服从他人比支配自己要容易，且容易得多。
(2)The police arrived and took command of the situation.警察到达后就控制了局势。
(3)写作能力提升
他命令我们马上出发。
①He commanded that we (should)set off at once.(command that...)
②He commanded us to set off at once.(command＋复合宾语)
request n．&vt. 请求；要求
(教材原句)Look at these expressions and classify them into Commands and Requests.
看这些表达，并把它们划分为命令和请求。
(1)make a request for...请求……；要求……
at one’s request＝at the request of sb.应某人的要求
(2)request sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事
request that...(should)do...请求/要求……做某事
It is requested that...(should)do...要求……)
[要点释疑]
(1)动词request后的宾语从句以及名词request后的表语从句、同位语从句都要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词为“(should＋)动词原形”。
(2)request后不能直接跟不定式，即不能说request to do...。
(1)At the request of the mayor(＝At the mayor's request)，the writer made a speech on the square after his book signing.应市长的要求，这位作家在签名售书之后在广场上做了演讲。
(2)写作能力提升
①He requested that he should be transferred to another department.
→He was transferred to another department at his own request.
②All members are requested to be present at the party.
→It is requested that all members (should) be present at the party.
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·天津卷)She had requested the community to turn (turn) it into a museum upon her death.
recognize v. 认识；辨认出；意识到；承认，认可；赏识，表彰；向……打招呼
(教材原句)Although many Americans move a lot，they still recognize and understand each other's dialects.
虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。
拓展词：recognition n．认出；承认；确认；认可
(1)beyond/out of recognition难以认出
(2)recognize one's voice/handwriting/sb.辨认出某人的声音/笔迹/某人
recognize sb./sth.as/to be...承认某人/物是……
be recognized as/to be...被大家承认/被普遍接受是……
It is(generally) recognized that...人们公认……
(1)Don't wait for a smile to be nice，and don't wait to be lonely to recognize(recognize) the value of a friend.
不要等到别人对你微笑你才对人友善，不要等到寂寞才明白朋友的价值。
(2)The book is recognized as/to be (recognize) one of the greatest works of literature of this century.
→It is recognized (recognize) that the book is one of the greatest works of literature of this century.
那本书被公认为本世纪最伟大的文学作品之一。
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·天津卷)She asked，“Do you have the address？”“No，but I'll recognize (recognition) it，there was a picture in the magazine.”

because of 由于，因为
(教材原句)Later in the next century，people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that，English began to be spoken in many other countries.
在下一个世纪晚期，来自英国的人们长途跋涉去征服世界的其他地方，也是由于这一点，英语在许多国家得到使用。
due to 由于，因为 作表语或状语，作状语，不位于句首
thanks to 多亏，由于，作表语或状语
owing to 由于，因为 作表语或状语
as a result of 因为……的结果，作状语
on account of 由于，因为，作表语
by reason of 由于，因为，作状语
[要点释疑]
(1)because of是复合介词，后接名词、动名词、代词或宾语从句，在句中作状语。
(2)because是从属连词，引导一个原因状语从句。
(3)due to由于(引导表语或状语，作状语时不可位于句首，若放在句首，要用because of或owing to来代替。)
(1)Our flight was delayed，owing(owe) to the bad weather.由于坏天气，我们的班机给耽搁了。
(2)Thanks(Thank) to your timely help，I finished my work ahead of time.多亏了你及时的帮助，我提前完成了工作。
(3)写作能力提升
由于下大雨，运动会不得不延期举行。
①The sports meet had to be put off because it rained heavily.
②The sports meet had to be put off because of the heavy rain.
(4)单句语法填空
用because、because of或due to填空。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance.
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Because of our efforts，our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.
come up 走近；上来；发芽；发生；被提出；(太阳、月亮等)升起
(教材原句)I’d like to come up to your apartment.
我愿意来你的公寓。
come up with 想出，提出；产生
come about 发生
come back 回来；重新流行
come across 穿过(路、桥)；偶遇；偶然发现(＝come upon)
come down (价格、温度、比率等)下降，降低
come on 赶快；得了吧；加油
come out 出版；出来，出现；结果是
come to 苏醒；总计；达到；谈到
When it comes to...当谈到……的时候
[要点释疑]
come up在指“问题、建议或方案等被提出”时，为不及物动词短语，其主语通常为物，无被动语态；come up with则意为“提出……”，为及物动词短语，主语通常为人，宾语则为表示建议、计划、方案等的名词。
(1)As soon as the project came up at the meeting，it attracted many people's attention.
→As soon as the project was come up with at the meeting，it attracted many people's attention.
这项工程刚在会议上提出，就引起了许多人的关注。




(2)写出下列句子中黑体词的含义
①The snowdrops(雪花莲)are just beginning to come up.长出地面；发芽
②We watched the sun come up.(太阳)升起
③I'm afraid something urgent has come up；I won't be able to see you tonight.发生；出现
④The question is bound to come up at the meeting.被提出
⑤One of the teachers came up and started talking to me.走近
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This makes a fun activity for a children's party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
make use of 利用；使用
(教材原句)So by the 1,600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.
所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。
(1)make full/good use of充分利用
make the best use of/make the most/best of充分利用
take(full) advantage of(充分)利用
(2)put...to use 加以使用
come into use开始被使用
be of great use 很有用
It is no use/useless doing sth.做某事是没用的。
[要点释疑]
make use of短语的构成特点为：动词＋名词＋介词。此类短语使用时通常做以下变化：
(1)把名词提前使用被动语态；
(2)把名词提前作先行词用，其后接定语从句。
(1)Making(make)full use of time is a good habit，which requires one to plan carefully.充分利用时间是一种好习惯，这要求一个人在计划的时候要小心仔细。
(2)The value of life lies not in the length of days，but in the use we make of them.生命的价值不在于能活多少天，而在于我们如何利用这些日子。
(3)写作能力提升
你不能选择你被给予的，但你可以选择如何利用它。
①You cannot choose what you are given，but you can choose how to make use of it.
②You cannot choose what you are given，but you can choose how you take advantage of it.
③You cannot choose what you are given，but you can choose how you make use of it.

It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.
当时的英语更多是以德语为基础，而不像我们今天所说的英语。
此句运用了more...than...结构，常译为“与其说……不如说……”，more表示程度，than用以连接平行成分，其后常用省略形式。
(1)more than
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)The man was more brave than wise，so he failed many times.这个人有勇无谋，所以他失败了很多次。(连接形容词)
(2)As we know，Francis Bacon was more a great writer than an outstanding scientist.
正如我们所知道的那样，弗朗西斯·培根与其说是一位杰出的科学家，不如说是一位伟大的作家。(连接名词)
(3)写作能力提升
①He is very happy at the good news.(用more than改写)
He is more than happy at the good news.
②Neither he nor you are diligent.(用no more...than改写)
He is no more diligent than you.
③He is more clever than diligent.(用less...than...改写)
He is less diligent than clever.
(4)单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Wang collected more (many) than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages.
②(2018·天津卷)Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults.
Believe it or not，there is no such thing as standard English.信不信由你，没有什么标准英语。
句中“no such＋单数名词”意为“没有这样的……”，其中单数名词前不可再加冠词，相当于“not such a/an＋单数名词”。
(1)such与a/an连用时要放在a/an的前面；与all，no，some，any，few，little，many，much，several，one等词连用时，应位于它们的后面。
(2)such＋that...
(3)such...as...像……这样的……，as在句中引导定语从句。
[要点释疑]
比较下列句子，注意连接词的作用：
(1)The book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.(as引导定语从句)
(2)The book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.(that引导结果状语从句)
这本书用那么简单的英语写成，初学者能容易理解。
(1)There is no such thing as failure.Failure is just life trying to move us in another direction.
世上没有失败，失败只不过是命运试图将我们推向另一个方向罢了。
(2)There is no such good thing as a free dinner in this world.As the saying goes，“No pains，no gains.”
世上没有免费的午餐这样的事。俗话说：“不劳无获。”
(3)单句语法填空
①Such advice as he had given proved almost worthless.
②He has made such great progress that the teacher is pleased with him.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Go straight(直接地)down the road until you come to the English language school.
2．The store is three blocks(街区) away.It is very convenient for us to buy things.
3．He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands(命令)．
4．Man's dream of making a space voyage(航行) finally came true.
5．The identity(身份) of the killer is still a complete mystery.
6．Even though he lives alone，he owns two apartments(公寓)．
7．The Smiths have lived in London for ten years，so they speak with a London accent(口音)．
8．If you want to improve your reading skill，you should have a large vocabulary(词汇量) first.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．He was based his conclusions on the evidence given by the captured prisoners.去掉based前的was
2．She studied eight foreign languages but was fluent at only six of them.at改为in
3．This is his only request that the room is cleaned after being used.第二个is改为be
4．She has good command of the German language after years of hard work.good前加a
5．A recent study has come up an unexpected conclusion that the African elephant should be divided into two different species.up后加with
6．Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because of she thought it was too hard.去掉of
7．Oil must be made full use to serve the people well.use后加of
8．After 25 years，she has changed without recognition.without→beyond
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
At the end of the 16th century, English was mostly spoken by people from England. They were native speakers.Today, the largest number of people 1.learning(learn) English may be in China. A lot of Chinese people speak English 2.as their foreign language.
3．The English language 4.has changed(change) quite a lot over the last centuries. Old English sounded more like German for it 5.was based(base) on German，but modern English sounds 6.more(much) like French than German 7.because those who ruled England spoke French. Two people had great effects 8.on the English changes. 9.One was Samuel Johnson，who wrote his dictionary；the other was Noah Webster, who wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language, 10.which gave American English its own identity.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS
What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain，the US，Canada，Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not，there is no such things as standard English. Many people believe the English spoke on TV and the radio is standard English. This is why in the early days of radio，those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. Therefore，on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way which people speak.
When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”，it is called dialect.Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little different.
Geography also played a part in making dialects. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people in the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA. Although many Americans move a lot of, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.
答案：
STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS
What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain，the US，Canada，Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not，there is no such as standard English. Many people believe the English on TV and the radio is standard English. This is in the early days of radio，those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. ，on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way which 或或 which people speak.
When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”，it is called dialect.Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little .
Geography also a part in making dialects. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA. Although many Americans move a lot of ， they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．目前，英语在我们的生活中起着重要作用。
2．我们应充分利用每一次机会来练习英语，这样我们就能逐渐扩大词汇量并能流利地讲英语。
3．只有当我们掌握了大量的词汇之后，我们才能轻松地阅读。
4．记一些语法及单词用法，慢慢地我们就会用英语来写文章了。
5．事实上，要想学好英语，还要多加练习才行。
At present，English plays an important part in our daily life.We should make full use of every opportunity to practise English so that we can gradually enrich our vocabulary and speak English fluently.
Only when we master a large number of vocabularies can we read easily.Remember some grammar and usages of the words and then gradually we can use English freely to write passages.Actually，saying is one thing and doing is another.If you want to learn English well，you should practice more.