2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：3.4



[话题单词]
1．orbit n． 轨道
2．astronaut n． 航天员
3．phenomenon n． 现象
4．technology n． 技术
5．astronomy n． 天文学
6．spacewalk n． 太空行走
7．explore vt. 探险；考察
8．launch vt. 发射
9．advanced adj. 先进的
10．spacecraft n． 宇宙飞船
11．automatic adj. 自动的，机械的
12．scientific adj. 科学的
13．revolution n． 革命
14．progress n．/vi. 前进；进步，进展
15．significance n． 意义；重要性
[话题短语]
1．solar activity太阳活动
2．launch a satellite发射卫星
3．manned spaceship/spacecraft载人宇宙飞船
4．play an important part in在……中起重要作用
5．a space travel太空之旅
6．a black hole黑洞
7．at a higher level较高水平
8．send up an unmanned spaceship发射无人飞船
9．make remarkable results成效显著
10．develop at a steady pace稳步发展
11．with the development of science and technology 随着科技的发展
12．be in the lead领先
13．scientific breakthrough科学突破
14．come true实现
15．keep/catch up with赶上
[话题佳句]
1．Science and technology are a primary productive force.
科学技术是第一生产力。
2．The new technology has been more widely adopted.
这项新技术得到了更加广泛的采用。
3．It is reported that a new planet has been discovered recently.It's almost three times as large as Earth，and hopefully it can support human life.据报道，最近发现了一颗行星，它几乎是地球的三倍大，人类有望能在上面生活。
4．It's amazing that China became the third country that launched a manned spacecraft.
中国成为第三个发送载人宇宙飞船的国家，真是惊人。
5．With space technology developing so rapidly，we are sure to make a visit to the moon some day.
随着太空技术的快速发展，我们一定会在将来某一天奔赴月球。
[佳作背诵]
随着科技的发展，人类对外层空间的探索越来越深入。你们班据此展开了一次讨论，请根据表格中的内容写一篇短文，并谈谈你的观点和想法。
支持(多数学生)
1.探索太空是中国人一直以来的梦想；
2．有助于未来中国参与国际竞争。
反对(部分学生)
1.探索太空需要大量的金钱，增加国家的负担；
2．中国是一个发展中国家，应努力解决其他社会问题。
你的观点和感想
……
A survey about the exploration of outer space is conducted in our class. The result shows that different students have different opinions.
The majority are in favor of space exploration because the Chinese people have been dreaming of going into outer space for a long time. Exploring space will help China to take part in the international competition in the future.However，some students argue against it.In their opinion，space exploration increases the economic burden，which calls for a large amount of money.In addition，as a developing country，China is supposed to make every effort to solve other social problems.
Personally，it's necessary for us to explore space，and we not only feel happy but also proud of the great achievements made in this field.As a student，I will study hard so that I can make a great contribution to our country.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①atmosphere n．大气层；气氛
②crash vi.&vt.碰撞；坠落
③gentle adj.温和的；文雅的
④float vt.&vi.使浮动；使漂浮n.漂浮物
⑤puzzle vt.&vi.使迷惑；使为难n.谜；难题
⑥exist vi.生存；存在 existence n．存在；生存
⑦violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的 →violence n．暴力
⑧harmful adj.有害的 →harm n．&vt.伤害，损害
⑨climate n．气候
⑩pull n．&vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
2．阅读单词
①unlike prep. 与……不同；不像
②oxygen n. 氧(气)
③carbon n. 碳
④mass n. 质量；团；块；大量；(复)群众
⑤multiply vi.&vt.乘；增加
⑥gravity n. 万有引力；重力
⑦fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的→fundament n. 基础，根本
⑧religion n. 宗教；宗教信仰
religious adj. 宗教的
⑨biology n. 生物学
biologist n. 生物学家
biological adj. 生物学的
⑩physicist n. 物理学家
physics n. 物理学
⑪extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的
extinction n. 灭绝
⑫globe n．地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的
⑬exhaust vt.用尽；耗尽；使筋疲力尽→exhausted adj.精疲力尽的
⑭system n．系统；体系；制度→systematic adj.系统的；有规则的
⑮theory n．学说；理论→theoretical adj.理论上的
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Harvard University takes in any outstanding student regardless of religion (religious)，colour or background.
2．Water exists (exist)in three forms.which are liquid，gas and solid.
3．Some experts think reading is the fundamental (fundament) skill upon which school education depends.
4．Fruit juice can be harmful (harm)to children's teeth.
5．There is a lot of rubbish floating (float)on the surface of the river.
6．What makes me puzzled (puzzle)is why he left the country without telling anyone.
7．Many people are worried about the facts about global (globe)warming.
8．She got interested in plants and decided to be a biologist (biology)．
9．The volcano erupted violently (violent)，yet the village at the foot of it survived.
10．The man took the little boy gently (gentle)in his hand and put him up into the tree.

1．“推、拉”家族
①pull n．&vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
②draw vt.&vi.拖，拉
③drag vt.&n.拖，拉，拽
④push v．&n.推，推动(力)
2．“碰、撞”家族
①hit v．碰撞，打击
②crash v．碰撞；坠落
③bump n．&v.撞；碰撞(声)
④collide v．碰撞；相撞
⑤collision n．撞击；碰撞
⑥run into 撞上
⑦knock into 撞上
⑧knock together 相撞
3．后缀-ist必备名词荟萃
①archaeologist 考古学家
②biologist 生物学家
③chemist 化学家
④physicist 物理学家
⑤psychologist 心理学家
⑥specialist 专家
⑦sociologist 社会学家
⑧scientist 科学家
⑨typist 打字员
⑩tourist 旅游者，游客
4．与“太空”有关的单词集锦
astronomer n．天文学家astronomy n．天文学astronaut n．宇航员satellite n．卫星orbit n．轨道universe n．宇宙gravity n．万有引力planet n．行星spaceship n．宇宙飞船atmosphere n．大气层
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词/副词
①cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
②depend on 依靠；取决于
③break out 突发；爆发
④block out 挡住(光线)
⑤prevent...from 阻止；制止
⑥watch out 小心，注意
2．动词＋名词(＋介词)
①lay eggs下蛋
②give birth to 产生；分娩
③get the hang of 熟悉；掌握；理解
3．其他形式
①now that既然
②in time及时；终于
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．He climbed the mountain carefully，all the time watching out for loose rocks.
2．Doctors say many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand washing.
3．Now that the kids have left home，we have got a lot of extra space.
4．She started as an office junior，and in time became the director of the whole company.
5．After a fire broke out in the lab，a lot of equipment was damaged.
6．Whenever I encounter difficulties，she will encourage me and help me cheep up.

1．“动词＋from”短语一览
①keep/stop/prevent...from 阻止；制止
②separate...from 把……和……分离开
③differ from 与……不同
④suffer from 受……苦
⑤hear from 收到……的来信
⑥prohibit sb. from doing sth.
⑦ban sb.from doing sth.
⑧forbid sb.from doing sth.
2．表达“小心；当心”的高频短语荟萃
①watch out (for) 小心；当心
②look out 当心
③take care 小心
④be careful 小心
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.
这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。
动词＋it＋adj./n.(宾补)＋to do。
他的决定使我们在今天下午四点以前完成工作成为可能。
His decision made it possible for us to finish the work by four o'clock this afternoon.
2.But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。
倍数表达法：倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as＋其他。
杰茜卡付出的时间和精力是以前的三倍多，所以我相信她这次能成功。
Jessica devoted three times as much time and energy as she did before，so I believe she will succeed this time.
3.“Oh，dear，”I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”
“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”
now that “既然；由于”，引导原因状语从句，有时 that 可以省略。
既然大家都到齐了，我们可以开始开会了。
Now that everybody is here，we can begin the meeting.
4.We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth's gravity increased.
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
过去分词作状语，说明主语的情况。
长途旅行之后，我们三人回到了家，又饿又累。
After the long journey，the three of us went back home，hungry and tired.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
Explore MKII
MKII，a planet billions of kilometers away，is 1.the origin of life in many religions.Physicists 2.have proved(prove) the theory that its gentle climate and the pull of its gravity are similar to the earth's.And astronomers have found that oxygen atoms and carbon dioxide,3.which are fundamental to life，exist in its atmosphere through satellites.4.Cheered(cheer) up by this news，biologists，in their turn，began to do some research to remove people's puzzles.Now that there are some 5suitable(suit) conditions，does life really exist on this globe?
Do they multiply by laying eggs 6.or giving birth to babies?
Last month，a spaceship was sent there.It's a pity 7.that this mission failed.Unlike the earth，MKII is a much 8.younger(young) planet.Thus，masses of harmful acid clouds float everywhere causing violent chain 9.reactions(react) to break out.These clouds not only blocked out the pilots' sight 10.but also damaged the engine system.Luckily，the pilots watched out carefully and prevented the spaceship from crashing in time.
Notes：engine /'endʒɪn/ n．发动机，引擎　mission /'mɪʃn/ n．使命；代表团；v.给……交代任务；派遣

harmful adj.有害的；伤害的
(教材原句)What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
拓展词：harm n．&vt.伤害；损害harmless adj.无害的；无辜的
(1)be harmful to对……有害
(2)do harm to sb.＝do sb.harm伤害某人
cause harm to sb.伤害某人
mean no harm to...对……没有恶意
There is no harm in doing...做……无害处。
(1)Too much TV-watching can harm(harmful) children's ability to learn.看电视过多会影响孩子的学习能力。
(2)单句语法填空
①It never occurred to him that his carelessness could do such great harm to himself.
②They may not be able to help but there's no harm in asking(ask)them.
③If used improperly，the medicine will be harmful(harm)to you.
(3)语境活用
Playing computer games will not only do harm (harmful)to your physical health，but it is also harmful(harm)to your mental health.So there is no harm in advising you to give it up.
玩电脑游戏不仅对你的身体健康有害，而且对你的身心健康也有害，因此建议你放弃玩电脑游戏是没有害处的。
exist vi.存在，在于
(教材原句)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.
他们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。
拓展词：existence n．存在；生存
existing adj.(仅用于名词前)目前的，现存的
(1)exist on靠……为生
exist in存在于……中
There exists/existed...某地有……；存在……
(2)come into existence产生；成立；开始存在
in existence存在
[要点释疑]
(1)exist只用作不可数名词，因此没有被动语态，且通常不用于进行时。
(2)There exist...表示“存在……”“有……”，there不要换成it。
(1)Ever since a long time ago，there have existed different opinions among scientists on how the universe first existed(＝came into existence)．
长期以来，在宇宙的起源这个问题上，科学家们一直存在不同看法。
(2)单句语法填空
①It was impossible for them to exist(existence) on such a small income.
②As is known to us，the People's Republic of China came into existence (exist)as an independent country in 1949.
③The service is available to all existing(exist)customers.
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy，but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist(existence) if it weren’t for casual conversation.
puzzle n．谜；难题
vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难
(教材原句)How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.
地球生命如何起源是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大的难题之一。
拓展词：puzzled adj.困惑的；感到迷惑的
puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
(1)puzzle over/about苦思冥想；绞尽脑汁
(2)be in a puzzle(about)(对……)不知如何是好
(3)be puzzled about对……迷惑不解
(1)There was a puzzled look on her face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.(puzzle)
她脸上有迷惑不解的神情，因为有个令人费解的问题使她困惑。
(2)语境活用
Her puzzled(puzzle)look showed that she was puzzled(puzzle)about what he said.Yes，it was really a puzzle because it was puzzling(puzzle)that he would rather throw away the food than give it to those in need.What he said as well as what he did puzzled(puzzle) all the people present.她的困惑的表情表明她对他说的话感到迷惑。这的确是个谜，因为他宁可把那些食物扔掉也不给那些急需的人的做法令人困惑。他所说的和他所做的让在场的人感到困惑。
pull n．&vt.(拉)力；拖；牵引力
(教材原句)As the rocket rose into the air，We were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth's gravity.
随着火箭升入空中，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。
pull away(车辆等)驶离；开走
pull in(车辆等)进站；靠停
pull down拆除
pull out拔出；驶出；拉出，拿出
pull through恢复健康
pull up(使)停车
(1)He pulled out a mobile phone and made a call.
他掏出手机打了个电话。
(2)The traffic lights went green and I pulled away.交通灯变绿，我开车离开。
(3)用pull相关短语的适当形式填空
①The policeman signalled the driver to pull over his car so that he could check his licence.
②When all passengers were on board，the train pulled out of the station.
③Her family wondered if she could pull through after the operation.
④The earthquake pulled down most of the buildings in the city.
⑤The express from Beijing pulled in on time.





in time及时；终于；迟早
(教材原句)They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases.
它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体。
in time(for/to do)及时
on time准时；按时
in no time立即，马上
at no time决不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装)
at a time一次
at one time曾经；一度
at times有时
take one's time别着急；慢慢来
kill time消磨时间
(1)As a proverb goes，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”Our efforts will pay off in time.
常言道，“有志者事竟成”，我们的努力迟早会有所回报。
(2)用time的相关短语填空
①At no time did I feel they were being unreasonable.
②The car came to a stop just in time to prevent an accident.
③You'd better do one thing at a time，so that you can concentrate on it.
④At one time，that kind of thing would have made me really angry.
⑤We'll do up your car in no time at all.
(3)写作能力提升
If you study hard，you will succeed in time.
→If you study hard，you will succeed sooner or later.
in one's turn轮到某人
(教材原句)Thus they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.
因此轮到它们成为这个行星上最重要的动物。
(1)in turn 依次；轮流；转而；相应地
by turns 轮流；交替地
take turns to do sth.轮流做某事
It is one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事。
It turns/turned out that... 结果是……
(2)turn in 上交；上缴
turn over反复考虑；翻身；翻转；移交
turn down 关小；调低；拒绝
turn out生产；制造；培养出；结果是……；证明是……
(1)Unexpectedly the weather turned out pretty nice that day.出乎意料的是，那天天气特别好。
(2)She kept turning over the events of the day in her mind.她脑子里不断琢磨当天发生的事。
(3)用take turns/by turns/in turn的适当形式填空。
①The young parents had to take turns to look after their sick baby.
②The change of the climate makes the earth warmer.In turn，the warmth of the earth changes the climate，too.
③I decided to divide this class into three groups to give them lessons by turns.
cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋
(教材原句)I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.
我立刻高兴起来，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月亮越来越大。
(1) cheer for 为……喝彩叫好；为……鼓劲加油
cheer sb. on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油
cheer the victory 为胜利而欢呼
(2)cheerful adj. 快乐的，高兴的
(3)Cheers！(用于祝酒)干杯！
(1)Whenever I encounter difficulties，she will encourage me and help me cheer up.
每当我遇到困难时，她总是鼓励我，帮我振作起来。




(2)语境活用
The cheering(cheer)news made the cheerless(cheer) boy cheerful(cheer)，which made his parents cheer up，too.
这个令人鼓舞的消息使得这个不愉快的小男孩高兴起来，他的父母也感到很高兴。

This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.
这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命得以发展了。
句中使用了“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。即：
make＋宾语＋宾语补足语
当该结构中的宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语，而把不定式短语或从句后置，即make＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式短语或从句。
find，feel，think，leave等动词也有这样的用法。
(1)The sun gives off light and heat，which makes it possible/making it possible for plants to grow.
太阳发出光和热，这使得植物生长成为可能。(it指代不定式)
(2)单句语法填空
①People in the west make it a rule to buy(buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
②My parents would like to make me study(study) 24 hours a day.
③The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself heard(hear)．
(3)写作能力提升
精通这项技术可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。
①Mastering the technology makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively.(不定式作宾语)
②Mastering the technology makes it possible that we can use the Internet more effectively.(从句作宾语)
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)In his introduction，he made it clear that our credits would be hard-earned.
But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，然后我摔倒了。
twice as far as...是一种倍数的表示方法，意为“是……的两倍远”。常见的倍数的表达方式有：
(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...
(2)倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...
(3)倍数＋the size/height/weight/depth/...＋of...
(4)倍数＋as many/much＋名词＋as...
(5)倍数＋what从句
(6)倍数＋that of...
[要点释疑]
在表示“两倍”时要用double或twice，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。倍数有时也可以用分数、百分数、half等来替换。
(1)This table is twice bigger(big)than that one.
＝This table is 3 times as big as that one.
＝This table is 3 times the size of that one.
这张桌子是那张的3倍大。
(2)The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.现在的产量是10年前的3倍。
(3)单句改错
①The red ruler is three times at the length of the yellow one.去掉at
②It is shown that men have twice as more serious accidents as women do on average while driving according to recent statistics.more→many
(4)写作能力提升
①The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.
→The newly broadened square is four times as big as the previous one.
→The newly broadened square is four times bigger than the previous one.
②Our neighbour has a house as big as we do in the country.
→Our neighbour has as big a house as we do in the country.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．According to the theory (理论)of relativity，nothing can travel faster than light.
2．He often says that he doesn't believe in any religion(宗教)and only believes in himself.
3．Those anxious for reform say that the present system(体制)is too narrow.
4．Some experts think reading is the fundamental (基本的) skill upon which school education depends.
5．A truck went out of control and crashed (碰撞)into the back of a bus.
6．He found something floating (漂浮)on the lake，which frightened him.
7．If you multiply(乘)two and three，you will get six.
8．Accustomed to the climate (气候)in the countryside，the old couple prefer not to move to the city.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．There is so much rain on the island that its annual rainfall reaches as many as sixty inches.many→much
2．You'll succeed on time because you are always working hard.on→in
3．Do you know when the Marriage Law came into an existence？去掉an
4．The new bridge is three times width of that one built last year.times后加the
5．She has got into the bad habit of reading in the bed，which is harmful for her eyes.for→to
6．The twin brothers stood under the tree，puzzling and saying nothing.puzzling→puzzled
7．Even though he is a little boy，strange ideas always exists in his mind.exists→exist
8．The sun heats the earth，which makes possible for plants to grow.make后加it
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
The earth was just 1.a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”．The earth exploded 2.loudly (loud)with fire and rock.They were in time to produce many things，which were 3.to make (make) the earth's atmosphere.As the earth cooled down，water began to appear on its surface.It allowed the earth to dissolve 4.harmful (harm) gases.Then life began to develop.
Small plants multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen.This encouraged the 5.development (develop) of early shellfish and fish.Land animals such as insects，reptiles and dinosaurs 6.appeared (appear) after green plants appeared.Small clever animals spread all 7.over the earth.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,8.which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.9.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can 10.be solved(solve)．
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
Last month I paid a visit the moon with my friend.Before we left，I was told the force of gravity would change three time on our journey.Then we took up.As we left the earth，I became very heavily.Gradually the weight lessen. When I was in space，it was disappeared.We floated weightlessly around in the cabin and I cheered up.When I was on the moon，I was surprising to find even walking needed a bit of practice now that gravity changed.The returning of the earth was very frightened.We were amazed to watch fire broke out on the outside of the ship.
答案：
Last month I paid a visit the moon with my friend.Before we left，I was told the force of gravity would change three on our journey.Then we took .As we left the earth，I became very . Gradually the weight .When I was in space，it was disappeared. We floated weightlessly around in the cabin and I cheered up. When I was on the moon，I was to find even walking needed a bit of practice now that gravity changed. The returning the earth was very .We were amazed to watch fire out on the outside of the ship.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．我们能否登上火星依赖于科学技术的发展。
2．火星上没有氧气，温差大，这使我们不能生活在那里。
3．火星与地球环境完全不同。
4．如果到火星上住些日子，我们要带上氧气、食物、衣服等。
5．相信将来我们一定能成功地登上火星。
Whether we can land on Mars depends on the development of science and technology.There is almost no oxygen on Mars；the temperature changes greatly from day to night，which makes it impossible for us to live there.The environment of Mars is quite different from that of our earth.If we want to stay on Mars for a few days，we should have to take along our own oxygen，food，clothing and so on with us.We believe that we will succeed in landing on Mars in the future.