2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：8.1



[话题单词]
1．culture n． 文化
2．racism n． 种族歧视
3．federal adj. 联邦的，联邦政府的
4．legal adj. 法律的，法定的，合法的，正当的
5．influence vt./n. 影响
6．abolish vt. 废除，取消
7．custom n． 习俗
8．locate v． 使……坐落于
9．location/position n． 位置
10．minister n． 牧师，部长
11．policy n． 政策，方针；保险单
12．restriction n． 限制；限定；约束
13．unconditional adj. 无条件的，无保留的，绝对的
14．principle n． 原则，原理，观念
15．aggressive adj. 侵略的，好攻击的；有进取心的
[话题短语]
1．be divided into分成
2．with a population of有……的人口
3．consist of/be made up of由……组成
4．cultural symbols文化标志
5．cultural background文化背景
6．at a distance of在……的距离
7．way of life生活方式
8．settle down定居
9．follow a custom遵循习俗
10．culture shock文化冲击
11．a complicated social phenomenon复杂的社会现象
12．social status社会地位
13．make it a rule to do sth.做某事成为规定
14．live in harmony和谐生活
15．sentence sb.to death判某人死刑
16．sense of responsibility责任感
[话题佳句]
1．It is the first time that I have gone to America.I believe that I could communicate with Americans fluently.
那是我第一次到美国。我相信自己能流利地同美国人交流。
2．However，on my arrival in America，I was numb with shock.I couldn’t understand their language.I realized that I must adjust myself to the new surroundings as soon as possible.
可是，一到美国，我就惊呆了：我听不懂美国人的话。我意识到必须尽快调节自己以适应新的环境。
3．A lecture about American culture was given last week by our foreign teacher，which attracted lots of teachers and students to attend.
上周我们的外教老师做了一个关于美国文化的讲座，吸引了很多老师和学生来参加。
[佳作背诵]
假定你是李华，你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给你的美国朋友彼得写一封信约稿，要点如下：
1．栏目介绍；
2．稿件内容；
3．稿件长度：约100词；
4．交稿日期：6月28日前。
Dear Peter，
I’d like to ask you to write an article for our school’s English newspaper.The“Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States？And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals，and the life of American high school students.You can write anything relevant so long as it’s interesting and informative.100 words would be fine.Could we have your article before June 28?
I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours，
Li Hua

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①hire vt.& n．租用；雇用
②justice n. 正义；公正；司法
③grasp vt.& n．抓住；掌握；领会
④nowhere adv.无处；到处都无
⑤reform vt.& vi.改革；革新 n．改革；改造；改良
⑥customs n．海关；关税→ custom n．风俗
⑦occur vi.发生；出现→occurrence n．发生；出现；事件
⑧punishment n．惩罚；处罚→punish v．惩罚；处罚
⑨elect vt.选择；决定做某事；选举 election n．选择；选举
⑩conductor n．列车员，指挥 →conduct vt.指挥，指导
⑪majority n．大多数；大半→ major adj.主要的；重要的→ minority n．少数；少数民族
⑫means n．手段；方法→ mean v．意思是；打算；意味着→ meaning n．意思，意义→ meaningful adj.有意义的→ meaningless adj.无意义的
2．阅读单词
①strait n．海峡
②ferry n．渡船
③bakery n．面包店
④Arctic adj. 北极的
⑤hardship n. 困难
⑥insert vt. 插入
⑦tram n. 有轨电车
⑧ministry n．(政府的)部
⑨mourn vt.哀痛； 哀悼
⑩slip vi.滑动；滑行；n.滑动；滑倒；纸片， 纸条
⑪aircraft n．飞机 ；飞行器；航空器
⑫vice n．罪行，不道德行为；恶习；代理；副职
⑬civil adj. 国内的；平民(非军人)的；民用的
⑭authority n．权力，权威，威信，官方
⑮unlike prep. 不像， 和……不同
⑯federal adj.联盟的；联邦政府的；联邦制的
⑰percentage n．百分比，百分率；比例，部分
⑱boom n．& vi.(人口、贸易的)繁荣；经济发展
⑲immigrate vi.移入(外国定居)→ immigration n．移民；移居入境
⑳ racial adj.人种的；种族的→race n．种族；比赛 v．和……竞赛；比赛
applicant n．申请人→ apply v．申请；应用→ application n．申请；应用程序
indicate vt.指出；标示；表明；暗示→indication n．迹象→indicator n．指示器；指示物
apparent adj.显而易见的；显然的；表面上的→apparently adv.显然地；显而易见地
distinct adj.清晰的；明显的；明确的→ distinction n．差别； 区分；卓著 distinctly adv.明显地；无疑地；确实地；
socialist n．社会主义者；社会党人 adj.社会主义者的→ socialism n．社会主义→ society n．社会
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．He won the election and was elected president of the country.(elect)
2．He indicated that an indicator should give me some indications of how I did in the test.(indicate)
3．The results of the survey fell into distinct groups.The old were scholars of great distinction while the young were the opposite.(distinct)
4．Apparently，she took no notice of the apparent mistakes in the accident.(apparent)
5．All the applicants can apply in person or by letter and at the same time should hand in their applications before May 6th.(apply)
6．One of the major problems is that a majority of the graduates who major in English find it difficult to find a good job.(majority)
7．“Walk across this street and turn left at the first crossing.”the boy told the lady.(cross)
8．If a customer wants to bring the goods he buys abroad back to inland，he has to pay some customs when he passes through the customs.(custom)
9．—What is the meaning of the sign on the bottle?
—It means “this side up”．(mean)
10．Some socialists believe that socialism will over time turn into what they see as a more advanced system with no state.(society)

1．“抓住”家族
①grasp 抓住，掌握，领会
②master 抓住，掌握，领会
③seize 抓；捉；捕；夺；抢；劫掠；掠夺
④snatch 抢，抓住；抢去，夺去，攫取
⑤take hold of 抓住
⑥grab 攫取，抓取；抓住；抢夺，霸占
⑦capture 捕获，夺得；俘获，掳掠，掠夺
2．“选择”速览
①choose vt.选择
②choice n．选择
③select vt.选择；挑选；选拔
④elect vt.推选；选(举)某人任某职
⑤election n．选举，选出，当选
⑥option n．选择，取舍，选择权；可选择的东西
⑦pick out 选出
⑧vote vt.& vi.选举；投票
3．学会“道歉与原谅”
①apologise/apologize vi.道歉；谢罪
②apology n．道歉；辩解
③excuse vt.原谅，宽恕
④forgive vt.原谅，饶恕，宽恕
⑤pardon n．原谅，饶恕，宽恕
⑥regret n．遗憾，抱歉
⑦forget it 不要介意
⑧never mind 不介意
⑨take it easy 放松，不要紧张
4．与“雇用、辞退”有关的词汇全接触
①hire n．&vt.雇用
②employ vt.雇用
③fire vt.解雇
④dismiss vt.解雇
⑤lay off解雇；下岗
⑥turn away 解雇
⑦take on雇用
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词(副词)
①live on 继续存在；继续生存
②keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
③mark out 用线画出范围；标出……界线
④take in 包括；吸收
⑤apply for 申请；请示得到
⑥team up with 与……合作或一起工作
2．其他形式
①a great/good many 许多；很多
②by means of...用……办法；借助……
③make a life 谋生；习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
④back to back 背靠背
⑤the majority of大多数
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．She applied for a job with the local newspaper.
2．It is honorable to make a life with your hands while depending on others is a shame.
3．After seeing a great many homeless people in the streets，I thought I should do something for them.
4．To keep up good relationships with your teachers and classmates，you should learn to be on good terms with them.
5．John preferred to go into business alone rather than marked out anyone else.
6．The police looked into the case carefully and found the thief had entered the house by means of a ladder.

1．“很多”再回顾
a lot of；lots of；a number of；a quantity of；quantities of；a good/great many；dozens of；scores of；many a；more than one；the/a majority of
2．“动词＋out”短语再记
①bring out 阐释；说明；出版
②carry out 完成；实施计划
③come out 出现；传出：表露；达到
④help out 帮助克服困难
⑤give out 用尽；耗尽
⑥turn out 证明
⑦work out 计算出；拟定出；解决
⑧run out 用完
⑨set out 启程；出发
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.However，it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
然而，可能至少在15 000年前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。
it is likely that...“有可能……”。
对我们学生而言参观长城有可能是一次难忘的经历。
It is likely that a visit to the Great Wall for us students is an unforgettable experience.
2.That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
那就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。
That is why...“那就是……的原因”。
他迷恋电脑游戏，那就是他不得不辍学的原因。
He is addicted to computer games，and that is why he has to drop out of school.
3.It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups，but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显的、主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
It is believed that...“人们认为/相信……”，其构成为：It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句。
人们认为澳大利亚的历史始于18世纪末期。
It is believed that Australian history began at the end of the eighteenth century.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
Immigrate to America
Attracted by the boom in America，my nephew teamed up with a Korean to 1.illegally (legal) cross the Bearing strait in the Arctic to America.2.To avoid (avoid )the Customs' punishment，they hid in a small ferry called the North Pole Seagull，sitting back to back without sleeping，showering and shaving 3.for 3 days，and had no chance to mourn their lost luggage when landing.The hardship of this crossing was apparent.
At first，he made 4.a living by means of raising cattle and then was hired in aircraft industries.He lived in a Catholic district.Taking in a small percentage of Pakistani 5immigrants (immigrate)，the majority of the residents were from Italy and Denmark，6.who all kept up their customs and cultures.Different blocks here were distinctly marked out and indicated from the racial angle.It was 7.unfair (fair) and needed reforming.But with nowhere else to go，my nephew lived on and managed to make a life for himself.
My nephew's fortune came 8.when he bravely helped a conductor brake a tram to stop it from slipping out of the rails.The man 9.was elected (elect) vice chairman of the Socialist Party later.It occurred to my nephew that he could grasp this opportunity to ask for his help.The man who was thankful helped him apply to the civil authority for the right to live in America by inserting his brave deed into his documents.Unlike a great many other applicants，his 10.application (apply) was approved by the Federal Justice Ministry.Before long，he started his own bakery and lived a better life.
Note：resident /'rezɪdənt/ adj.定居的，常驻的；固有的，内在的


means n．手段；方法
(教材原句)Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.
科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。
拓展词：mean vt.意味着 meaning n．意义
by means of...用……办法；借助……
by this means用这种方法
by all means务必，一定，当然可以
by any means无论如何，以一切可能的手段
by every means尽一切可能的办法
by no means绝不，无论如何也不
a means of communication一种通讯/交流手段
[要点释疑]
(1)means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若every/each/one/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)by no means位于句首时，句子应部分倒装。
(1)A job is not just a means of living，instead，it is a way of experiencing life.工作不应该只是谋生的一个手段，而应该是经历生活的一种方式。
(2)单句语法填空
①Every possible means has been tried (try)，but none worked.
②I know the monkey on his back can't be removed by any means.
③He succeeded by means of perseverance.
(3)写作能力提升
I'll forgive you this time，but you shall by no means make the mistake again.(改为倒装句)
→I'll forgive you this time，but by no means shall you make the mistake again.
majority n．大多数；大半
(教材原句)Of the first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men，whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。
拓展词：major adj.主要的；主修的；n.主修科目，专业；主修某科目的学生，某专业的学生；vi.主修
(1)the majority大多数(其做主语表整体时，谓语用单数形式；若表成员情况时，谓语用复数形式。)
the majority of＋n.[U]＋单数谓语
the majority of＋n.[pl.]＋复数谓语
be in the/a majority占大多数
by/with a majority of以多数票
(2)major in 主修……
(3)minority n．少数；少数人
be in the/a minority 占少数
(1)When it comes to education，the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育，大部分人认为其是终生的学习。
(2)What subject did you major in when you were in university？你在大学主修的科目是什么？
(3)单句语法填空
①The majority was/were (be) in favor of the proposal.
②The majority who attended the meeting yesterday were(be) students.
③The majority of the damage is (be) easy to repair.
(4)写作能力提升
我在大学里主修英语。
①I'm an English major at university.(major n．)
②My major is English at university.(major n．)
③I major in English at university.(major v．)
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major(majority) ways.
occur vi.发生；存在，出现；(想法)产生
(教材原句)Yes，It didn't occur to me that...是的，我没想到……
拓展词：occurrence n．出现；发生；事件
(1)occur to(主意或想法突然)浮现于脑中；被想起，被想到
It occurs to sb.to do sth.使某人想到做某事
It occurs to/strikes/hits sb. that-clause 某人突然想起……
(2)sth. occurs to/comes to/strikes sb.某人想起某事
sth. come into one's mind某人想起某事
(3)sb. come up with sth.某人想出(答案，计划)
[要点释疑]
(1)表达“发生”之意时，occur与happen可以互换；另外occur，happen，take place，break out等表示“发生；爆发”的单词或短语都不能用于被动语态或进行时态。
(2)occur结构中主语不能是人，而是想到的事情或it作形式主语。
(1)But it struck/hit(＝occured to) me that one shouldn't lose heart when in trouble.
但是我突然想到一个人在陷入困境时不应该失去信心。
(2)Years ago，a critical event occurred(occur) in my life that would change it forever.
数年前发生了一件将永远改变我生活的大事。
(3)单句语法填空
①An idea occurred to me.
②An idea came into my mind.
③I hit/struck on an idea.
④It didn't occur to her to ask (ask) for help.
(4)写作能力提升
When I got home，I suddenly remembered that I had left my book in the classroom.(用occur改写)
When I got home，it occurred to me that I had left my book in the classroom.
indicate vt.指出；标示；表明；暗示
(教材原句)Try to use the expressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.
试着用以上表达来表明你在认真倾听你的搭档的话。
拓展词：indication n．暗示；表示；预兆；指示
(1)indicate sth.to sb.向某人指出/暗示某物/事
indicate that...示意；表明；暗示；说明
(2)There is(no)indication that...(没)有迹象表明……
(1)He smiles and nods，indicating(indicate) that everything is fine.他微笑并点头，暗示一切顺利。
(2)In his letter，he indicated(indicate) his willingness to cooperate.他在信中表示愿意合作。
(3)Progress indicates(indicate) a person's ability to change the way he is living at the moment.进步表明一个人改变目前生活方式的能力。
(4)单句语法填空
①With a nod of his head he indicated to me where I should sit.
②He gave no indication(indicate)that he was ready to compromise.
(5)单句改错
①The bell indicated the end of the class rang，interrupting our heated discussion.indicated→indicating
②It is no indication that there will be an earthquake.It→There

make a life习惯于新的生活方式、工作等；谋生
(教材原句)Some died or returned home，but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.有些人死了或回家了，但是大多数人留在加利福尼亚谋生，尽管困难重重。
(1)come to life苏醒；变得活跃
live/lead a．..life过着……生活
come back to life苏醒过来；恢复生气
bring...back to life使……苏醒过来；给……活力
start/make a new life开始新生活
(2)make/earn a/one's living谋生
(1)They settled down in Canada and made(make) a life for themselves.他们在加拿大定居下来，习惯了新的生活方式。
(2)用life相关短语的适当形式填空
①The village，which had seemed deserted，immediately came to life.
②The rescue team brought the baby back to life.
③The operation should enable Bobby to live/lead a normal life.
(3)写作能力提升
在接下来的三年，我们的学校生活将会非常具有挑战性，你会努力习惯新的生活方式。
In the coming three years，our school life will be challenging and you will try to make a life for yourself.
slip down滑倒
slip into悄悄进入，溜进去；悄悄塞进；滑行撞上(某物)
slip away(＝out of)悄悄溜走
slip down滑倒
slip from滑脱
slip out of意外地从……滑出，掉出；溜出去
(1)The boat slips through the water.
船在水上轻快地滑行。
(2)Time always has a way of making things slip away until there is nothing left.
时间总是让所有事物悄悄流逝，直到什么都不剩。
(3)单句语法填空
①My aunt has slipped down in the street and hurt her ankle，so I have to take her to the doctor.
②The wheel slipped from my frozen hand，and the car went right across the road.
③The car turned on the wet road and slipped into the fence.
④Tom slipped away from the room when his mother was sleeping.
⑤Suffering from bad health，this boy had his marks at school slipping(slip)．

　By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850，it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚被选为美国第31个联邦州的时候，它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。
by the time意为“到……的时候”，是一个介词短语，在句中起连接作用，引导时间状语从句。其用法如下：
(1)如从句谓语是一般过去时，则主句用过去完成时；(2)如从句谓语是一般现在时或现在完成时，则主句用将来完成时；
(3)如主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，此时主句不用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time相当于when。
(1)For something，we can't understand when we are young but by the time we understand，we are no longer young.
有些事情，我们年轻的时候无法懂得，但当我们懂得的时候已不再年轻。
(2)By the time he was fourteen years old，Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.
到14岁时，爱因斯坦就已经自学完了高等数学。
(3)By the time you arrive in London，we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks.
等你到达伦敦的时候，我们将已经在欧洲待了两星期了。
(4)单句语法填空
①By the time they arrived，the famous astronaut had left(leave)the hall.
②By the time she gets home，her mother will have left(leave)for London to attend a meeting.
③When I talked with my grandma on the phone，she sounded weak，but by the time we hung(hang)up，her voice had been full of life.
(5)单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)But the next time you find yourself among strangers，consider that small talk is worth the trouble.
②(2018·浙江卷)By the time I got home，I only had a few hours to do my homework，and I had to do it right away.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Now in China，all increasing percentage (百分比)of the population have their own cars.
2．In the winter break I went nowhere (无处)，just stayed at home.
3．I am not certain I have grasped (领会)what you meant.
4．Sometimes he hired (雇用)two or three labourers to help his harvest.
5．A strong man will bear hardship (困苦)without complaining.
6．Her forced smile indicates (表明)that there is something wrong.
7．Reforming (改革)the education system will be a difficult procedure.
8．It just occurred (想起；发生)to me that if we wanted to go to the seashore for our vacation，we had better make reservations in advance.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．They settled down in Canada and made new life for themselves.new前加a
2．After the explosion，every means have been used to prevent the river from being polluted.have→has
3．In this school，women teachers are in the major.major→majority
4．Emerson would always take down new ideas that were occurred to him.去掉were
5．A great many of houses were knocked down in the earthquake.去掉of
6．Did he give you any indicatings of his feelings？indicatings→indication
7．The manager received twenty applicants for the post.applicants→applications
8．You can team up on another class member if you want.on→with
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
California is the third largest state in the USA 1.but has the largest population.2.It is the most multicultural state in the USA.This is not 3.surprising (surprise) when you know the history of California which has attracted people from nearly every country in the world.No one really knows when the first settlers arrived in 4.what we now know as California.Scientists believe that the Native Americans reached America 5by means of a land bridge.In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain.Of the first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men.In 1848，gold was discovered in California and 6.the dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world.In fact，7.few achieved their dream，but most remained in California to make a life for 8.themselves (they)．In more recent decades，California has become home to 9.more (many) people from Asia.It 10.is believed (believe) that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
George arrived early on the morning by bus.He went straight to the hotel and dropped his luggage，then he went explore.The first thing was a ride on cable car.From top of the hill he gets a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city.Building in 1873，the cable car system was being invented by Andrew Hallidie.He wanted to find a better form of transport than horse－drawn trams.Apparent，he had been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in that a tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.With so many exploring，he was exhausting and had a rest.
答案：
George arrived early the morning by bus.He went straight to the hotel and dropped his luggage，then he went .The first thing was a ride on cable car.From top of the hill he a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. in 1873，the cable car system was being invented by Andrew Hallidie.He wanted to find a better form of transport than horse－drawn trams.，he had been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in a tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.With so exploring，he was and had a rest.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．在美国，你会遇到来自不同国家的人们，他们中的大多数来自欧洲。
2．世界上没有其他地方吸引如此多的移民。
3．他们遭受了苦难和种族偏见但设法在那里开创了新生活。
4．同时，他们的风俗被保持下来。
5．那就是为什么我们认为美国是多元文化的国家。
In America，you will meet people from different countries，the majority of whom come from Europe.Nowhere else in the world attracts so many immigrants.They suffered hardships and racial prejudice but managed to make a life there and at the same time，their customs have been kept up.That’s why we think America multicultural.